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The classification and types of ships are divided according to different methods. This article is compiled based on my basic knowledge and with reference to some professional shipping books and some articles on the Internet, trying to find the most comprehensive classification and classification of ships. Category division.

1. Method of ship classification

Modern ships serve transportation, port construction, fishery production and scientific research and surveying. With the development of industry, the scope of ship services has expanded. , ships are also becoming increasingly specialized. Different departments have different requirements for ships, and the navigation areas, navigation status, propulsion methods, power plants, shipbuilding materials and uses of the ships with the right to use the ships are also different. Therefore, there are many types of ships, and these ships are different in terms of ship type and structure. , each has its own characteristics in terms of performance and equipment.

1. Ship’s navigation area: Ships can be divided into three types according to their navigation area: ocean ships, harbor ships and inland river ships. Ships sailing on inner lakes are generally also classified as inland river ships.

2. Ship sailing status: Ships can be classified into three types according to their sailing status: floating, taxiing, and airborne sailing. Floating means that when the ship is sailing, the weight of the hull and the displacement are equal and the ship floats on the water (also called a displacement ship). Ships that submerge underwater are also buoyant. A planing ship means that when sailing at high speed, most of the hull is lifted up by the power of the water and slides on the water surface. The displacement of the ship when planing is less than that when stationary. At the same time, the wet surface area is reduced, and the water resistance is greatly reduced, making the ship faster. Such as speedboats and hydrofoils. A ship sailing in the air sails with its hull completely out of the water. Such as hovercraft and impact craft.

3. Propulsion method: According to the propulsion method, ships can be divided into primitive human-propelled ships such as pole-raising, pulling, rowing, and sculling, and wind-propelled sailing ships; mechanically propelled paddle steamers, jet propellers, etc. Water boats, propeller boats, and air-propelled boats, etc. The DC paddle wheel is the oldest propeller since ships used machines as power. Later, propeller propellers were installed in the stern part of the ship below the water surface. Later, for ships with a few special requirements, some added ducts to the stern propellers, and some added auxiliary propellers to the bow. The blades of most ship propellers are fixed. For ships that are constantly stationed and require changing working conditions, adjustable pitch propellers are used. Ships in shallow water channels are also propelled by water jets. Fully floating hovercraft and air craft are propelled by air propellers.

4. Power plant: Ships can be divided into steam engine ships and internal combustion engine ships according to the type of power plant. Electric propulsion ships and nuclear power plant ships. The steam reciprocating machines used in the early days have now been eliminated. Steam turbines (including steam turbines and gas turbines) are used on some high-speed passenger ships and warships. Nowadays, diesel engine power plant is the most widely used in various types of ships. Small boats are also powered by gasoline engines. Electric propulsion ships use an internal combustion engine or steam engine to drive a generator (or directly use a battery) to generate electricity, and then drive an electric motor integrated with a propeller to propel the ship. The propeller speed of this kind of power unit can be adjusted arbitrarily, and it is simple and easy to operate. It is used by ships with special requirements, such as submarines, icebreaking shipyards, scientific research vessels, train ferries, etc. Nuclear power plant is currently the most advanced power plant in the world. It uses a nuclear reactor to generate steam heat energy through the reaction of atomic nuclei to drive the steam turbine.

2. Classification of ships

Due to the development of ships, there are many types of modern ships, which can be classified in various ways. For example, according to the hull material, there are wooden ships, steel ships Ships, cement ships and fiberglass ships, etc.; according to the navigation area, there are ocean-going ships, offshore ships, coastal ships and inland river ships, etc.; according to the power device, there are steam engine ships, internal combustion engine ships, steam turbine ships, electric ships and nuclear power ships. etc.; according to the propulsion mode, there are paddle steamers, propeller boats, flat-rotating propeller boats and sail-assisted ships; according to the navigation mode, there are self-propelled ships and non-self-propelled ships; according to the navigation state, there are displacement and non-displacement ships. . What best describes the characteristics of ships is the classification according to their purpose. First, they can be divided into two categories: military and civilian.

