Introduce me to the real empress Liu Chan in history

Liu Chan's personal data

Personal

The data name is Gongsi, who eventually belongs to the Western Jin Dynasty

Place of birth [Youzhou] Zhuojun Zhuoxian [now Zhuozhou, Hebei]

Official to Emperor of Shu, posthumous title Si

Born and died 207-271 (65 years old)

Family

Information Father Liu Bei Mother Gan

Spouse Zhang Fei’s daughter

Brothers and sisters Liu Yong and Liu Li

Related figures Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Huang Hao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Ai

Forces that he served in the Western Jin Dynasty

Liu Chan - A concise historical biography

Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, succeeded to the throne and became the emperor of Shu after Liu Bei's death. The military chiefs were fully appointed by Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and others did not show much themselves. After Zhuge Liang and other wise ministers died one after another, Liu Chan was unable to control the state affairs. The eunuch Huang Hao began to take power, and the Shu Kingdom gradually declined. After the Wei State launched a large-scale attack on Shu, Liu Chan surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang. He was named the Duke of Anle County and died a few years later.

Liu Chan was made crown prince by Liu Bei. Liu Bei died of illness in April 223 AD. He succeeded to the throne in May of the same year and changed his reign name to "Jianxing".

Liu Chan is mediocre and incompetent. In the early days of his reign, he mainly relied on Zhuge Liang to govern the country. He sent troops to the Northern Expedition several times to attack Wei, but all failed. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi assisted in the administration. They followed Zhuge Liang's established policy, united the internal forces, and did not use troops easily. They once maintained a relatively stable situation in Shu. After Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, Jiang Wei came to power and used troops against Wei many times to no avail, which depleted the country's power.

Since the death of Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan has become even more stupid and ignorant, greedy for pleasure and ignores the government affairs. The eunuch Huang Hao took the opportunity to gain favor and power, formed cliques for personal gain, and the government was deteriorating day by day. Even Jiang Wei asked for help because he was afraid of being killed. He went to Tazhong (now northwest of Zhouqu, Gannan Prefecture, Gansu Province) to plant wheat to avoid disaster. At this point, the foundation of Shu has been greatly shaken.

In 263 AD, Wei attacked Shu Han in three groups. Wei general Deng Ai took a small road and invaded Shu. Liu Chan sent Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan to stop Deng Ai. Zhuge Zhan died in battle at Mianzhu, and the Wei army approached Chengdu. At this time, the main force of the Shu army led by Jiang Wei was still stationed at Jiange without any damage. When the rear master heard that the enemy was approaching, he panicked and was at a loss what to do. The ministers were hurriedly summoned for discussion. Some people suggested that the later master should flee to the Nanzhong area (now southern Sichuan and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou), but the situation there was complicated and it was uncertain whether he could stand firm. Some people suggested moving east to Sun Wu, but Sun Wu was also getting weaker and weaker and could not protect himself. Doctor Guanglu persuaded Zhou to urge surrender to Wei, but the latter adopted the suggestion to surrender to Wei, tied his own hands, went out of the city and surrendered to Deng Ai, and ordered all Shu troops to surrender according to Deng Ai's order.

The Shu Han Dynasty perished.

Liu Chan - A Concise Romance Biography

Liu Chan, nicknamed Adou, was the son of Liu Bei and succeeded to the throne as the Emperor of Shu after Liu Bei's death. When Liu Chan first became emperor, he fully trusted Zhuge Liang and entrusted Zhuge Liang with all military and state affairs. However, he later listened to slander and interfered in military affairs, causing Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition to be ineffective. After Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and other wise ministers died one after another, Liu Chan was unable to control the state affairs, and the eunuch Huang Hao began to take power, forcing Jiang Wei to go out to farm to avoid the chaos, and the Shu Kingdom gradually declined. After the Wei State launched a large-scale attack on Shu, Liu Chan surrendered and moved his family to Luoyang, where he was granted the title of Duke Anle.

Liu Chan-Historical Evaluation

Chen Shou: Later, the virtuous prime minister was the king of logic, and the confused eunuch was the emperor. After dark, it was said that "the plain silk is impermanent, only the "Dye it", believe it! Li, the king succeeded to the body and changed it to the Yuan Dynasty after a year. In the third year of Zhang Wu's reign, it was changed to Jianxing. After examining the ancient meaning, it was contrary to the body theory. Moreover, the country does not have a history, and there are no officials to record it. Therefore, there are many deeds and disasters, and there are many disasters and disasters. Although Zhuge Liang has achieved greatness in governing, all these and other things are still incomplete. However, it has been recorded for twelve years and the name is not easy to change. The army has been prospering repeatedly but it has not been spared. It is extraordinary! Since the dawn of time, the system has gradually declined, and the advantages and disadvantages are still there.

