Nanzhao Yongchang immigrants

Nanzhao prisoners had only one fate in the Tang Dynasty, becoming slaves. Since the Western Han Dynasty, slavery regimes have appeared in southwest China, such as Yunnan Kingdom and Yelang Kingdom. But at that time, no slavery regime could occupy a dominant position in the social and economic life of southwest China. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties unified China, the national social and economic development entered the feudal era. However, in the southwest region, which is in the transitional stage of pre-class society or positive class society, tribal chiefs of all sizes are still competing with each other, and the pace of social progress lags far behind that of the Central Plains region. Nanzhao unified Yunnan and established and developed slavery in the whole southwest region.

First of all, Nanzhao tribe began to transition from animal husbandry economy to farming economy. During the Six Dynasties, Mongolians, who were mainly engaged in animal husbandry, devoted themselves to it. More and more people? It is closely related to the power of two slave owners in Dianchi Lake area. The ancestor of Nanzhao, Xi Nuluo? Raised by Weishan? It means that this tribe has begun to transition from animal husbandry economy to farming economy.

In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), the logic of fine slaves was established? Great Mongolia? The king's family, his department has begun to take shape of the slave regime and become the embryonic form of Nanzhao slavery. Nanzhao slavery is the continuation and development of southwest slavery since the Western Han Dynasty. By the time Piluoge unified the six imperial edicts, the slave production relationship in Nanzhao had been established and occupied a dominant position in Nanzhao's social economy.

In Nanzhao State, the ruling class is slave owners and nobles represented by Nanzhao King, including royal family members, Qing officials, generals, governors, personnel officials and other officials. The ruled class consists of slaves and civilians. Slave owners are mainly war criminals and criminals, and civilians evolved from members of the original rural commune. In addition, there are a large number of tribal men in slave status in conquered minority areas.

Second, Nanzhao's land belongs to Nanzhao King, the highest slave owner. The ruling class in Nanzhao mainly adopted large-scale forced migration to seize the land resources in the conquered areas. Has Nanzhao achieved land distribution? Land grant system? That is, Nanzhao rulers distributed land to slave owners and civilians, which varied according to the size and status of official positions. Customs clearance, army generals, etc? Shangguan? Forty pairs of land were granted, equivalent to two hectares in the mainland; Noble family? 30 pairs of land were granted, equivalent to 50 mu of land in the mainland; ? Nave? Belong to small slave owners, the next family is civilians, but also assigned to a certain amount of land. The land occupied by Nanzhao royal family, Qingpingguan and other nobles is mainly distributed in Pingba area near Erhai Lake, with Bonanchuan (now Hongyaba in Midu County) being the most concentrated.

On the land occupied by Yamada, the slave-owning class? Mainly cultivated by slaves. Officials sent by the armies of various towns and selected from slaves? Guard? Supervise slave labor. At this time, Ren? Guard? There is no food and clothing for slaves, and it often happens to farm slaves? Begging for wine and rice? Phenomenon. This situation was discovered by officials sent by slave owners. Guard? Will be killed. ? Guard? Even so, the fate of those monitored agricultural slaves is even more imaginable.

Third, Nanzhao widely used slave labor in all major production fields, and the handicraft industry also mainly used slave labor. For example, slaves engaged in silk production should give all their products to slave owners to enjoy, and slaves cannot make clothes with their own products. Mining was also carried out by slaves. In Lishui (now the upper reaches of Irrawaddy River), the slave workers in the gold mining field were occupied by slaves and criminals who were plundered. Salt industry was also monopolized by Nanzhao royal family. What is the origin of Yanchi (now Sichuan Yanyuan) in Kunming? Formal cooking? , the use of slave labor.

The major construction projects in Nanzhao are mainly the crystallization of slave labor. The famous cities of Dali, Yangmei, Dahe, Yunnan, Tuodong and Yongchang? How far is it? , mainly built by slaves. Palaces and castles, such as the famous Wuhua Tower, are all built on the bones of slaves for the luxury of Nanzhao royal family.

In a word, Nanzhao widely used slave labor in all major production fields. This is a symbol of Nanzhao slavery.

Fourth, Nanzhao plundered slaves. The remarkable feature of Nanzhao slavery is its crazy predatory nature. Nanzhao slavery belongs to racial slavery and is a foreign plunder determined by its slavery nature. Nanzhao successively launched wars to invade Xichuan (now western Sichuan), Annan Dawu (now northern Vietnam), Tubo, Guo Si and other places, with the main purpose of plundering wealth and slaves.

Foreign plunder is one of the important financial sources of Nanzhao country. According to "Nanzhao Dehua Monument", in the first year of Zhide (756), Nanzhao army invaded and plundered the land of Tang Zhou, winning a great victory and returning home with full load. Ziyu, a hundred miles away; Cattle and sheep are preserved, and the pavilion valley in January? . In the 11th year of Xian Tong (870), when Nanzhao army besieged Chengdu and retreated, a large amount of looted property was abandoned on the road.