(1) Classification of civil ships:

Transport ships - passenger ships, passenger and cargo ships, cargo ships (general cargo ships, bulk carriers, container ships, ro-ro ships, barges, Oil tankers, liquefied gas ships, refrigerated ships, etc.), ferries, barges, etc.

Engineering ships - dredgers, crane ships, floating docks, salvage ships, laying ships (cable laying ships, pipe laying ships, etc.), piling ships.

Fishing vessels - net fishing vessels (trawlers, purse seine vessels, gillnet fishing vessels, etc.), fishing vessels, whaling vessels, fishery processing vessels, fishery survey vessels, refrigerated transport vessels, etc.

Port service ships - icebreakers, pilot ships, fire boats, supply ships, traffic ships, work ships (measurement ships, beacon ships, etc.), oil slick recovery ships, etc.

Ocean development ships - ocean research ships, deep submersibles (boats), drill ships, drilling platforms, etc.

Tugboats and pushboats - ocean tugs, harbor tugs, inland river tugs, ocean tugs, inland river tugs, etc. , the high-speed craft in development - hydrofoil (rowing hydrofoil, fully immersed hydrofoil), hovercraft (fully floating hovercraft, side wall hovercraft), impact craft, semi-submersible Small surface boats, wave piercing boats, etc.

(2) Classification of military ships:

Surface combat ships - aircraft carriers, helicopter carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, missile boats, torpedo boats, submarine hunters, and escort boats wait.

Underwater combat ships - attack submarines (diesel engine power, electric motor power), strategic missile submarines (conventional power, nuclear power).

Special combat ships - amphibious ships (amphibious command ships, amphibious assault ships, dock landing ships, amphibious dock transport ships, tank landing ships, amphibious cargo ships, vehicle and personnel landing craft, universal landing craft), minelayers, Minesweeper ships and minehunting boats.

Auxiliary ships - rear support ships (transport ships, fleet supply ships, supply and maintenance ships, health service ships, mine rescue ships), maritime rescue ships (inshore rescue ships, ocean rescue ships, submarine rescue ships) Ships, icebreakers), intelligence support ships (ocean survey ships, reconnaissance ships, communication ships, survey ships), test and training ships (missile target ships, missile survey ships, weapons test ships, naval training ships), port support ships (port construction Ships, port operation ships, port service ships, etc. This type of ship is the same as civilian ships such as exploration ships, piling ships, crane ships, barges, tugboats, dredgers, transportation ships, pilot ships, water supply ships, navigation ships, light ships, Fire boats, floating docks, etc.).

Civil ship classification is usually divided according to purpose, and the details are introduced as follows:

1. Passenger vessel (passenger vessel) refers to a ship used to transport passengers and their luggage. . Passenger ships that also carry a small amount of cargo are also called passenger and cargo ships. Since most passenger ships sail on scheduled routes, they are also called passenger ships. The superstructure with multi-layer decks has good anti-sinking properties and is generally "two-cabin unsinkable". The ship speed is relatively high, generally 16-20 knots (kn). Passengers>12 people.

According to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), any ship carrying more than 12 passengers should be regarded as a passenger ship. The appearance of the passenger ship is as shown in the figure. It is characterized by good navigation performance, complete safety equipment and living facilities, tall superstructure, and high ship speed, generally around 20kn (knots, nautical miles/hour). Some short-distance passenger ships use hydrofoil craft and hover craft, and the ship speed is generally around 40kn.

