Looking at the natural environment and human conditions, why can Australia achieve mechanized grazing?

You have a lot of questions

First look at the information below to find the answer to the first question.

Australia’s agriculture and animal husbandry

The production layout is reasonable

Australia attaches great importance to environmental protection and natural ecological balance. There is almost no bare land in Australia. There are only rivers, streets, and buildings in the entire country. There are flowers, plants and trees everywhere. In the center of every city, there are large botanical gardens, such as the Royal Botanic Gardens and Hyde Park in Sydney, and the Botanic Gardens of Victoria in Melbourne. Even under trees and flower beds where grass does not grow, a thick layer of wood chips is spread to prevent soil erosion. The government requires a certain proportion of farmland, forest, pasture land and water bodies, and cannot expand cultivated land without limit. Implement crop rotation and rest rotation on farmland to maintain soil fertility. The government also vigorously promotes organic agriculture, implements the return of straw to fields, and advocates the application of organic fertilizers.

Australians make reasonable plans for agricultural and animal husbandry production based on different temperatures, rainfall, soil and other conditions. The north has a tropical and subtropical climate and is a production base for beef cattle, fruits, cotton, sugar cane, and vegetables. For example, in Queensland, sugarcane area accounts for 90% of Australia, cotton accounts for 50%, fruits account for 39%, and beef cattle breeding accounts for 33%. The southeastern coast has relatively more rainfall and a mild climate. It is the main production area of ??grain, vegetables, dairy cattle, sheep, and beef cattle. For example, dairy farming accounts for 63.8% in Victoria, 12.6% in New South Wales, and 7% each in Queensland and South Australia. Other states account for less than 10%. The central inland area is an arid and semi-arid area, dominated by low-density extensive grazing on steppes. The rational layout of agricultural and animal husbandry production not only protects the ecological balance, but also achieves the maximum return on resources.

The quality of workers is high

In Australia, farms are all privately owned, and often a family is a farm. Family farms account for more than 90%, and joint-stock cooperative farms account for less than 10%. Therefore, Australian farmers must not only understand business management and agricultural and animal husbandry production knowledge, but also be able to operate agricultural machinery and find sales markets for their products. They are new modern farmers who integrate production, management, operation and marketing. All aspects of agricultural and animal husbandry production, such as farming, fertilizing, spraying pesticides, harvesting, feeding, milking, etc., have been mechanized. In Australia, you can see that every farm yard is filled with tractors and various agricultural machinery. Some farms also have agricultural aircraft. Therefore, agricultural productivity is extremely high. On average, each Australian farmer has 103.2 hectares of cultivated land, produces 53,697 kilograms of grain or 5,051 kilograms of meat, raises 1,615 sheep, sells 700 sheep, produces 7,476 kilograms of wool, and raises 170 beef cattle. At Cadmed Farm on the outskirts of Melbourne, 600 cows are raised. The farm uses advanced ring pulse pipe equipment for milking. It can milk 50 cows at a time. It is operated by 2 workers and can complete 600 cows in 2 hours. milking.

The Internet plays a huge role in Australian agriculture, and each farm has its own Internet address. They contact farmer associations and markets through the Internet, obtain planting and breeding information and technology from the Internet, publish product sales information, and receive technical guidance from agricultural associations and government agricultural departments online. Australian agriculture has achieved mechanization and informatization.

High degree of marketization

Australia has a vast territory and a sparse population, with less than 3 people per square kilometer. It has many resources per capita and a small proportion of agricultural population. Therefore, agricultural production is entirely commodity production. High degree of marketization. They develop domestic agricultural production based on the domestic and foreign markets. They produce whatever the domestic and foreign markets need. In recent years, countries in the northern hemisphere have needed a large amount of off-season fruits. They have taken advantage of the opposite seasons to the northern hemisphere to vigorously promote the production of grapes, peaches, cherries, persimmons, etc. Over the years, the Australian government has supported farmers in developing agricultural production for export, but has not adopted the agricultural subsidy policies of European and American countries. The subsidy for agriculture is only 4%, which is far lower than the average level of 31% among WTO member countries.

Australian agricultural products are of high quality, low cost, consistent domestic and international prices, and highly competitive in the international market. For example, the average cost of milk per 100 kilograms is US$27 in the United States, more than US$30 in Europe, as high as US$38 in Canada, and less than US$15 in Australia.

In Australia, supermarkets are the end of the agricultural product sales chain and occupy a very important position. Whether it is famous supermarkets in big cities, such as Coles and Woolworths, or supermarkets in small market towns, the shelves are filled with a dazzling array of agricultural products. I saw at the Schulte Meat Station in Gaiden Town that in the Kawang Factory behind the store, the meat station cuts and packages the meat purchased from designated slaughterhouses and puts it on the shelves for sale. Supermarkets generally import large packages of fruits and vegetables from fruit and vegetable wholesale markets, package them into small portions, and sell them. Agricultural products in supermarkets, such as bell peppers, pumpkins, potatoes, persimmons, etc., are all beautifully packaged with their own brands and factory names. Through branding and packaging, companies have increased the added value of their products and expanded their market share.

