What systems did the rulers of Shang Dynasty rule by?

the system of internal and external service:

internal service is the activity area of the merchant's own clan, while external service is a subordinate country other than the merchant clan, and the merchant king handles the affairs of his own clan and the surrendered foreigners through two different management systems. Thus, the Shang king controlled the actual power of the alliance and formed a dominant and dominated relationship with the subordinate countries.

most tribes that surrendered to the Shang clan were forced to conquer by force before they recognized the central position of the Shang king. Surrender was only a vassal relationship formed under the powerful military conquest of the Shang king. Accepting the title indicated that it was responsible for the Shang king, and the Shang king recognized the land and subjects owned by the subordinate countries. The maintenance of this submissive relationship depends on the strength of the central power. The emergence of five chaos control cycles in the Yin and Shang dynasties reflects the evolution of this submissive relationship.

the relationship between the central government and the affiliated countries is relatively loose: the control of the Shang king over the affiliated countries participating in the alliance is limited. Each subordinate country basically maintains its original social structure, and has great autonomy in addition to its due obligations to business. Some affiliated countries are often at war with business.

in Shang dynasty, the king could not absolutely dominate the subordinate countries, and the subordinate countries basically acted in their own way and had great autonomy. In Shang Dynasty, the central government managed the Shang nationality areas very closely, but its control over the subordinate countries was relatively weak. The kings of Shang Dynasty are quite different from those of later generations. The Shang King is actually the leader of the alliance of domestic and foreign service.

after the establishment of the western Zhou dynasty, it experienced a short period of social unrest. the ruling duke of Zhou revised the internal and external service system of Shang dynasty and implemented enfeoffment on a large scale, which stabilized the political situation in the western Zhou dynasty.

the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

The enfeoffment system, also known as the feudal state and the founding of the country, was a ruling system in which clans and in-laws were equally distributed to various places and sub-countries were widely established to consolidate their rule under the condition of ensuring the strength of the royal family.

the relationship between the king of Zhou and the vassal: the king of Zhou granted the land people to the vassal and established a vassal state. The vassal States must obey the orders of King Zhou, and the appointment and removal of important official positions should be reported to King Zhou for approval. Some monarchs also served as ministers of the king of Zhou to show their obedience. Each vassal state must undertake various military obligations to the Zhou royal family, such as sending troops to defend Wang Ji or going out with the king; Regularly visit and pay all kinds of tribute, including local specialties, population, etc., and send laborers to serve the royal family.

Content

(1) King Zhou is the supreme ruler of the country. The nearby area with the capital as the center is called Wang Ji, which is directly ruled by Zhou Wang.

what's the difference between the newly established vassal state in the western Zhou dynasty and the vassal state in the Shang dynasty?

(1) The vassal countries of Shang Dynasty lived in groups and were linked by blood ties; The new feudal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty has begun to break the blood boundary of the Shang Dynasty's vassal countries, and its population structure is complex, which is made up of Zhou people, indigenous people, Yin people who moved abroad and tribes of other vassal countries. (2) The subordinate countries of Shang Dynasty lived in the border areas; The main emerging feudal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty is located in a strategic position, which has obvious advantages compared with the consanguineous state that maintains its original state. (3) The rulers of the Shang vassal countries are tribal leaders other than the Shang clan; The rulers of the new feudal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty were mainly the royal family, heroes and in-laws, which were closely related to the royal family.

(2) In areas other than Wang Ji, the King of Zhou enfeoffed royalty, heroes, in-laws and nobles of the previous generation to establish vassal states to govern.

① consanguinity with the same surname is the subject of enfeoffment. Their fiefs were either rich or strategically located. In addition to land, these relatives also got a lot of materials, armed forces and population when they were enfeoffed.

(2) the treatment of the hero and the in-laws who have made contributions to the country is similar to that of the relatives.

(3) Forced migration of some old tribes of Yin Shang to areas under the seal of the surname Ji and supervision.

(4) also enfeoffed some Yin merchants.

⑤ Some ancient countries destroyed by merchants were restored and used against merchants.

Zhou's ruling area not only included the original control area of Shang dynasty, but also expanded its territory to form an unprecedented country.

vassals also have to enfeoffment their subordinates. The enfeoffment system made the aristocratic group in the Western Zhou Dynasty form a hierarchical sequence of "King of Zhou-vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar".

the relationship between "vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar": according to the legal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the three towers of "vassal-Qing, doctor-scholar" have a very distinct difference between the upper and lower levels, and the lower level must be subordinate to the upper level, the scholar should be subordinate to Qing and doctor, Qing and doctor should be subordinate to the vassal, and the vassal should be subordinate to the son of heaven. Since the Zhou Dynasty, the relationship between superiors and subordinates has been maintained mainly by the patriarchal clan system.

Third, the patriarchal clan system with the first eldest son's inheritance system as the core

(1) The patriarchal clan system

1. Purpose: To consolidate the ruling order formed by the enfeoffment system and solve the contradiction between the nobles in power, property and land inheritance.