According to "Three Kingdoms" records, Liu Bei told Liu Chan before his death: "When you work with the prime minister, you will do things like your father." In the early days of Liu Chan's succession to the throne, he indeed obeyed his father's order, "No matter how big or small political affairs are, they must be decided by Liang" and delegated power to Zhuge Liang to handle major military and political affairs. With Liu Chan's in-depth understanding of military governance, he began to have different opinions on Zhuge Liang's militaristic and independent Northern Expedition, which led to the decline of national power. However, based on Liu Bei's established policy of the Northern Expedition to unify China and restore the Han Dynasty Grand Master's House, and Zhuge Liang's high prestige in the country During Zhuge Liang's reign, Liu Chan focused on unity and fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. After Zhuge Liang's death, according to "Three Kingdoms" records, Liu Chan abolished the prime minister system and established the three positions of Shangshu Ling, Grand General and Grand Sima to check and balance each other, and separated military and political affairs. Later, he "took charge of national affairs on his own" and put forward the policy of "requiring Wu's actions and digressing from east to west to take advantage of its provocations". He cultivated himself, accumulated strength and then made long-term plans for the Northern Expedition. He personally handled domestic military and political affairs except for the field of foreign wars. There were also many checks and balances on Jiang Wei, who succeeded Zhuge Liang, which seriously slowed down the progress of the Northern Expedition. However, because Liu Chan did not have reliable control over the army, he did not dare to put too much pressure on the military generals who advocated the Northern Expedition, resulting in confusion in the policy policy. Finally, the country fell in 263. After the fall of Shu, Liu Chan moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei. He left behind the famous saying "I am happy here, but I don't miss Shu". It left a good impression on Sima Zhao: "I have nothing to worry about!" and successfully saved his life.

According to historical records, Liu Chan knows people well and is good at appointing people, which is quite the legacy of his father. When receiving the report of Wei Yan's rebellion, he asked, "Wei Yan is a brave general who can resist Yang Yi and others, so why did he burn down the plank road?" After Wei Yan's death, he did not deny Wei Yan completely, "Since his crime has been justified, he still In memory of the past merits, I will give him a coffin and a coffin to bury him in." As the weakest monarch among the Three Kingdoms, Liu Chan had his own set of ideas for governing the country. Although it may not be correct, from the analysis of historical records, Liu Chan was definitely not as fatuous and incompetent as described in the historical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". Pei Songzhi, a historian of the Southern Dynasties, commented that "the virtuousness of the later master is almost unreachable."

The magnificent politician Liu Chan

The "harmonious and wonderful" (relative) relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang has been praised by knowledgeable people of all ages and is regarded as feudal. The most ideal and perfect model of monarch-subject relationship in society. As the successor, Liu Chan was able to completely inherit this "harmonious and wonderful" monarch-minister relationship from his father, and develop this relationship into a "golden partner", which fully illustrates Liu Chan's "magnificence"?

Historical records: During Liu Bei's lifetime, Zhuge Liang once lamented that Liu Chan was "very smart and exceeded people's expectations." Liu Bei also modestly said, "If the trial can be like this, why should I worry!" Zhuge Liang commented on Liu Chan in "Books with Du Wei": "The imperial court is eighteen years old, talented and sensitive, and a corporal of charity." "Book of Jin. Li Mi" According to "Biography", Li Mi believed that Liu Chan, as a king, could be compared with Qi Huan Gong, the first tyrant in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi Huan Gong gained Guan Zhong and became hegemonic, while Liu Chan gained Zhuge Liang and competed with the powerful Wei. Regarding Liu Chan's surrender without a fight, Wang Yin said in "Shu Ji": The reason why Liu Chan preferred to suffer infamy rather than make excuses was "the best policy for the whole country." Politicians like Liu Chan who pay attention to the real interests of the people are not the same as politicians who "slap their faces on fat people" to save face.

Shakespeare once said: "Pretending to be stupid also depends on talent; he must spy on the mood of the people he is making fun of, understand their identity, and he must spot the opportunity; and then like spying on Like every bird in front of him, he never relaxes at every opportunity. This is a job as difficult as the art of a wise man."

