How to understand the ethnic problems in today's world and China and their causes?

Ethnic problem is a common problem in the world today, and it is also a part of the whole social problem. It exists in every stage of history and is a contradiction between nationalities in ethnic relations. Even today in the 2 1 century, many ethnic problems in the world are still acute, such as the ethnic problems of Jews and Arabs, the ethnic problems of the Korean peninsula and the ethnic problems of Yugoslavia. Why ethnic problems have always existed and profoundly affected the development of the world, it is necessary to explore the root causes of ethnic problems. First of all, we should know what ethnic problems are, and then we can explore their roots.

Marxist interpretation of nationality is a stable isomorphism, the same language, the same region, the same economic life and the same cultural and psychological quality.

As a social phenomenon, ethnic problems appear after the emergence of ethnic groups, develop and change with the development of society, and disappear with the demise of ethnic groups. In a narrow sense, ethnic issues refer to various contradictions between different ethnic groups in various fields of social life at various historical stages. There are contradictions among ethnic groups, which lead to ethnic problems. Ethnic problems also have their laws of emergence, development and extinction. Ethnic problems are manifested in politics, economy, culture, lifestyle, customs, religious beliefs and other aspects, which have different contents and properties in different historical periods and under different conditions. Broadly speaking, ethnic issues also involve the development of the nation itself and the relationship among the nation, class and country.

There are many prominent ethnic problems in the world now, and we can have a certain understanding of them and explore their roots through these problems.

The problem of Jewish and Arab nationalities, represented by Israel and Palestine, is the most prominent problem in the world today.

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The Palestinian-Israeli ethnic problems have profound historical reasons, which are the result of various conflicts of interests between ethnic groups and territorial struggles. The national root between them is the issue of national interests and national dignity.

The ethnic problems of India and Pakistan in South Asia are also very prominent. The ethnic problems in this place are mainly caused by the different religious beliefs of all ethnic groups. Since the partition of India, the bloody conflict between Hinduism and Islam in India has never stopped. At the same time, the conflict between Sikhs and the government is also very fierce, and there have been many bloodshed incidents that shocked the world. Of course, the most striking regional hotspot in South Asia is the conflict between India and Pakistan around Kashmir. Some people think that in terms of duration and intensity, the India-Pakistan conflict has become the second hot spot in the world after the Middle East. The conflict between India and Pakistan in Kashmir has both ethnic and religious conflicts, and ethnic, religious and historical issues are intertwined.

The first people who lived in the subcontinent were local Dravidians and foreign Aryans. They jointly created Hinduism, which Marx called "a religion that is both a monk and a dancer" and became the dominant force at that time. In the middle of the 7th century, Islam originated from Arabian Peninsula began to enter the South Asian subcontinent. Muslims and Hindus often clash over wealth, land and population. After nearly 500 years of struggle, Muslims gained the dominant position in the South Asian subcontinent, and mosques replaced temples. 17th century,

Western colonialists

After the invasion of the subcontinent, India became "the jewel in the crown of the Queen of England". When the Mizi flag of the British Empire was raised, the Muslim Crescent flag was lowered. During the colonial rule of South Asia in 170, Britain adopted the policy of "divide and rule" to support Hindu forces and crack down on Muslim forces, which further intensified the disputes between the two major religious groups in South Asia. Kashmir was then the native state of British India. In order to control Kashmir, Britain sold it to Gulab Singh, the leader of Jammu, for 7.5 million rupees. Together, the two places are called Jammu-Kashmir. Because the monarch of the Tubang is a Hindu, and most of the residents of Kashmir are Muslims, this laid a curse for the subsequent disputes. Ethnic disputes and religious contradictions-Different ethnic and religious beliefs are the important reasons for the conflict in Kashmir. Most residents of Kashmir are Muslims, and they generally tend to Pakistan on religious beliefs and ethnic issues. But India controls most of the area. The differences and opposition between religious issues and ethnic issues make Kashmir a thorny issue, which is the root of its ethnic problems.

There are many other ethnic problems in the world, such as ethnic problems in the Balkans and their causes. The Balkan Peninsula, located in southern Europe, has been the hunting ground of great powers since ancient times. Various ethnic cultural differences, religious barriers and ethnic contradictions within the Balkan Peninsula make this mosaic complex heavy, and the interference of external international forces also makes the region turbulent for a long time.

Tribal conflicts and ethnic conflicts in Africa are very serious. Ethnic problems are caused by historical grievances, cross-border nationalities, languages, religious beliefs, racial discrimination, assimilation and integration, immigrants and refugees. Some tribal feuds left over from the colonial era will often rise to the political level of the country and political parties, and finally be resolved by military means, so tribal conflicts and vendettas broke out. The formation of this tribalism is related to the colonial rule of western countries in Africa, and it continues to affect the stability of Africa. Tribalism is the most brutal and bloody way of existence in nationalism. Worst of all, there was a tribal vendetta between Rwanda and Burundi, and the civil war in Somalia. Nowadays, the wave of "democratization" promoted by western hegemonism also shows great harm to Africa.

And the Chechen problem in Russia. The huge ethnic conflict facing Russia is the separation of Chechnya and the war of armed forces. Chechens and Russians forged a hatred as early as18th century when Russian troops forcibly occupied Chechnya. The mistakes of the former Soviet government in ethnic policy further deepened the feud between Chechens and Russians.

This series of ethnic problems has profound historical reasons, such as ethnic interests, ethnic discrimination and so on.

