China's 5,000-year history of civilization

One, China Huaxia 5,000-year history and culture {story} There are too many origins of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, Pangu opened the heavens and the earth, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, Yao and Shun let Dayu control the slave dynasty, and the three generations changed to Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Zhou Wuwang to crusade against Shang, Zhou and Fuzheng, and the China Uprising in her daughter's laughter collapsed. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars were frequent, and he won the heroic plan and managed Bao's friendship. Jin Wengong Qin Mugong, the overlord of the Central Plains, is a wise man. Yan Ying's clever tongue is better than Chu's blockbusters. Wu Zixu, the King of Yue, was smarter than Zhao Guan. Zou Ji bluntly advised Qu Yuan, a great poet of Jun, to devote himself to tears, Lohan and Zhao. Wei carved up the state of Jin, Shang Yang reformed, Su Qin joined forces, Zhang Yi split the alliance, Zhao Wuling and Wang rode to shoot and kill Qi Tiandan, set fire to Zhen Niu, and Lin Xiangru returned to Slope, offering a humble apology to Xin Lingjun, the prime minister of Qin, and saved the life of Qin Shihuang. Jing Ke was stabbed to death, and Wang Zheng of Qin killed the six countries, which was counterproductive. China's first emperor Qin Shihuang's slender urban construction Epang Palace Qin Shihuang's military parade died in the sand dune: the uprising in Daze Township, Guangwu, Chen Sheng, and the battle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's stag. Liu Bang destroyed Qin and entered the Hongmen Banquet in Xianyang. At last, Wang Ba, who stood in the state of Chu, killed his horse in Wujiang River, and vowed that Lv Hou would be in power in the near future, following the advice of Emperor China, cut down the Seven-Country Rebellion in Chao Cuo. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools and respected Confucianism alone", and

Huo Guang, the general of Wei Qing, was used to fighting and was in charge of Sima Qian's Fuzheng. Sima Qian and Shi Ji's "Green Forest Red Eyebrow Uprising" are three pillars. Yuan Shao, the hero of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, supported his troops with self-respect. Cao Cao held the prince hostage, while Liu Lianhe beat Lu Xun in Chibi and set fire to the camp. Zhuge Liang captured Meng, but Zhuge Liang died. Former Sima Yi pretended to be ill and seized power. Zu Ti smelled the chicken and danced with extreme opposition. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was founded in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and Yang Di of Sui Dynasty was dissolute and ruined the country. The winners are Li Yuan, the change of Xuanwumen, the holy monk, Xuanzang and the Buddhist paradise. Wu Zetian and Tang Huangming made every effort to control the rebellion, prosperity and Anshi rebellion in the Tang Dynasty. What is the "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries" border war? Kyushu unified the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and Chen Qiao mutinied, drinking poison to quench thirst. Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Yue Fei, the hero of Wang Anshi's reform and resistance to gold, and Kublai Khan, a generation of arrogant Genghis Khan, put down the chaos in Dali in the late Ming Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang established Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas in the Ming Dynasty, and Ming Yingzong restored Qi Jiguang, struggling to drive the enemy. After the establishment of Nurhachi, Zhang was loyal to Fuzheng, and the battle of Jin Salhu was fought in Ningyuan, while Yuan Chonghuan and Huang Taiji cleverly set up a counter-plan. Li Zicheng fought against Wu Sangui and colluded with the Qing army. * * * Kangxi pacified the battle of San Francisco, Gu, a great thinker of Jiafu, Cao Xueqin and the Dream of Red Mansions were corrupt and incompetent. Celebrities rose up against the opium war of Lin Zexu, a national hero in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in jintian uprising, and Zeng Guofan died after Emperor Tongzhi ascended the throne. The Reform Movement of 1898 in the Summer Palace, the death of Guangxu, the boxer movement, and Cixi, the pioneer of the democratic revolution, the last emperor of Sun Yat-sen ascended the throne, the Huang Uprising, and the last emperor abdicated. Sun Yat-sen became interim president. May 4th patriotic movement.

Second, China's 5,000-year history and culture. China has a long history. It has a history of more than 5000 years since the Ji Xuanyuan period of the Yellow Emperor Dynasty.

It is generally believed that Chinese civilization has two direct sources, namely, the Yellow River civilization and the Yangtze River civilization, and Chinese civilization is mainly the result of the exchange, integration and sublimation of these two regional civilizations. Some historians believe that in the history of human civilization, the definition of "historical era" is calculated from the time when words were produced, and the previous period is called "prehistoric era".

There are legends in the history of China, such as "Fuxi created gossip" and "Cang Xie invented writing" in the period of the Yellow Emperor, but they are not documented. Modern archaeology found tortoise bone symbols engraved with words in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty more than 3350 years ago (1.350 years ago), and tortoise bone symbols engraved with words were found in Wen Tao about 4000-5000 years ago, about 5000-7000 years ago.