2. characteristics: the combination of enfeoffment and patriarchal clan system, a measure to combine blood ties with political relations.

★ The main point is that Zhou Wang's kindred with the same surname is the subject of enfeoffment. "(Duke of Zhou) ruled the world at the same time, establishing 71 countries, and Ji lived alone for fifty-three." Blood ties are an important tool for the Western Zhou Dynasty to maintain its rule.

3. Content

Establish a strict system of large and small groups.

No matter the king of Zhou, governors, ministers, doctors and scholars, the first eldest son inherited the system. The eldest son is the successor of land, property and power, and has the privilege of offering sacrifices to ancestors, so he is also called the eldest son. This system, which is passed down from the eldest son to the next generation, is called bulk.

the eldest son's half brother and common mother brother are the younger ones.

the big and the small are relative.

★ Hot links Tianzi has been passed down from generation to generation. Every Tianzi is the eldest son who inherits his father's position and is the next generation Tianzi. It is a "big deal" to serve as the ancestor. His mother's brother and mother's brother were made princes, which was a "small Sect." The princes of each generation were also the next generation from the eldest son to the stepfather, and the ancestor was regarded as a "bulk". His brothers were named Doctor Qing for the sake of the "small clan". Qing Dafu of each generation is also the eldest son. His stepfather is the second generation Qing Dafu, and his ancestor is the "big one". His brothers are the "scholars" and the "small ones". The eldest son of the scholar is still a scholar, and the other scholars are Shu Ren. The vassal is a minor Sect to the son of heaven. But it is a large quantity in its own country. Doctor Qing is a minor sect to the vassals, but a major sect in his own clan. For example, King Wu, the eldest son of King Wen, is a big one, while other sons of King Wen, such as Duke Zhou, who were made princes, are small ones. The relationship between King Wu and Duke Zhou, although brothers in blood, has become a relationship between monarch and minister in politics. Therefore, only King Wu has the privilege of offering sacrifices to King Wen, and Duke Zhou has no such qualification. Only under the command of King Wu of Zhou could he attend the ceremony of King Wen. This is because the king of Wu is the bulk of the Duke of Zhou. That's what the so-called "bastard who doesn't worship his ancestors knows his ancestors" means. After the Duke of Zhou was sealed to the State of Lu, he was the ancestor of the State of Lu, the so-called Biezi. Bo Qin, the son of the Duke of Zhou, and his lineal descendants were small clans to the Emperor of Zhou. But in Lu, he inherited his ancestor Duke Zhou, that is, his "other son". According to the rule that "the other son is the ancestor, and the next one is the ancestor", the birds are a large number. The other sons of the Duke of Zhou, who was enfeoffed as Dr. Qing, that is, the brothers of Bo birds, have become small families for Bo birds. By the same token, in Lu, only Bo Qin and his lineal descendants have the privilege of offering sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou, and only under his leadership can Bo Qin's brothers participate in the sacrifice ceremony to the Duke of Zhou. The same is true of the relationship between Qing Dafu and scholars. Qing Dafu is a big one and scholars are a small one.

★ Reading Tips Read the Sketch Map of Large and Small Clans to intuitively and vividly understand the relationship between large and small clans.

4. Function and influence

The relationship between the major and minor clans is not only a family hierarchy, but also a political affiliation. Patriarchal clan system establishes a whole set of distribution and inheritance system of land, property and political status through kinship, and ensures that nobles at all levels can enjoy the privilege of "learning from the world". Patriarchal clan relationship is conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, strengthening kingship, and closely combining "country" and "home".

★ The significant difference between the vassal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty is that most of the vassal states of the Western Zhou Dynasty were in the patriarchal network. Politically, the king of Zhou is the supreme ruler and the * * * Lord of the world; In the patriarchal clan relationship, he is also a big one. According to the principle that the same surname does not intermarry, the royal family intermarried with the princes with different surnames, and the political relationship penetrated into the blood relationship. Here, the authority of the king of Zhou was greatly enhanced.

★ concept analysis "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system: it appeared in Xia dynasty and prevailed in Shang and Zhou dynasties. The power from the supreme ruler to the nobles at all levels is naturally inherited by their descendants. They have held their positions and powers for generations and enjoyed various economic privileges for generations. Shi Qing, that is, the father died and the son succeeded, and the generation was Qing (official); Shilu means that generations enjoy their salaries (fiefs). The succession of the throne has become a system, and official positions such as witchcraft and history have been passed down from generation to generation. The ruling ministers of the Western Zhou Dynasty royal family and vassal states were held by clans, which were handed down from generation to generation through the orders of the emperor, who could not be changed at will, and the princes had no right to replace them. The Shi Qing Shi Lu system played a positive role in stabilizing the ruling order in a certain historical period. However, at first, with the alienation of consanguinity, the Qing and Equality were increasingly alienated from the Zhou kings or princes, and the government agencies were increasingly losing vitality.