Plundering slaves is the main goal of Nanzhao's foreign war and the main source of Nanzhao's slaves. In the tenth year of Zhenyuan (794), when Nanzhao army broke the governor of Shenchuan, was it captured and plundered? Shi Man? 、? Shunman? Part of it? Dresser? , placed in Yunnan, Baiya and Mengshe; From Tieqiao to Kunming City (now Yanyuan)? Grind some? So is the population? Captured thousands of households? , placed in Kunchuan (now Kunming) area as slaves. In the third year of Taihe (829), Nanzhao army invaded Chengdu and captured tens of thousands of people. Nanzhao also plundered slaves when it invaded and plundered the capitals of the Tang Dynasty, such as Annan, MINO and Chen Mi.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The fate of Nanzhao prisoners Nanzhao's handicraft industry is relatively backward, and slaves captured from Han areas are mainly engaged in handicraft production. Taihe three years (829), Nanzhao from Chengdu? Steal the skills of tens of thousands of children and attract them to the south? . Among these tens of thousands of people, skilled craftsmen engaged in handicraft production account for the majority. The handicraft industry and construction industry developed rapidly in the late Nanzhao period, and these captured slaves played a decisive role.

Among the prisoners of Nanzhao, one person was promoted to a senior official instead of being a slave. For example, Pingguan in different periods was originally the magistrate of Luxi County in Tang Dynasty, and was later captured by Ge Luofeng. Because he was proficient in Confucianism, he was valued by Nanzhao royal family, renamed Li Man, served as the teacher of the prince, and later became the most powerful official of Qingping. This change from the feudal ruler of the Tang Dynasty to the noble slave owner of Nanzhao is only a very rare phenomenon among Nanzhao prisoners, and most prisoners have only one way to become slaves.

In Nanzhao, slaves are part of the property of slave owners and can be bought and sold freely. Han Chinese arrested by Nanzhao army can be redeemed with money, but they must? Responsible for wealth, willing to redeem it? . In the first year of Kaiyuan (7 13), Guo Zhongxiang, a judge under Tang Yaozhou, was captured. As an official, Nanzhao demanded a very high ransom. Guo Zhongxiang was resold three times by slave owners in Nanzhao and finally redeemed with money. According to another record, Yu Shizhen was insatiable and sold the population of two tribes, including the local forest, to Nanzhao. This shows that buying and selling is one of the sources of Nanzhao slaves. In China, the slave trade between slave owners became more intense. But the vast majority of slaves came from foreign countries through war, which is the most important factor to determine the nature of Nanzhao slavery.

Six, Nanzhao is dominated by slavery, and several social and economic forms coexist at the same time. Many ethnic groups and tribes live in Nanzhao, and some areas have been in a relatively backward primitive state. In remote mountainous areas of Gao Sai, primitive forms of tribal ownership still exist, especially in Yongchang, Yinsheng and Lishui. All areas of these tribes. Neigong? This road was ruled and exploited by Nanzhao.

Most of the precious local products in various places were occupied by Nanzhao slave owners. Three-sided mountain gold is produced in Changbai area (now the northwest of Tengchong), and 70% to 80% of the products should be turned over to Nanzhao. And then what? Tough, tough? If there is any violation, the defendant will be punished after it is issued. It is an important way for Nanzhao to enslave these ethnic groups by recruiting and mobilizing soldiers from ethnic tribes to fight. In a word, these enslaved minority tribes have become Nanzhao royal families? Collective slaves? .

Due to the strong influence of the feudal system in the Tang Dynasty, the feudal relations of production of landlords appeared in some areas in the north and northeast of Nanzhao, but they accounted for a small proportion in the whole social and economic life of Nanzhao. It is worth noting that in the central area ruled by Nanzhao royal family, there is still a feudal lords system of production relations. On the one hand, it was influenced by the feudal system of the Tang Dynasty, on the other hand, it was mainly determined by the inherent rural commune form in this area.

Seven,? Tenant system? After the establishment of Nanzhao, the organizational form of rural commune still exists. Area? , that is, Pingba District. These village communities mainly cultivate paddy fields and implement water conservancy irrigation, and each village community has certain boundaries. The ruling class in Nanzhao couldn't completely break this village community structure, so they had to carry it out in these areas? Tenant system? .

According to the scope of the village community, the slave owners are divided into three miles. Lijiang? From the village community to? Tenant? Members cultivate these lands. The level of productivity in these areas is relatively high. Harvest products, by the slave owners according to each tenant's family population,? Give food? That is, subsistence rations, and a large number of products left are all owned by slave owners. This kind of tenant is enslaved? Serf? .

Although the tenant farming system occupies an important position in Nanzhao's economic system, it is not the dominant mode of production. Because the tenant farmer system is subject to the slavery of Nanzhao, it cannot determine the social nature of Nanzhao. However, compared with the slavery ruled by Nanzhao, this system of tenant farmers with the nature of serfdom is undoubtedly progressive and full of vitality, so it continues to develop. Throughout the history of Nanzhao, this kind? Tenant system? The continuous development of serfdom. With the continuous improvement of Nanzhao's social productive forces, the slave-owner class regime gradually declined, and the composition of feudal lords increased day by day. The demise of Nanzhao also means the end of Nanzhao slavery, which was replaced by the ownership of Dali by feudal lords.

Reference: New Tang Book? Biography of Nan Man, Zhonghua Book Company, 1976.