China is one of the earliest developed countries in the world with a written history of nearly 4,000 years. The ape-man fossils found in Yuanmou, Yunnan Province show that Yuanmou man, who lived 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, is the earliest known primitive man in China.

Beijingers who lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing nearly 600,000 years ago can walk upright, make and use simple tools, and know how to use fire. Neolithic sites around 10,000 years ago are all over China.

In Hemudu and Xi 'an Banpo, Yuyao, Zhejiang, 67,000 years ago, artificially planted rice, millet and farm tools were discovered. The oldest dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, began in 2070 BC.

The central areas of the Xia Dynasty, western Henan and southern Shanxi, have reached the north and south of the Yellow River and started to enter the slave society. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Xia Hou further developed slavery.

Then, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the royal family declined and the princes competed for hegemony. This period is considered as a transitional stage from slave society to feudal society. About 5000 years ago, people in China knew the technology of copper smelting.

More than 3000 years ago, the Shang Dynasty began to use iron. In pottery making, there are white pottery and painted pottery; Silk weaving production is also quite developed, resulting in the world's earliest jacquard silk weaving technology. By the spring and autumn period, steelmaking technology had appeared.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ideological and academic activities were unprecedentedly active, and famous philosophers such as Laozi, Confucius, Mencius and strategist Sun Wu emerged, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. In 22 1 BC, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, ended the Warring States period of more than 250 years and established the first unified centralized multi-ethnic feudal country in China history-Qin State.

Qin Shihuang unified writing, unified measurement, unified currency, and established a county system. The framework of feudal state he laid has been continued by people for more than two thousand years.

In more than ten years, he organized more than 300,000 people to build the 5,000-kilometer Great Wall in the north of China, and began to build a huge mausoleum before his death. 1974 The Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, guarding the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, shocked the world.

8,000 life-size terracotta warriors and horses, terracotta warriors and chariots are lifelike and are known as the "eighth wonder of the world". During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and the Silk Road in 206 BC, Liu Bang established a powerful Han Dynasty.

Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce all developed greatly in the Han Dynasty, with a population of 50 million. The reign of Liu Che (BC 140-87) was the most prosperous period of the Han Dynasty. He extended the actual control scope of the central government from the Central Plains to the western regions (now Xinjiang and Central Asia).

He sent Zhang Qian, the envoy, to the Western Regions twice, and opened a road from Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea via Xinjiang and Central Asia, which was called the "Silk Road", and China's gorgeous silk products flowed westward through it. With the close communication between East and West, Buddhism was introduced to China in the first century.

105, Cai Lun, an official, summed up the experience of folk papermaking and invented papermaking, which fundamentally changed human writing materials. After the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty was founded by Li Yuan in 6 18 A.D., which went through the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty.

Li Shimin, the son of Li Yuan (reigned from 626 to 649), carried out a series of enlightened policies, which pushed the prosperity of China during the feudal period to the peak: agriculture, handicrafts and commerce were developed, textiles, printing and dyeing, ceramics, smelting and shipbuilding were further developed, and land and water transportation crisscrossed all over the country. In 1960s, China's influence was not only firmly rooted in Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Ili River Basin, but also extended to many city-states in Central Asia.

China has established extensive economic and cultural ties with Japan, Korea, India, Persia, * * and many other countries. After the demise of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (960- 19 1 1), it experienced a period of frequent wars in five dynasties and ten countries.

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the later Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty (960- 1279). In the Song Dynasty, there were the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The southern song dynasty regime moved southward, which promoted the advanced economic culture in the north to move southward and promoted the economic development in this area.

Astronomy, science and technology and printing in Song Dynasty were among the best in the world. Movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng is a great revolution in the history of human printing. 1206, Genghis Khan established the Mongolian khanate.

His grandson Kublai Khan entered the Central Plains in 127 1 year, established the Yuan Dynasty (127 1- 1368), and made its capital (now Beijing). Kublai Khan ended the coexistence of political power for hundreds of years, and achieved national reunification including Xinjiang, * * * and Yunnan.

Papermaking, printing, compass and gunpowder are the "four great inventions" of ancient science and technology in China, which were introduced to all parts of the world during the Song and Yuan Dynasties and made great contributions to world civilization. 1368, the Ming dynasty was founded in Nanjing by Zhu Yuanzhang (1368— 1644).

After his son Judy (1360-1424) ascended the throne, he began to build cities and palaces in Beijing on a large scale, and officially moved to Beijing in 142 1. From 1405 to 1433, he sent eunuch Zheng He to lead a huge fleet for seven huge sea voyages, passing through Southeast Asian countries, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and the Maldives Islands, and reaching Somalia and Kenya on the east coast of Africa as far as possible. This is the largest and longest sea adventure in the world before Columbus.

In the late Ming Dynasty, Manchus in Northeast China rose rapidly.1644 (1644-1911) established the Qing Dynasty and made Beijing its capital. Kangxi, the most famous emperor in Qing Dynasty (reigned1661-1722), was unified.