After the fall of the country, Liu Chan, as the king of the country, not only My own life, as well as the happiness of the people in Shu, are all in the hands of others. His own treatment directly affected Jin's loose policy towards the people of Shu. Therefore, Liu Chan had to pretend to be stupid and hide his talents at all times in order to hide from the outside world and keep a low profile to protect himself. Behind the apparent numbness and cowardice lies extraordinary cunning and wit. Zhou Shouchang's "Anthology of the Three Kingdoms" commented on Adou: "I'm afraid that the rumors are untrue, so I don't keep a low profile to protect myself." Therefore, Liu Chan, the later master, can be regarded as a "smart and sensible" generation of monarchs. When I was a child, when my father was educating me, I always listened with one ear and listened with the other. When I heard something that didn't suit my ears, I wanted to comment on it. My youngest son is from a humble background. Not only does he not listen to every word I say, he also thinks it is redundant. Once, I talked too much, and my son said angrily: "When you, old bear, get old, I will settle the score with you again!" The reason why I am so wordy is to illustrate: It is actually difficult for people to get along with each other for a long time, and father and son can't get along with each other for a long time. No, what about the relationship between monarch and minister?

Before his death, Liu Bei specifically told: "You and the prime minister will work together like your father." In fact, Liu Chan also basically ignored Zhuge Liang and monopolized everything. He has done everything he can to be humble and "serve as a father". According to convention, Zhuge Liang should have returned power to Liu Chan. On the eve of the Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang still regarded the 22-year-old Liu Chan as a child, and sent his confidants to "supervise" him, "the latter leader is more severe and afraid of him." Not only that, but also revealed various dissatisfaction with Liu Chan in "Foreign Discipline", and taught Liu Chan like a child, "close to idle ministers, far away from villains", while the young emperor Liu Chan considered the overall situation and compromised.

Zhuge Liang violated the instructions of his first lord and assisted the government, and then took over the government on his behalf. He also had his army out for a long time, which violated the taboo of the emperor and his ministers. Although there was some disharmony between Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan also restrained himself for the sake of the overall situation. Zhuge Liang felt guilty after making a mistake in employing people. The emperor comforted him and said: "Victory and defeat are common in military affairs." Shortly after Zhuge Liang demoted himself to the third level, in order not to affect Zhuge Liang's authority, Liu Chan promptly restored Zhuge Liang's position after Zhuge Liang won the battle. When the news of Zhuge Liang's death came, Liu Chan was sad for days and could not go to court, so he cried on the dragon bed. When the coffin was transported back, Liu Chan led hundreds of civil and military officials out of the city for twenty miles to greet him. Zhuge's monopoly was very irritating to the emperor. After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan opposed the establishment of a temple for him. But despite repeated requests from everyone, Adou did not insist on his opinion.

Despite this, Liu Chan still did not throw away Zhuge Liang's flag. Acting in this way not only wins the hearts of the people, but also complies with public opinion, thereby ensuring the long-term stability of the political situation. Liu Chan was well aware of the principle that "if the emperor and his ministers are not in harmony, there will be internal changes." As long as he was not clear-headed for a while, a barbaric line struggle was inevitable. !The young emperor Liu Chan was able to take a long-term perspective and handle the issue of powerful ministers in such a graceful manner, which is unprecedented. Such virtuous leadership is also a miracle in the long history of autocratic systems. Pei Songzhi, a historian of the Southern Dynasties, commented that "the virtuousness of the later master is almost unreachable."

The queen leader Liu Chan is not only thoughtful, but also very smart. Zhuge Liang was eager for the Northern Expedition, and the young emperor Liu Chan had a very clear mind and advised him: "My father-in-law is going to the south, and the journey is difficult. I just returned to the capital, but I haven't sat down at the table. Now I want to go to the north again, I'm afraid it will take a lot of time." Although Zhuge Liang ignored his own advice. Despite this, Liu Chan still fully supported Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition once the decision for the Northern Expedition was made.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition, which wasted national power and wasted people and money. It is a pity that General Jiang Wei continued to use troops abroad for a long time to attack Cao Wei, and a large amount of Shu's national power and wealth continued to be consumed on the battlefield. Sima Yi led an army to conquer Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong. Liu Chan was afraid that Jiang Wan would commit Zhuge Liang's old habit, so he issued a special edict to warn Jiang Wan not to act rashly, "Wu must act, and push things from east to west to take advantage of his provocation." Wei Yan rebelled, but he told Yang Yi to rebel. After listening to Wei Yan's performance, the emperor immediately raised a question, saying: "Wei Yan is a brave general and can resist Yang Yi and others. Why did he burn down the plank road?" In order to prevent the power of the powerful ministers from being too powerful, Liu Chan appointed Fei Yi as his minister and minister. The general was in charge of government affairs, and Jiang Wan was the Grand Sima, in charge of military affairs. Their powers overlapped and restricted each other, but each had its own emphasis. After Jiang Wan's death, Liu Chan "took charge of state affairs on his own" and took over all power, completely solving the political system of Shu that had been dominated by the prime minister for many years.