2. Cargo ship can be divided into:

(1). General cargo ship: also It is called a general cargo ship. Its characteristic is that the cargo hold is designed as a multi-deck structure, usually 2-3 decks. In order to facilitate loading and unloading, the hatch size of each cargo hold is larger and equipped with a boom (2-5T) or a crane (120T). Generally, there are 3-6 cargo holds. General cargo ships generally refer to ships that sail on busy shipping routes on a regular basis and mainly carry scattered groceries. This kind of ship has a fast sailing speed and is equipped with sufficient lifting equipment. The ship structure has multiple decks to divide the cabin into multi-layer containers to adapt to the needs of loading different goods.

(2). Bulk cargo vessels specialize in transporting grain, minerals, coal, etc. Since bulk cargoes are not afraid of pressure, their cargo holds are all single-deck for the convenience of loading and unloading. It is divided into the following types according to different structures.

Dry bulk carrier (Bulk Cargo Ship) is a ship used to carry unpackaged bulk cargo. Depending on the type of cargo loaded, they can be divided into grain ships, colliers and ore ships. Most of these ships have a single deck. There are no pillars in the cabin, but there are partitions to prevent the cargo in the cabin from being displaced when operating in wind and waves. The characteristics are that the hatch coaming is high and large, and the cross section of the cargo hold is prismatic, which can reduce the work of trimming the cabin. The triangular tanks at the four corners of the cargo hold are ballast water tanks, and the draft and stability height can be adjusted.

Types of bulk carriers

Handysize bulk carrier: refers to bulk carriers with a carrying capacity of about 20,000 to 50,000 tons, of which more than 40,000 tons The ship is also called a Handymax bulk carrier. As we all know, dry bulk cargo is bulk cargo transported by sea. These relatively small-tonnage ships have strong adaptability to waterways, canals and ports, have moderate deadweight tonnage, and are often equipped with loading and unloading equipment, making operations convenient and flexible. It is called "handy type".

Panamax bulk carrier: As the name suggests, this type of ship refers to the largest bulk carrier that can pass through the Panama Canal when fully loaded, that is, it mainly meets the requirement that the total length of the ship does not exceed 274.32 meters. Relevant regulations on navigation of canals with a width not exceeding 32.30 meters. According to needs, the size, ship type and structure of the ship are adjusted to change the load capacity. The load capacity of this type of ship is generally between 60,000 and 75,000 tons.

Capesize bulk carrier: refers to a bulk carrier with a load capacity of about 150,000 tons. This type of ship is mainly used to transport iron ore. Due to size restrictions, it is impossible to pass through the Panama Canal and The Suez Canal needs to go around the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn, and is called the "Cape" type in Taiwan Province. Since the Suez Canal authorities have relaxed draft restrictions on ships passing through the canal in recent years, most ships of this type can pass through the canal fully loaded.

Lake bulk carrier: refers to a bulk carrier that sails in the Great Lakes region at the junction of the United States and Canada via the St. Lawrence Waterway, mainly carrying coal, iron ore and grain. The scale of this type of ship must meet the navigation requirements of the St. Lawrence Waterway. The total length of the ship shall not exceed 222.50 meters, and the molded width shall not exceed 23.16 meters. Any part of the bridge shall not protrude from the hull. The draft shall not exceed the maximum allowable draft of each major water area. The distance between the top of the mast and the The water surface height shall not exceed 35.66 meters. This type of ship is generally about 30,000 tons, and most of them are equipped with loading and unloading equipment.

3. Ore carrier (ore carrier) has a high specific gravity and a small cabin volume, which makes the center of gravity of the ship low. Therefore, in order to increase the height of the center of gravity, its double bottom is particularly high, and the pressure on both sides of the cargo hold is The cargo compartment is also large.

Ore-oil carrier (ore-oil carrier)

4. Container ship (container ship) refers to a ship that mainly carries container cargo. The cargo holds are mostly single-deck and double-hulled, and can stack 3-9 layers of containers. The economic speed is 19-24kn, and the container specifications are: 40ft (40×8×8ft) and 20ft (20×8×8ft).

