Does anyone know the review outline of the second volume of geography in the first day of junior high school?

1. temperature and its distribution

1. temperature refers to the degree of warmth and coldness of the atmosphere, and the unit is degrees celsius (℃), and the measuring tool is a thermometer. The temperature in a place is expressed by daily average temperature, monthly average temperature and annual average temperature.

2. Time variation of temperature: temperature graph is used to represent

daily variation: the highest temperature appears around two o'clock in the afternoon and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise

Annual variation: the highest temperature in July and the lowest temperature in January (northern hemisphere)

Daily temperature range = daily maximum temperature-daily minimum temperature, and temperature annual range = monthly average maximum temperature-monthly average minimum temperature

.

(2) the same latitude area: the land temperature is high in summer, the ocean temperature is low, and the opposite is true in winter.

(3) The temperature decreases with the elevation (the temperature decreases by .6℃ every 1 meters above sea level)

Influencing factors of temperature: latitude position, land and sea distribution and topography

4. Isotherms are lines connecting points with the same temperature on the map. The temperature at all points on the same isotherm is the same. Where isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small. The isotherm is closed, indicating that there is a high or low temperature center.

2. Precipitation and its distribution

1. Precipitation refers to liquid water and solid water falling from the atmosphere to the ground, such as rain, snow and hail. The unit is millimeter (mm), and the measuring tools are rain gauge and measuring cup. The amount of precipitation in a place is often expressed by the average precipitation for many years.

2. Seasonal variation of precipitation: expressed by monthly precipitation histogram (you should learn to analyze seasonal variation of precipitation according to histogram)

3. Spatial distribution of precipitation:

(1) There is more precipitation in equatorial region, less precipitation in polar region, (2) There is more precipitation in coastal region and less precipitation in inland region

(3) There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope

. Earth's "Rain Pole": Kilapanche, India.

3. Weather

1. The concept of weather: the conditions of wind and rain, hot and cold, sunny and sunny in a short time in a place.

2. Weather and human production and life: for example, sunny days are conducive to drying clothes, and snowfall affects travel.

3. Common weather symbols (textbook page 52)

4. Pay attention to air quality: the smaller the air pollution index, the better the air quality. (Refer to Figure 4.25 on page 53 of the textbook)

In people's production and life, a lot of waste gas, waste water and wastes are emitted, which pollutes the air, water and soil.

air pollution sources: industrial waste gas, automobile exhaust gas, dusty weather and domestic smoke.

4. Climate

1. Climate: The average weather situation in an area for many years is relatively stable. Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

2. Influencing factors of climate: latitude position, land and sea distribution and topography. Latitude position is the basic factor. The influence of land and sea distribution on climate is most obvious in mid-latitude areas.

3. Climate types and characteristics (refer to Figures 4.27 and 4.28 on pages 55 and 56 of the textbook)

Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round. Tropical sparse grassland climate: high temperature all year round, with obvious wet and dry seasons. Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round. Tropical monsoon climate: Last year, it was hot, with obvious dry and rainy seasons. Subtropical monsoon climate: it is hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Temperate monsoon climate: it is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter (such as Taiyuan). Temperate continental climate: Leng Xia is hot in winter, with large temperature difference and little precipitation. Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Temperate maritime climate: mild and humid all year round. (Note: Monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of the mainland, Mediterranean climate and temperate maritime climate are distributed on the west coast of the mainland, and temperate continental climate is distributed in the mainland. )

4. Climate is closely related to people's life and production. Climate has the most obvious influence on agricultural production. For example, temperature and precipitation will affect the types of crops and farming systems in a region.

human activities also have a certain impact on the climate. The causes of global warming are: (1) Humans burn a lot of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, and emit a lot of carbon dioxide into the air. (2) The deforestation of forests on a large scale reduces the absorption of carbon dioxide by forests, resulting in more and more carbon dioxide in the air.

Chapter V Residents-Owners of the "Global Village"

1. Population and race

1. The world population exceeded 6 billion (October 12, 1999), reaching 6.1 billion (21)

2. The growth rate of the world population is expressed by the natural population growth rate, and the natural growth rate = birth rate.

Africa is the continent with the highest natural growth rate and Europe is the lowest.

3. Regional differences in population growth: the population growth in developed countries is slow, while that in developing countries is rapid

4. The density and sparseness of population distribution are expressed by population density, and the unit is people per square kilometer. The world's population distribution is extremely uneven, with some areas dense and others sparse. (refer to figure 5.4 on page 64 of the textbook)

"four secrets": eastern Asia, southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America. The reason is that these areas have superior natural conditions, rich resources, developed economy and a long history.

"Four Sparses": desert area, tropical rain forest area, high latitude area and plateau mountain area. The reason is that these areas have harsh natural environment, undeveloped resources and underdeveloped economy.

5. Population problems

Problems caused by rapid population growth: housing shortage, traffic congestion, shortage of resources, environmental pollution, employment difficulties, etc.

Problems caused by zero or negative population growth: population aging, labor shortage, insufficient national defense troops, and excessive burden of providing for the aged, etc.

measures: to have children in a planned way, so that the population growth can adapt to social and economic development, and coordinate with resource utilization and environmental protection

.

6. Three major races: white, yellow and black. White people are mainly distributed in Europe, central North America, eastern South America, northern Africa, Oceania, etc. Yellow people are mainly distributed in Asia, North and South America; Black people are mainly distributed in Africa and Oceania.

2. Nationality, language and religion

1. Nationality: The Han nationality is the most populous nation in the world. Han people are mainly distributed in China, Germans are mainly distributed in Germany, and Russians are mainly distributed in Russia.

2. Major languages in the world (official languages of the United Nations General Assembly): Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. Chinese has the largest number of users and English is the most widely used. Working languages of the United Nations: English and French.