To sum up, there are two main factors that cause ethnic problems: one is the existence of ethnic differences. This is the root cause of ethnic problems. Ethnic differences usually refer to the differences in four basic characteristics of each ethnic group and the unique lifestyle and customs formed from them. These differences are common in ethnic society, and once conditions permit, they will become the most direct and basic reasons for ethnic problems in the process of communication and contact between ethnic groups. The second is human factors. In the private ownership society, the class oppression and exploitation within the nation extends to the nation itself, which leads to the oppression, exploitation and contradictory struggle between nations, and then forms the antagonistic relationship between nations; In the socialist society where public ownership replaces private ownership, the policies and measures of the ruling party and government on ethnic issues are improper due to some subjective lack of understanding or other reasons. The manifestations of ethnic problems have the following characteristics.

Ethnic problems will persist for a long time. Ethnic problems are social phenomena after the emergence of ethnic groups, which are always accompanied by ethnic and ethnic differences. As long as there are ethnic differences, ethnic problems will not disappear, and as long as there are diverse ethnic groups in the world, ethnic problems will arise. Therefore, ethnic problems will certainly exist for a long time. Ethnic problem is one of the common social problems. Due to the wide range of ethnic issues, under certain conditions, it can evolve into a major social issue, which is directly related to national unity, economic development, social stability and border consolidation, and is of great significance. There have been many examples to prove this.

In different historical periods and social conditions, the basic content of ethnic issues is different. Generally speaking, in slave society and feudal society, ethnic problems basically reflect the looting and being plundered, conquered and conquered among all ethnic groups.

The relationship between assimilation and assimilation has obvious national oppression nature; In the rising period of capitalism, the national problem is mainly the awakening of the national bourgeoisie, in order to oppose feudal autocracy and national oppression policies and strive for national independence and equal interests. In the stage of imperialism, national oppression has become a common phenomenon, and the struggle for national independence and liberation by the oppressed peoples in colonies and semi-colonies has constituted the main content of national problems in this period. Entering the socialist stage, because the class roots of ethnic confrontation have disappeared, ethnic problems are mainly contradictions among the people, which are concentrated in the urgent requirements of accelerating economic and cultural development in ethnic minorities and ethnic areas. Generally speaking, ethnic issues have stages.

At the same time, through the above examples, we can see that ethnic issues are complex and therefore difficult to solve. Ethnic problems not only reflect the comprehensive contents of politics, economy, culture and society, but also involve many factors such as national language, territorial distribution, traditional customs and psychological state. At the same time, it is often intertwined with class interests, state relations, ethnic issues and religious issues. These established factors and historical factors, as well as antagonistic contradictions and non-antagonistic contradictions, penetrate and influence each other every day, making ethnic issues more complicated. In addition, the issue of private capital is also very sensitive. Ethnic problems generally involve not individuals or members of ethnic minorities in society, but the whole nation. Once a nation is discriminated, interfered and destroyed in language, culture, customs and religious beliefs, it will be regarded as an insult and injury to the whole nation, which will often lead to friction and conflict between nations. And it may soon spread from one problem to other problems, from local problems to the whole problem.

Ethnic issues affect a wide range of fields. Once ethnic problems exist, they will affect politics, economy, culture, military and many other aspects.

First of all, politically, ethnic issues are mainly manifested in the requirements of various ethnic groups for the distribution of political power, including leadership, autonomy, legislative power, voting rights and the right to be elected. There are usually contradictions and cooperation in this respect, and the intensification of contradictions will form political opposition. Therefore, the performance of ethnic problems is mild and intense. Economically, ethnic problems are mainly manifested in disputes caused by the distribution of interests. After the formation of the nation, people of all ethnic groups have friction and opposition in economic interests in order to obtain the necessary material means of subsistence and living space. After entering the class society, the ruling class of the oppressed nation and the oppressed nation have formed direct opposition because of their economic interests. At present, the economic interest disputes among ethnic groups in socialist countries are mainly contradictions caused by the unbalanced development of different ethnic groups. At the same time, the contradiction between the state and ethnic areas in economic rights and interests, and the contradiction between ethnic groups in natural resources. It is also a concrete manifestation of ethnic issues in economic interest disputes. In terms of culture, ethnic problems are mainly manifested in conflicts caused by ethnic cultural differences. National culture is a culture with national characteristics created and developed in the historical development of national life, and it is a reflection of a nation's socio-economic, political and socio-historical development. People living in different national cultural systems have certain differences in understanding and values of the world. When two cultures meet, conflicts usually occur. From a big perspective, this kind of conflict is multi-level, including the conflict between eastern and western cultures, the conflict between traditional culture and modern culture, and the conflict between different national cultures in a country.

Military conflicts caused by ethnic issues are not uncommon. On the military side, the military confrontation caused by the escalation of contradictions is the most intense manifestation of ethnic problems. When the contradictions between different nationalities or ethnic groups develop to irreconcilable levels, they sometimes turn into military confrontation. This kind of confrontation includes conflicts between different countries and different nationalities, such as "Arab-Israeli conflict" and "Iran-Iraq war"; There are also conflicts between different ethnic groups in the same country, such as the conflict between Albanians and Serbs in Yugoslavia. The nature and results of these conflicts are different. If the conflict is to get rid of colonial rule and strive for national liberation and independence, it is for the oppressed nation. However, in some multi-ethnic countries, ethnic conflicts often lead to social conflicts.

There will be unrest and the country will be divided.