Put the goods into the container in advance, and then load the container onto the ship. The advantages of this mode of transportation are high loading and unloading efficiency, reduced labor intensity, reduced cargo damage and cargo differences, and ease of multimodal transport. At present, container transportation is developing rapidly and has become the main mode of transportation for breakbulk cargo.

Container ships can basically be divided into two categories: full container ships and semi-container ships. The cargo holds and decks of all-container ships can carry containers. There are grid-type shelves in the cargo hold to facilitate the fixation of cargo boxes. The deck and cargo hatch cover are straight, and 2 to 4 layers of containers can be loaded on them. Usually there is no lifting equipment on the ship, but special equipment on the dock is used for loading and unloading. Semi-container ships carry containers in part of the cargo hold and general cargo or bulk cargo in other holds.

The cargo hold hatch of a container ship is very large. In order to ensure the strength of the hull, a double-layer hull is used. It not only has high loading and unloading efficiency, but also has a fast ship speed, mostly above 20k n. Currently, sixth-generation container ships have been built, which can carry 8,000 containers. Container ships can be divided into three types: partial container ships, full container ships and convertible container ships:

(1). Partial container ship. Only the central part of the ship is used as a dedicated space for containers, and other spaces are still used for ordinary groceries.

(2).Full Container Ship. Refers to a ship specially designed to carry containers. It is different from ordinary general cargo ships. There are grid-type shelves in the cargo hold and vertical guide rails to facilitate the placement of containers along the guide rails. There are grid restrictions at the four corners to prevent tipping. Container ships can have three to nine layers of containers stacked in the hold, and three to four layers of containers can be stacked on the deck.

(3). Convertible Container Ship. The structure for loading containers in the cargo hold is detachable. Therefore, it can carry both containers and, if necessary, general groceries.

Container ships travel very fast, and most ships do not have lifting equipment themselves, so they need to rely on the lifting equipment on the dock for loading and unloading. This type of container ship is also called crane on and off.

5. Ro-ro ship, also known as roll on/roll off ship (roll on/roll off ship): When the ship is loading and unloading at the dock, the springboard is lowered from the stern to the shore, and the trailer tows the cargo box into the cabin. . Therefore, it has a special structure. The upper deck is flat, without shears or arches, there is no cargo lifting equipment, there are many deck layers (2-4 layers), there are few pillars in the cargo hold, and the deck is a longitudinal deck. The cost is high. The speed is 16-18kn.

The goods it ships are mainly cars and containers. This kind of ship itself does not require loading and unloading equipment. During loading and unloading, there is a springboard at the stern, side or bow of the ship, which is placed on the dock. Cars or containers (mounted on trailers) can directly drive into or out of the cabin. Realize the loading and unloading of goods. Ro-ro ships are also called roll-on-roll-off ships or roll-on-roll-off ships.

The superstructure of the ro-ro ship is tall, the uppermost open-air deck is flat, and there is no cargo lifting equipment.

There are multiple vertical decks in the cargo hold, and cars or trailers can enter each level of the hold through ramps or lifting platforms. Ro-ro generally has low requirements on terminals, high loading and unloading efficiency, and faster ship speed. However, the capacity utilization rate is low and the cost is high. The advantage of this kind of ship is that it does not rely on the loading and unloading equipment on the dock, and the loading and unloading speed is fast, which can speed up the ship turnover.

6. Timber carrier Timber carrier is a ship specially used to load timber or logs. This kind of ship has a large hatch, and there are no beams, columns or other equipment that hinders loading and unloading. Timber can be loaded in the cabin and on the deck. To prevent the wood on the deck from being washed outboard by waves, bulwarks of no less than one meter are generally set up on both sides of the ship. The cargo hold is required to be long and large, and there are no pillars in the hold.

7. Barge Carrier is also called mother-child ship. It first loads the goods into small barges with the same specifications, and then loads these small barges onto the mother ship for transportation together. That is to say, a ship carries a barge on a large ship and loads cargo inside the barge.

