From the perspective of language evolution, what do kinship languages and dialects have in common?

From the perspective of language evolution and its relationship with society, both dialects and kinship languages are related to the geographical differentiation of a single society and are descendants of a single language. This is the similarity between dialects and kinship languages. If the geographical differentiation of a single society is incomplete, then its language is generally incomplete. Dialect of the same language is a branch of language formed by geographical incomplete differentiation of the same language. For example, in China's long-term feudal society, all localities have been in a situation of relatively independent economy and relatively concentrated politics and culture, and they have neither been completely divided nor completely unified. Politically, it is governed by * * * laws, culturally, there are * * * identical Chinese characters, written classical Chinese and rhyming, and * * * the same standards for selecting candidates in imperial examinations, which makes the development of languages distributed in various places subject to certain restrictions, and the newly generated characters, grammatical formats and homophones in various places will be quite the same, so all Chinese descendants in this area still belong to the branch of Chinese. If the regional differentiation of a single society further intensifies and forms complete differentiation, dialects will further develop into kinship languages. For example, the vast areas in central and southern Europe originally belonged to the Roman Empire and all spoke Latin (also called "Romance"). Because of their wide geographical distribution, they were divided into several dialects. After the fall of the Roman Empire, all localities were not only isolated and independent economically, but also formed their own independent countries politically, and people everywhere used their own characters culturally. In this way, the differentiation of languages in different places has lost the constraint of * * * *, new words and grammatical forms have increased sharply, and differentiation has accelerated in different directions, forming different languages such as Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanian. These languages differentiated from the same language are kinship languages.

The main basis for judging whether the descendants of the same language in different regions have dialects or kinship is the psychology of language users. If local residents think they speak the same language, then these local branches are dialect relations. If local residents think that they don't speak the same language, then these local branches are related to the languages of relatives. The similarities and differences of this language identity psychology generally depend on the similarities and differences of social differentiation. Residents in different areas under the jurisdiction of the same state power and using the same written and written language usually think that they speak the same language (dialect relationship), while residents in different areas under the jurisdiction of different state power and using different written and written languages usually think that they speak different languages (kinship language relationship). In other words, dialect or kinship language is often not determined by the size of language differences. For example, the mandarin dialect of Chinese is very different from Minnan dialect, and it is impossible to talk at all; The difference between Spanish and Portuguese is relatively small, and it is barely possible to talk; But the former is a dialect relationship, and the latter is a kinship language relationship. However, whether the society is completely divided is not the only factor that determines the language identity psychology. Under certain social conditions, the size of language similarities and differences also plays a role. For example, the United States, Australia, Canada (most areas) and Britain now belong to different countries, and their societies have been completely split into independent societies, but they still think that they all speak English. This kind of language identity psychology-on the one hand, because these countries have not been away from the Commonwealth for a long time or still belong to the Commonwealth, and the dominant residents are British immigrants, on the other hand, because their language differences are not great, they can still be expressed in the same language. In addition, today's world has gradually formed a global market, and the development of various means of transportation and communication has greatly shortened the communication distance between regions, which is also an important reason for maintaining incomplete language differentiation and language identity psychology. It should also be noted that the above discussion is about the language identity of the original single language after geographical differentiation, excluding the language identity of residents who originally belonged to different languages after geographical contact. For example, whether the language of Hui people in Ningxia is an independent language or a Chinese dialect, and whether the language of Zhuang people in Guangxi is an independent language or a Chinese dialect.