Farmers’ associations play a big role

Australian agricultural associations are very popular. They are mainly organized by industry, but also by region. The associations penetrate each other, forming a multi-level, multi-industry A crisscross network-like association system.

The association plays a huge role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of farmers, promoting and popularizing new varieties and new technologies in agriculture and animal husbandry, exploring domestic and foreign markets for agricultural products, and maintaining the normal operation of the agricultural product price chain. They not only lobby the government's agricultural policies to make them beneficial to farmers, but also bargain with businesses to make them beneficial to farmers. In fact, the association, as a third party, replaces some of the government's management functions. It is no exaggeration to say that without various farmers' associations, Australia's agricultural production cannot be carried out, and the government's agricultural policies cannot be implemented.

Attach importance to agricultural science and technology work

Australia attaches great importance to the promotion and research of agricultural science and technology. Basically every state and university has extension demonstration and scientific research institutions, forming an agricultural extension system with joint investment from the government, universities, associations, and enterprises. The promotion of agricultural science and technology implements a project system. For every promotion of science and technology, the project subject and project funds must be clearly defined. The project adopts a bidding system, and agricultural enterprises, government departments, and industry associations can bid on an equal footing. Project funds are generally funded by special funds allocated by the federal government and state governments. The government also withdraws certain scientific research funds from farmers based on the output value of agricultural products, and then supports agricultural scientific research in the form of project fees.

In different natural and social environments, different people, populations, and nations live adaptively. They either choose to hunt, engage in farming, or engage in nomadic herding. Since ancient times, the Mongolian Plateau has been the stage for the survival activities of the northern nomads. In particular, the Mongolian people have continued to explore the philosophy of survival and seek a harmonious relationship with nature during their hundreds of years of nomadic life on the grasslands.

The Inner Mongolia grassland is one of the five largest pastoral areas in China and a natural ecological barrier in northern China. Due to differences in geographical location, grassland type and climate, the living conditions of herders in the eastern, central and western regions of Inner Mongolia are also slightly different. Now, except for a few areas in Inner Mongolia that retain a nomadic life in the incomplete sense, herders in most areas have already led a settled life. After settling down, some of the herdsmen engage in pure herding, some engage in half-grazing and half-farming; some live in better living conditions, while some live in more difficult conditions.

Farming and nomadic herding are the most primitive forms of production. Inner Mongolia’s vast territory and rich pastures are suitable for nomadic production. The lifestyle of herders for thousands of years has been adapted to the nomadic life.

Tibetan robe, Mongolian robe:

Tibetan robe has neither pockets nor buttons. A belt is tied around the waist, and the chest protrudes into a large luggage bag, which can be filled with personal belongings, such as wooden bowls, tsampa bags, and butter boxes; even babies can be put in it. Tibetans often wear Tibetan robes with one sleeve on and the other sleeve pulled from the back to the front. This custom is closely related to the local plateau climate. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a large temperature difference between day and night. Tibetan people often use the phrase "one mountain has four seasons and ten miles has different weather" to describe the changeable weather. Even in summer, it is cold in the morning and hot at noon. Herdsmen have to wear warm Tibetan robes when going out. At noon, the heat becomes unbearable, so they have to wear one sleeve, or even no sleeves at all, tied around the waist. In the evening, the weather turns cold again, and I have to put on both sleeves. Tibetan herdsmen sometimes travel far from home and stay out at night, so they often use loose clothes to cover themselves and warm themselves up. It can be seen that the Tibetan robe has multiple uses and is also an indispensable daily clothing for the Tibetan people.

In pastoral areas such as Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, men, women, old and young like to wear robes all year round, commonly known as "Mongolian robes". Wear jacket robes in spring and autumn, single robes in summer, and leather robes and cotton robes in winter. Men's robes are generally fatter, while women's robes are tighter to show off the slimness and fitness of a woman's figure. Its style and color vary slightly from place to place and from person to person. Generally, Mongolian robes are characterized by wide sleeves, high collar, and right slit. In most areas, there are no slits at the lower end. The edges, cuffs, and collars of the robes are often decorated with satin lace, "panchang", "cloud roll" patterns, or furs such as tiger, leopard, otter, and mink. It is both beautiful and elegant, and has good practical functions. Knee pads to protect against cold in winter, and to protect against mosquito bites and sun exposure in summer. It can be used as clothing when walking, and as a quilt when lying down. Mongolians in Ordos and other places also like to wear vests of different lengths over their robes

On the grasslands, men, women, old and young like to wear robes all year round. This is the unique Mongolian robe. The robe is wide and tied with a belt. The styles and colors vary depending on gender. Generally, the Mongolian robes worn by women are narrower than those worn by men. They are mostly in red, pink, green, sky blue, etc. During festivals, they are also worn with woven agates, pearls, corals, gems, gold, silver, jade, etc. headgear; men mostly like to wear brown and blue Mongolian robes.