The advantage of barge-carrying is that it can improve loading and unloading efficiency, shorten ship docking time, accelerate ship turnover, and is not restricted by ports, terminals and loading and unloading equipment. It also facilitates the organic integration of sea-river transport. The disadvantage is that the organization and management of barge-carrying heights are more complicated and the current development is slow. The main advantage of the finger-carrying barge is that it is not restricted by the water depth of the port and does not need to occupy a wharf berth. The loading and unloading of cargo are all carried out at the anchorage, and the loading and unloading efficiency is high. Currently, there are two types of commonly used barge-carrying ships: Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH) and Seabee.

8. Refrigerated ship (refrigerated ship) is a special ship for transporting perishable goods such as meat, fish, vegetables and fruits. Its ship structure is similar to that of a general cargo ship, but the cargo hatch is smaller and the cargo holds are well equipped. Thermal insulation function and equipped with high-energy refrigeration device. Due to the limitation of supply volume, the tonnage of refrigerated ships is generally less than 10,000 tons. Currently, refrigerated containers used to transport refrigerated goods are developing rapidly. Due to its convenient transportation, it has replaced the transportation of refrigerated ships to some extent. The ship is equipped with a refrigeration system that can adjust a variety of temperatures to meet the different temperature needs of the cargo in each cabin. The cargo hatch is small, the tonnage is not large, and the cargo hold deck has many layers, usually 8-4.

9. Oil tanker (Tanker is a ship mainly used to carry liquid cargo. Oil tanker can be divided into oil tanker and liquefied natural gas tanker according to the type of cargo carried). Ships carrying oil and petroleum products (diesel, gasoline, heavy oil, etc.). In order to prevent fire and explosion, live pulling equipment is not allowed on the deck, usually steam engines are used. There is no double bottom in the structure, the stern type, the freeboard is very small, the ship shape is plump, and the ship speed is not high, at 13-17kn.

The characteristic of an oil tanker is that the engine rooms are located at the stern, and the hull is divided into several oil storage tanks, with oil pipes running through each oil tank. Most oil tanks adopt a longitudinal structure and are equipped with longitudinal bulkheads, which can maintain the stability of the ship when not full of cargo. In order to achieve greater economic benefits, the deadweight tonnage of oil tankers has been continuously increasing since World War II. At present, the deadweight tonnage of the largest oil tanker in the world has reached more than 600,000 tons.

Oil tankers mainly carry bulk crude oil. Currently, the largest oil tanker in the world can carry 550,000 tons of crude oil. It is customary to call oil tankers with a load capacity of more than 200,000 tons and less than 300,000 tons as large Oil tankers (VLCC-Very Large Crude Carrier), those with more than 300,000 tons are called ultra-large Crude Carriers (ULCC-Ultra Large Crude Carrier). The loading and unloading of oil tankers is generally completed by a pipeline system with pumps.

10. Liquid cargo vessel

Liquefied natural gas carrier (LNG carrier): Liquefied natural gas is mainly methane, which is extremely low temperature (- Natural gas can be liquefied only by freezing at 165°C. The liquefied volume is only 1/600 of that in the gaseous state, making it easy to transport. The tank has a strict thermal insulation structure and has a ball-shaped and rectangular shape.

Liquefied petroleum gas carrier (LPG carrier): Liquefied petroleum gas carriers are divided into fully pressurized liquefied petroleum gas carriers; fully refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas carriers and semi-pressurized and semi-refrigerated types There are three types of LPG ships.

Liquid chemical tanker: Most liquid chemicals are toxic, flammable, corrosive, and come in many varieties. Therefore, ships are mostly double-bottomed and have many and small cargo holds.

11. There are many types of engineering ships, which are classified according to their uses: ships for dredging; ships for hydraulic construction; ships for ocean development; ships for prevention and rescue; ships for laying, etc.