3. The 5,000-year history and civilization of the Chinese nation The 5,000-year civilization of the Chinese nation is a general statement, not an actual figure.

At present, the consistent view is that we have an exact historical calendar, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the first year, and now it is almost three thousand years. However, the history of Chinese civilization is definitely more than three thousand years, and the history of history books is much longer.

Because there is no direct historical data and other evidence, the history before the Western Zhou Dynasty has been questioned. It was not until Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered that the history of Shang Dynasty had to be recognized, but many people still held a stubborn attitude of not recognizing the history before Shang Dynasty. This unhealthy trend was rampant in the 1980s, and some people even suggested that Historical Records was not a history book, but a pure literary work, because many of its contents were fictitious.

In fact, these views are just indifference and distortion of history. First of all, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions's point of view, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a very mature writing, and it takes a long historical process for the writing to mature overnight. It can be concluded that we must have a long history of civilization before Shang Dynasty. Although this history has not been discovered, we can't deny its existence.

Second, many ancient records in Historical Records are really unreliable from today's scientific point of view, but ancient science has not developed to this extent, and the cognitive level of the ancients is different from ours. For example, many contents in Records of the Five Emperors should be myths and legends today, but people at that time believed them to be true, so we can't deny the status of Historical Records as a historical book just because there are records in the historical books. On the contrary, we should seriously study and discover these historical legends, clear the fog and find out the historical truth from them.

This is an objective and fair historical attitude. It is wrong and harmful to deny the history of our civilization and distort our history at will.

Fourth, why do you say that China has a 5,000-year civilization and a 5,000-year history? In fact, it also refers to a historical period from the Yellow Emperor to the present. This period of history also regards the dragon as a totem culture, and then regards the dragon as a national spirit, the supreme virtue, and even embodies the national spirit. This history of civilization was formed in the Yao Dynasty, so it can be inferred that the dragon culture began in Shanxi, which can be said to be the development history of the Chinese nation.

A large number of new archaeological discoveries in recent decades show that China is north-south

Some civilizations in various places have a history of more than 5,000 years, such as Hemudu in Zhejiang and Hemudu in Hunan.

Chengtoushan site has a history of 6000 to 89000 years. Anthropology and folklore

Scientific research results also make us believe that the Baiyue people in the southeast coast have already

After passing through Taiwan Province Province, they emigrated overseas and spread to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands.

5. Why didn't Chinese civilization last for five thousand years? Speaking of the ancient history of China, we often say that the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization has a long history of 5,000 years, which makes China people proud. But what needs to be corrected is Chinese civilization, not 5000 years, and the actual calculation has not reached 5000 years. Why? Although China's literature has a history of 7000 years, writing is a kind of culture, not a civilization.

There are three recognized standards of civilization:

First, there is a mature and developed writing system. In the middle of Shang Dynasty, we had a mature writing system-Oracle Bone Inscriptions;

Second, there are settled living conditions, buildings or large villages of a certain scale. Erlitou site in Xia Dynasty is the naming place of Erlitou culture, which was initially confirmed as the capital site in the middle and late summer. Its palaces are out of proportion. At present, what we confirm is that some of them are Shang Dynasty, with capitals and large-scale palaces;

Third, the use of metal tools and utensils became a common practice, and a large number of bronzes were used in the middle of Shang Dynasty.

As I said, the history of Chinese civilization is about 3,500 years from the middle of Shang Dynasty (BC16th century-BC1046th century) to the present, that is, from BC14-13rd century.

Five civilized regions, ancient Nile civilization, ancient two rivers civilization, ancient Indian Ganges civilization, Yellow River Yangtze civilization and Aegean civilization. Our Chinese civilization is the youngest civilization.

Everyone may be depressed, but what we need to know is that in 3500, we are still one of the oldest civilizations in the world, and the Chinese nation is one of the cradles of world civilization, which has never stopped.

6. Why did Chinese civilization last for five thousand years? According to legend, the Yellow Emperor was the leader of the tribal alliance of primitive tribes who lived in the Yellow River valley about 4,500 years ago. Chinese civilization is definitely more than 4500 years, so it is roughly 5000 years.

China has a long history, which is about 5,000 years from the period of Xuanyuan (also known as Gongsun Xuanyuan), the tribe of the Yellow Emperor. It is about 4600 years since the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. About 4 100 years since Xia dynasty; It is about 2240 years since the first unified centralized Qin Dynasty in China.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is not the symbol of the beginning of Chinese civilization. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the cultural product of Shang Dynasty (about17th century BC-1century BC), with a history of more than 3,600 years.

Extended data

The first civilized society in China;

After the Yellow Emperor, the outstanding leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River valley were Yao, Shun and Yu in turn. At that time, the leader of the tribal alliance was elected. When Yao was old, a tribal alliance meeting was held, and everyone elected the talented Shun as his successor.

After Yao's death, Shun inherited Yao's position. When Shun was old, he also used the same method to give up his position to Yu, who had made contributions to water control. This method of changing the position of the leader is called "abdication".