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Wu Tingfang - Character Introduction

Wu Tingfang, an outstanding diplomat and jurist in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, received a doctorate in law. After graduation, he was admitted to the British Bar and became the first foreign lawyer, Wu Tingfang It is the most fruitful achievement of China's overseas education after Rong Hong. After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Communist Party, he served as the chief justice. In 1917, he served as the foreign affairs chief, finance minister and Guangdong governor of the French Protectorate Army.

Wu Tingfang (1842 ~ 1922), whose real name was Xu, was given the courtesy name Wenjue, also known as Wucai, and his nickname was Zhiyong. Later he was renamed Tingfang. Han nationality, a native of Xidun, Xinhui, Guangdong, was an outstanding diplomat and jurist in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Wu Tingfang was born in Xinhui, Guangdong, and was born in Singapore. He returned to Fangcun, Guangzhou with his father to settle down at the age of 3. He attended St. Paul's College in Hong Kong in his early years. In 1874, he studied in the United Kingdom at his own expense. He studied law at the London College, obtained a doctorate and barrister qualifications, and became the first person in modern China. He received a doctorate in law and later returned to Hong Kong to work as a lawyer and became the first Chinese member of the Hong Kong Legislative Council.

After the Westernization Movement began, he entered the Li Hongzhang shogunate in 1882 and served as legal advisor, participating in Sino-French negotiations and Shimonoseki negotiations. In 1896, he was appointed by the Qing government as minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru, and signed The first equality treaty in modern China, the Sino-Mexico Commerce Treaty. Presided over the revision of the law and put forward a series of advanced ideas including deleting torture and implementing the jury and lawyer system.

After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, he served as the chief of foreign affairs of the Republic of China Army, presided over the peace talks between the north and the south, and forced the Qing Dynasty to abdicate. After the Nanjing Provisional *** was established, he served as the Chief Justice. In 1917, he went to Guangzhou to participate in the French-Defense Movement and served as the Foreign Affairs Minister, the Chief-General of Finance and the Governor of Guangdong Province. In 1922, when Chen Jiongming rebelled, he became ill due to shock and anger and died in Guangzhou. There is Wu Tingfang Cemetery on Yuexiu Mountain in Guangzhou.

After the Revolution of 1911, Wu Tingfang finally had a chance to express his innovative ideas. He wrote a letter asking the Qing emperor to abdicate and unequivocally supported the Communist Party of China. In 1911, Song Jiaoren, Chen Qimei and others discussed an uprising in Shanghai and established the "Shanghai Military Governor's Office". When considering the candidate for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, after hesitating for a long time, someone proposed Wu Tingfang, and everyone unanimously agreed, so Wu Tingfang's old friend Li Pingshu was sent. Wu Tingfang seemed hesitant, claiming that he was old and weak and could no longer serve. After being persuaded hard by Li, he reluctantly agreed. After all, he was a veteran diplomat. After taking office, he immediately notified the consuls of various countries, deployed additional police forces to protect the concessions, informed all countries that they should strictly observe neutrality in China's internal struggle, and even sent a message asking foreign governments to recognize the Republic of China. In 1912, Sun Yat-sen served as the interim president, and Wu Tingfang was appointed as the interim justice chief of the Communist Party of China. He held high the banner of ruling the country by law and formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations.

During the peace negotiations between the north and the south, Sun Yat-sen was at a disadvantage and had to give in. Wu Tingfang also resigned and returned to "Guandu Lu" to write books and treatises, including "New Laws for Extending Life" and "A Preliminary Discussion on the Plan for the Governance of the Republic of China" , "American Observer" and so on. The advisors to the Presidential Office at the time were the Japanese He Changxiong and the American Goodnow. They published articles to create public opinion for Yuan Shikai to come to power. Wu Tingfang understood this conspiracy and gave a speech: "The existing political system in Beijing can only be regarded as a theater, and those bureaucrats, big and small, can only be regarded as actors. We can watch the theater, but if we listen to the actors, we will take it seriously. Don't...ask the passers-by who would like someone to be the emperor. We must work hard to persist. No matter he is Hong Xian or Xian Hong, we only know that this year is the fifth year of the Republic of China and next year is the sixth year of the Republic of China. Maintain this. The era name is even ten thousand years, ten thousand years!" Although Yuan Shikai still became the "Emperor", he soon died in Jiuquan amid nationwide condemnation. In 1917, Zhang Xun led the braided army to the north and forced President Li Yuanhong to dissolve Congress. Wu Tingfang knew that Zhang Xun actually wanted to abolish the Japanese peace system. Therefore, Li Yuanhong asked him to dissolve Congress, and he would never agree. The new Prime Minister Jiang Chaozong led soldiers to surround Wu Tingfang's residence and asked him to hand over the Prime Minister's seal. Wu Tingfang refused to hand over the seal. The soldiers shouted for the seal until late at night. Unable to rest, Wu Tingfang threw the seal down from the building in a rage and asked them to go back and deliver the errand. The next day, he submitted his resignation letter to Li Yuanhong and returned to Shanhaiguan. Unexpectedly, when he heard the news of Zhang Xun's restoration in Shanhaiguan, he decided to break with the Beiyang Communist Party, go to the south to find a new way out, and reunited with Sun Yat-sen again.

In 1905, the United States banned Chinese workers, and Mexico followed suit by banning Chinese workers from entering the country. When Chinese diplomat Wu Tingfang saw that the negotiations were fruitless, he slapped the table and said: "Lower the flag! Go back to China! Call the Chinese government to send military ships and deal with you again!" When it came to sending troops, Mexico gave up and immediately abolished it. The ban on Chinese labor that discriminated against Chinese people. Four years later, anti-Chinese anti-Chinese sentiments broke out again in Mexico. Chinese warships arrived as promised, and Mexico was forced to apologize and pay reparations.