12. Work ship: refers to a special ship that performs service or professional work for sailing ships. It mainly includes: auxiliary ship: tug (top) wheel and tug boat (tug boat). These ships are strong , good stability and buoyancy, but small hull.

The tugboat is characterized by its small size, but its high power, high strength, good stability and flexible operation. It is mainly used to assist other ships in maneuvering in the port. High-power tugboats can also be used for towing at sea.

13. Technical ships include dredgers, crane ships, salvage ships, rescue ships, icebreakers and cable-laying ships, etc.

14. A dredger is an engineering ship used for dredging channels, deepening berths or digging canals. According to different dredging equipment, it can be divided into several types such as rake suction type, cutter suction type, grab type, and chain bucket type.

15. Floating crane is an engineering ship specially used for lifting, also called floating crane. Most of them are not self-propelled and are towed and moved by tugboats. The lifting capacity of floating cranes ranges from tens to hundreds of tons. The lifting capacity of large floating cranes can reach thousands of tons.

16. A salvage ship is a special engineering ship used to salvage sunken ships or underwater abandoned objects. The salvage vessel is equipped with cranes, winches and air compressors, as well as equipment for diving, welding, cutting, repairing and underwater positioning systems.

17. Ice breaker (ice breaker) is a work ship specially used to break the ice on the waterway and rescue trapped ships. The bow is tilted forward and specially reinforced. There are large-capacity ballast tanks on the left and right sides of the bow and stern. When breaking the ice, the bow of the ship rushes onto the ice, and then the stern ballast water is pumped into the forward ballast tank, and the ice is crushed by gravity or the left and right shaking of the ship's hull.

18. A cable ship is a special ship for laying submarine cables. It can also be used as a cable maintenance ship. Its bow has a special shape and is equipped with several large-diameter fairleads.

19. Service ships

Traffic ships (launch) are small boats used to pick up and drop off crews, staff, etc.

Supply boat refers to a special ship used in the port to supply fresh water (water tanker), fuel oil (oil tanker) and materials to transport ships.

Pilot boat (pilot) boat) is a ship specially used to pick up and drop off pilots for boarding and piloting. Its hull is painted with obvious colors and has pilot marks.

20. The icebreaker has a solid structure and high power.

21. Ships providing safety

A rescue ship is a work ship dedicated to rescuing ships in distress. Its appearance is similar to that of a large tugboat, its hull color is generally white, its speed is fast, and it is equipped with various rescue equipment.

A fire boat is a work boat specially used to extinguish ship fires in the harbor or to extinguish fires in adjacent buildings on the pier. There are multiple fire cannons on the ship to spray foam or high-pressure water jets, and some are also equipped with lifting platforms to put out fires at high places.

22. A scientific research ship is a ship used for research and investigation of marine hydrology, meteorology, geology and biology. This kind of ship. This kind of ship has good navigation performance, complete cabin living facilities and strong endurance.

23. Fishing boat (fishing boat)

Trawler (trawler): can be divided into single tow and double tow; bottom tow and middle tow; offshore tow and ocean tow; side tow and tail drag, etc.

Purse seniner: can be divided into single-boat and double-boat purse seiners

Drifter: also called drift net.

Long line fishing boat: Long line fishing is composed of a dry rope several kilometers long connected to many branch ropes with fishing hooks.

Pole fishing boat: can be divided into offshore (40-100 gross tons) and offshore (200-500 gross tons) fishing boats

Whale catcher : Good stability, fast ship speed, generally not less than 16kn.

24. Special ships

The weight of this type of ship is mainly supported by the support generated during planing.

Hydrofoil craft (hydrofoil craft) has hydrofoil panels at the front and rear of the bottom of the boat. As the speed increases, the hydrofoils generate lift to lift the boat out of the water.

Hover craft (hover craft) This craft relies on the air cushion formed by the air pressure of the fan to lift the hull away from the water surface, thereby reducing water resistance.