Compulsory 2 Chapter 1 Population and Environment 1 Population Growth (1): ① Remember the concept of natural population growth rate (equal to the difference between birth rate and death rate) ② Reasons for population growth (direct cause: natural growth rate; The root cause: the level of productivity development) ③ Factors affecting population growth (b): natural factors, economic base, superstructure, etc. The economic base can be simply understood as the economic situation; Superstructure is a political, legal system and social ideology based on economy. Economic foundation-economic development, education level, medical and health conditions, and female employment; Superstructure-concept of marriage and childbearing, religious beliefs, customs and habits, population policy; Other factors-war, natural disasters. 2. Population growth model: ① Understand the characteristics of population growth model in different historical periods and the basic characteristics of regional (b) social growth model. The productivity level of other primitive societies is extremely low (extremely low). Traditional slave society, feudal society and gathering and hunting-oriented capitalist society, developed countries with high (low) natural economy transition mainly based on manual labor in the early stage:/kloc-After the middle of the eighth century, high and low industrialization significantly improved productivity, improved medical and health conditions, increased grain and decreased mortality. Developing countries: Since the 1950s, after World War II, their political independence and national economy have developed rapidly. The medical progress in modern developed countries is still in a downward trend, with zero or negative growth. Remember: the change of population growth mode begins with the decline of mortality. (3) Population growth in the world and China (c): In developing countries and regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the population growth pattern is mostly "transitional" (high-low pattern), and they are facing extremely serious population pressure. Developed countries such as Europe and America have a "modern" population growth model ("three lows" model). China is entering a "modern" mode (three lows), which is the result of China's active population policy. 3. Remember the meaning of population growth index (J-shaped curve growth of world population) (a)4. Constraints of land, forest, water and other resources on population development (II): Basic views: The population is increasing, resources are decreasing, and limited resources can only feed a limited population. Population growth and economic development have great demand for resources, and the limited supply of resources is insufficient → affecting social development, improving people's living standards and high per capita consumption of resources. 5. Understand the difference between environmental carrying capacity and reasonable population capacity (b): (The fundamental difference lies in "maximum" and "optimum", the former is greater than the latter); Understand the three characteristics of population capacity (criticality, relativity and vigilance). The criticality of population and reasonable population capacity-when they are equal, they will be coordinated, and when they exceed, they will be destroyed; The same region, different development periods; Different regions have different technical and natural conditions-different population capacities-the relative population capacity is not the population reached, but the population target under control-Note: the reasonable population capacity is not how many people can be accommodated in the earth space. 6. Concept and classification of population migration (1): The reasons for population change are natural growth and mechanical growth (population migration). Pay attention to the difference between population mobility and population migration (the most fundamental difference between them is whether there is a "permanent" or "long-term" change of residence). Population migration includes international population migration and domestic population migration. At present, the direction of international population migration is mainly from developing countries to developed countries; The direction of domestic population migration is mainly from rural areas to cities. 7. Factors affecting population migration (2). There are many factors that cause population migration, including natural ecological factors, economic factors, political factors, social and cultural factors and so on. Among them, economic factor is the main and often effective factor of population migration, and it is the most fundamental factor that causes spontaneous population migration. It is generally believed that population migration is the result of the interaction between thrust (or repulsion) and pull (or gravity). Note: ① Three Gorges migrants are not "environmental refugees". (2) Political factors are not equal to policy factors, but belong to political factors, and war is also included in political factors, because war is a continuation of politics. 8. Current situation of population migration in the world and China (C): Table 1: Reasons for world population migration in migration areas Asia: China, Indian and other places, Southeast Asia, America, Oceania, Africa and other natural disasters, wars, poor life in Europe, America and Oceania, great geographical discovery, opening up of new air routes, development of capitalism, expansion of colonialism, Form 2: evil of European colonists in Africa. Since 1980s, the proportion of spontaneous migration from inland to coastal areas, from rural areas to cities, and from poor areas to economically developed areas has been increasing from central to eastern areas. The migration from southwest and northwest to central and eastern China is increasing day by day, and the imbalance of economic development is the main reason for the large-scale population flow in China at this stage. Family and marriage are important factors affecting the migration of young people. 9. The concept of regional culture (1): refers to a specific cultural phenomenon formed in a certain region for a long time. Such as "rice culture" in Jiangnan, "nomadic culture" in Mongolia and "Maya culture" in American Indians. 10, explaining the influence of foreign regional culture on population development (b).
The influence of cultural differences on the birth rate: the size of marriage customs, the age of first marriage, early childbearing in developing countries, prolonged childbearing time, increased birth rate in developed countries, late marriage or even no marriage, infertility reduces the stability of marriage in developing countries. The developed countries are not stable enough, and the divorce rate is high, which reduces the birth rate. In order to expand its influence, religions generally do not oppose population growth and increase the birth rate 1 1. Give examples to illustrate the influence of China regional culture on the population development of China (A). Population culture \ Bad habits that have been gradually eliminated, carrying forward the broad cultural positive significance, marriage customs and systems, early marriage and early childbearing, late marriage and late childbearing, delaying childbearing age, shortening childbearing time, reducing birth rate and reducing population pressure. Only have a good boy and a good girl, and have fewer children. The birth rate is reduced, the population pressure is reduced, social wealth is accumulated, and career choice is more important than people. The pace of light industry, commercial industrialization and urbanization has accelerated. The rapid development of industry and commerce has accelerated the construction of the national economy and improved people's living standards. The fundamental reason for this change is the progress of social productivity level and social production mode. Chapter II "City and Environment" 1, urban location factors and urban spatial distribution characteristics (II): Physical geographical location: the impact on the city is relatively stable. The piedmont plains and oases in desert areas close to rivers, lakes and oceans with good water sources are conducive to the formation of cities; At the intersection of major rivers and tributaries, at the mouth of major rivers, it is conducive to the formation of relatively large cities, such as Yibin, Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai. Economic geographical location: refers to the spatial relationship between the city and the surrounding economic things. Convenient transportation, industrial and commercial agricultural bases are all conducive to the rise of the city. For example, Zhuzhou, Shijiazhuang and Hangzhou are all located at the hub of the railway. Because of the change of traffic. Cities will rise and fall. For example, Huai 'an and Yangzhou declined because of the construction of the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinpu) Railway. 2. Main types of urban land use (1): Urban land can be divided into commercial land, industrial land, government land, residential land, leisure land and green belt, traffic land and other public land, agricultural land and water surface. 3. Classification of urban functional zoning (1) and main influencing factors (3): Functional zones are different ways of using urban land, which can be divided into commercial zones, residential zones, municipal and public service zones, industrial zones, transportation and storage zones, scenic tourist zones, urban green spaces and special functional zones. The main factors affecting urban functional zoning are natural geographical conditions, historical and cultural factors, economic development level and traffic conditions.