Liu Chan, the queen leader, is not only smart in analyzing problems, but also decisive and humane in handling them. Liu Yan's wife, Mrs. Hu, came to congratulate the Queen Mother. The Queen Mother kept Mrs. Hu to stay for a month, which aroused Liu Yan's suspicion and led to a vicious incident. Liu Chan accepted the lesson and immediately abolished the etiquette of paying court greetings to the ministers' wives and mothers. When Jiang Wei and others blamed the eunuch Huang Hao for the decline of the Shu Kingdom, the emperor did not delegate it to anyone. He just said: "A mere eunuch is just a listener." Xiahou Ba's father was killed by Huang Zhong. When Liu Chan comforted Xiahou Ba who came to surrender, he said: "Your father's death was not caused by my ancestors." After saying this, he said, "My son is still your nephew!" Wei Yan was killed in the rebellion. The later master did not completely deny Wei Yan, but issued an edict: "Now that he has been vindicated, he still remembers his past achievements and buries him in a coffin." Later generations believe: "It is not unusual for the late master to say this. "In terms of dealing with others, Liu Chan is much more open-minded than his father Liu Bei, and he still has the style and temperament of the second generation leader. Fu Chike once said: "A hero is a person who does what is needed for the benefit of human society at a decisive moment." Sun Hao, the leader of the same period, the leader of the Wu Dynasty, still " To build the Zhaoming Palace, the cost of labor and service is in the hundreds of millions." Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, who was good at accepting advice and wise in making decisions and dispatching, after the unification of the world, "was idle in political affairs and devoted himself to partying and banquets. He selected five thousand Wu Sunhao's maids to enter the palace, and almost ten thousand people were gathered in the palace. He tried riding a sheep cart and did as he pleased. , when Yan went to bed, the palace people competed with each other to put bamboo leaves in the door and spread salt juice on the ground to attract the emperor's car. "

As the weakest of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Chan was able to lead the Shu Kingdom for 41 years, and he was able to avoid it. Despite the internal strife within the leadership team, there was no major movement launched every few years, and the regime remained stable. When the people of the country leave or stay, the successor attaches great importance to the people's real interests, abandons face politics, and reduces unnecessary sacrifices of life and property.

In times of crisis, we must cut off when necessary so that the people of the country can be preserved. Such a decision has evolved over many generations compared to Liu Bei who "constantly encouraged the people to sacrifice their lives for his own selfish interests." Compared with his contemporary leaders Sun Hao, King of Wu, and Emperor Wu, the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty, Liu Chan was also famous for his benevolence and virtue. Such generous national leaders are rare in Chinese history.

Pang Yong believes: "When a cruel king is in power, the people praise him as their savior; when a benevolent king is in power, the people regard him as a wart." Montesquieu said: "That kind of historical record A country that sounds boring is a happy country. "Wang Xuetai said: "The ruler's recruitment policy can enable more people to survive, which should be a good thing both from the perspective of the people at that time and from the perspective of contemporary history. . Because the people who were recruited did not have to pay the price of their lives to have enough food for a day; from the perspective of historical development, less destruction of social wealth is also conducive to social progress. Why do some historians think that recruitment is better than suppression. Even worse, their logic is that suppression makes class conflicts more acute and class struggle more intense. The more intense the class struggle, the more it promotes social development. This is obviously absurd from the historical facts. "White bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no roosters crowing for thousands of miles." Social wealth and population are almost wiped out. It is really puzzling that it can be so "intense" that it can "promote the development of society." /p>

"It took two thousand years for the world and five thousand years for China" before a great Adou came out. We still scolded others for not being able to help him. Who can't help him?! Is it Adou, us, or are we unhealthy? A culture?! Discussing heroes based on success or failure, and judging right and wrong based on the need for dominance are the biggest evils in our history and reality. Said: “Without a correct historical understanding of the past, we cannot talk about the present and the future.

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