3. There are three major religions in the world: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, among which Christianity has the largest number of believers.

Christianity originated in western Asia and mainly distributed in Europe, Oceania and America. Islam was formed in the Arabian Peninsula, and its followers are called "Muslims", which are mainly distributed in northern and eastern Africa, western, central, southern and southeastern Asia. Buddhism originated in ancient India and mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia.

Religious buildings: Christian churches, Islamic mosques and Buddhist temples.

Religious festivals: Christmas and Easter in Christianity, Ramadan in Islam and Laba in Buddhism.

chapter VI settlement-human settlement

1. settlement and environment

1. settlement refers to various forms of human settlement. Settlement types: rural settlements and urban settlements. Rural population is small, and residents are mainly engaged in agricultural production activities. The city has a large population, and residents are mainly engaged in non-agricultural activities such as industry and service industry.

2. Relationship between settlement distribution and natural environment: Most settlements are distributed in areas with superior natural conditions such as flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources and suitable climate.

the relationship between settlement form and natural environment: some are distributed in strips, while others are distributed in lumps.

The natural environment will also affect the building materials, structure and form of houses, such as Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna, spire houses in northern Europe, houses with thick walls and small windows in western Asia, and igloos of Inuit people in the Arctic. (refer to the table on page 8 of the textbook)

II. Development and protection of settlements

1. The remarkable characteristics of settlement development: the number and scale of cities have increased, and the proportion of urban population in the total population has increased.

2. Urban environmental problems: environmental pollution, water shortage, traffic congestion, housing shortage, etc.

3. World cultural heritage: memorial sites, buildings and sites that are recognized by the United Nations and have historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological

values. Such as: the Italian city of Venice, the banks of the Seine River in Paris, France, Brazil

Leah, China, Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan Province, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi Province, Hongcun and Xidi in Anhui Province, etc.

chapter VII development and cooperation-economic globalization

1. countries and regions

1. countries all over the world: more than 19. The top six countries in the world are: Russian, Canadian, China, USA, Brazil, and Australia. (Refer to Figure 7.1 on page 85 of the textbook, and the outlines of the six countries should be understood. The smallest country is the Vatican, known as the "pocket country".

There are 1 countries with a population of over 1 million, among which China has the largest population, about 1.3 billion, accounting for 21% of the world population.

2. There are more than 3 regions in the world, such as Greenland in North America, which are the territories of the European country Denmark; Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean is a British dependency.

3. National boundaries are the boundaries for a country to exercise sovereignty, which are mainly bounded by mountains, rivers, lakes and longitude and latitude lines. The territory includes territorial land, territorial waters and airspace.

II. Developed and developing countries

1. Differences in economic development level: Developed countries have high economic development level, advanced science and technology and high per capita income. Developing countries

have low level of economic development, weak scientific and technological foundation and low per capita income.

2. Distribution characteristics: Most developed countries are located in the northern hemisphere, while developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern part of the northern hemisphere. Usually, the economic difference between developed and developing countries is called "North-South gap", and the mutual cooperation between developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

III. Cooperation and development

1. Economic globalization

The three largest regional economic cooperation organizations in the world: the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

2. International organizations: The United Nations is the largest international organization, established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA. The United Nations Security Council < P > consists of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members from China, France, Russia, Britain and the United States.

3. Logo of the United Nations: Figure 7.6 on page 91 of the textbook

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Respondent: XFLIQI| Level 4 | June 19, 211 1: 51

1. Asia is mainly located in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere

2. Asia covers an area of 44 million square kilometers. The largest of the seven continents. It is the continent with the widest latitude in the world. It is the longest continent from east to west.

3. geographically, Asia can be divided into six regions: east Asia, southeast Asia, south Asia, west Asia, north Asia and central Asia.

4. Asia is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Ural Mountains in the west, ural river, the Great Caucasus Mountains and the Turkish Strait adjacent to Europe. ; The southwest is adjacent to Africa through the Suez Canal. The northeast is separated from North America by the Bering Strait. The south faces Oceania across the sea

5. The terrain in Asia is complex and diverse, and the mountainous area in the central plateau is vast. The plains are distributed around the mainland.

6. The highest peak of Mount Everest is 8844 meters, and the lowest dead sea is -4 meters. The central part is high and the surrounding terrain is relatively low.

7. Asian climate features: complex and diverse, with remarkable monsoon climate and wide continental climate distribution. The climate with the largest distribution area is temperate continental climate.

8. The highest plateau in the world

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Known as the roof of the world. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian Plateau.

the largest plain in Asia is the western Siberian plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain.

The Dead Sea is 4 meters below sea level, which is the lowest point on land in the world.

The Himalayas are the highest and largest mountains in the world. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

the highest and largest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system.

The largest peninsula in the world is Arabia. Malay Archipelago is the largest archipelago in the world.

The largest lake and the largest saltwater lake in the world is the Caspian Sea. The largest freshwater lake in the world is Lake Superior.

Lake Baikal is the deepest freshwater lake in the world with the largest storage capacity.

The Nile is the longest river in the world. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world.

1.1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east and Europa: the place where the sun sets in the west

The continental parts of Asia and Europe are integrated to form the Eurasian continent. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait on the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, with Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asia's topography dominated by plateaus and mountains has three characteristics: 1. The topography is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with high average elevation;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height is very different.

3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Terrain difference:

Asia and Europe

The average altitude is high, and the continent with the lowest altitude in the world

is relatively high and the ground fluctuates greatly. The height difference is small

The main topographic plateaus and mountain plains are high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed in the south and north

The Asian climate is complex and diverse: the continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most of the rivers originate from the plateau and mountains in the middle, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

The inflow area is vast

Population and countries in Asia: Asia has the largest population in the world.