Why did the Turhuts risk their lives to return to the Qing Dynasty from Russia?

Most of the Turhuts live in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, a few in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, and some in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xizang Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, Yunnan Province, Taiwan Province Province and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Turku people in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, descendants of herdsmen headed by Helek, mainly live in Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, the rest live in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Altay region and Tacheng region, and some are scattered in southern and northern Xinjiang.

Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture is inhabited by the descendants of herdsmen from the old Turkumen League on the South Road led by Warbasse Khan, mainly distributed in Hejing County, bohu county, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County and Korla City, the capital of Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, and others live in counties in the state.

There are more than 40,000 Turks in Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (History of Bayinguoleng Ancient Autonomous Prefecture, edited by Jin, p. 236, Contemporary China Publishing House, 1994). ), including nearly 30,000 people in Hejing County and more than 3,000 people in Yanqi. There are more than 2,000 people in bohu county, more than 2,000 people in Korla, 80% of Turks in Hejing County are engaged in animal husbandry, and the rest are engaged in agriculture and service industry. The Turks in Yanqi Hui Autonomous County and bohu county are mainly engaged in agriculture or semi-farming and semi-herding, and the main people in Korla are government officials, their families and children. Farmers and herdsmen still believe in Tibetan Buddhism.

The Turku people living in Tacheng area and Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture are descendants of the herdsmen of the old Turku League on the North Road led by the former Zebokdozi. They mainly live in Hoboksar Mongolian Autonomous County, and the rest live in emin county, Yumin County and Yining City, with a population of more than 20,000. Most of them are engaged in animal husbandry, and a few are engaged in export processing industry, mainly weaving carpets and tanning.

Being close to the border, it pays more attention to learning advanced foreign scientific knowledge, introducing and improving herds, giving full play to the advantages of hybridization, making the tribal animal husbandry develop rapidly, and often actively exchanging improved varieties with other Turku tribes. 187 1 year, the Russian government invaded Yili1year, and Akuba invaded Xinjiang. 188 1 On February 24th, the Chinese and Russian governments signed the Ili Treaty. "

Article 5 stipulates that Yili residents can freely move to Russia with their property for one year. Before and after that, 70,000 Yili residents were forced to move to Russia. Those who didn't want to move were whipped and whined. (Historical Materials of Qing Court Diplomacy, Guangxu Period, Volume 32, p. 15. ) "Among them, more than 0/000 residents of Turkumen/Kloc-North Road were forced to move to Russia, and all of them managed to return to Ili.