Historical materials of the first volume of the ninth grade (2)

First, the development of British North American colonies

North America 1 and 13 Colonists: Native American Indians, British and European immigrants, and African blacks.

2. The root of American War of Independence: British colonial oppression hindered the development of capitalist economy in North America.

Second, the American War of Independence (Time: 1775? 1783)

1, fuse: 1773, Boston Tea Party; 2, start: 1775 4 # from this article, self-study excellent network end# month, Lexington artillery;

3. Army Building: 1775 In May, Washington was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army;

4. People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded:1July 4, 776, and the Declaration of Independence was issued; 5. Turning point: 1777, Saratoga;

6. Victory: 178 1 year, the British army in Yorktown surrendered;

7. Peace Treaty: 1783, (Anglo-American Peace Treaty of Paris), Britain recognized American independence.

Third, the publication of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States 1787

1. Publication of the Declaration of Independence (Date:1July 4, 776)

Significance: ① Expressed the bourgeoisie's demands for national independence and national freedom; (2) The declaration also declared that the North American 13 colony was independent from Britain and the United States of America was born.

2. 1787 The Constitution was formulated and the federal government was established.

1787, the United States promulgated the Constitution. The constitution establishes that the United States is a federal state, and stipulates that the president is both the head of state and the head of government and enjoys executive power; Congress and the Supreme Court have the legislative power and judicial power of the state respectively.

Fourth, the significance of the American War of Independence: The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, achieved national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which was conducive to the development of American capitalism and promoted the future revolutions in Europe and Latin America.

French Revolution and Napoleon Empire

I. The French Revolution (Time: 1789? 1794)

1, the root cause: the feudal autocracy in France hindered the development of capitalist economy.

2. The fuse: 1789, the third-level meeting was held.

3. Opening sign:1July, 78914th, Paris citizens captured the Bastille.

4. Promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

① Content: Declare that people are born free, have equal rights and that private property is inviolable.

② Significance: It embodies the progressive thought of opposing feudal hierarchy and absolute monarchy.

5. The establishment of the First Republic of France and the guillotine of Louis XVI (1792).

6. Under the dictatorship of jacobins, robespierre was guillotined in July 1794.

7. Significance of the French Revolution: The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule in France, impacted the feudal order in Europe as a whole, spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great impact on the development of world history.

Secondly, Napoleon and his empire.

1, Napoleon's coup and the establishment of the first empire of France:1At the end of 799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. Five years later, he was crowned emperor and established the first French empire in imperial history.

2. Napoleon's internal and external policies: during his reign, Napoleon consolidated bourgeois rule internally and promulgated codes; Defeated the troops of the European anti-French alliance for many times, attacked the feudal forces in Europe, expanded the territory of France, controlled many parts of Europe, and harmed the interests of the people of the invaded country.

Lesson 14 The arrival of age of steam

I. British Industrial Revolution

1, political premise: the establishment of bourgeois rule.

2. Direct cause:/kloc-In the 8th century, Britain became the largest colonial empire.

3. Process: ① In 1960s, Hargreaves invented a loom called Jenny Machine; (2)1785, watt improved the steam engine.

Second, the development of transportation industry.

1, 1807, Fulton, USA, used steam as power to build the world's first ship (then called "the ship").

2. 1825, Stephen sun of Britain invented the locomotive voyager with a steam engine.

Third, the impact of the industrial revolution: the great productivity created by the industrial revolution has brought about earth-shaking changes in the social outlook. After the industrial revolution, capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and the western capitalist countries that took the lead in completing the industrial revolution gradually established their rule over the world, and the world began to form a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward.

Bloody capital accumulation

First, the evil "triangle trade"

1. Background: After the new sea route was opened, Portugal and Spain, then Britain and France embarked on the road of colonial expansion.

2. route: going to Europe (carrying inferior goods)? Medium-range Africa (exchange inferior goods for blacks)? Middle-range America (selling blacks as slaves and sending gold, silver and raw materials back to Europe)

Impact: "triangle trade" made Africa lose nearly 100 million lean laborers, but slave traders made a windfall, with profits as high as tens of percent. Many people returned to Europe after getting rich and invested their hard-earned money from slaves in industry and commerce, which promoted the development of local capitalism.

Second, "no empire" is in India.

1, formation process: defeated Spain in 65438+6th century? /kloc-beat the Netherlands in the 0/7th century? /kloc-defeated France in the 0/8th century

2. Expansion and aggression against India (time:17th century)

① organization: British East India Company ② expansion steps: establishing coastal strongholds? Expanding in the mainland? plunder wealth

3. Impact: The British use these robbed wealth to develop the domestic economy; These colonies also provided a huge overseas market for British industrial production and further stimulated industrial development.

The war of the colonial people

First, the Indian national hero Queen Zhang Xi

1. Background of India's Great National Uprising:1In the middle of the 9th century, two-thirds of India's land was occupied by Britain.

2. Time: 1857? 1859

3. 1858, Queen Zhang Xi led an uprising army, which was used to fight against the British troops invading Zhang Xi. After Zhang Xi's realization, she led the army to other places, vowed to die unyielding, and finally died heroically.

4. Influence: Queen Zhang Xi's heroic struggle with the Indian people showed the determination and courage of the colonial people to resist violence and aggression, which dealt a heavy blow to the British colonists.

Second, "Liberator of South America" Bolivar

1, Latin American independence movement background: after the opening of the new air route, Portugal monopolized Brazil; Spain occupied all Latin America except Brazil.

2. Overview:

① Time: 65438+end of 2008+beginning of 2009;

(2)1816 years, bolivar swept the Spanish army from north to south and liberated the Spanish colonies in America.

3. Result: The ruler of Portuguese colony Brazil was forced by the general trend to declare independence.

The International Labor Movement and the Birth of Marxism

I. Charter Movement in Britain (Time: 1836- 1848)

1. Background: With the development of the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie is getting richer and richer, but the treatment of workers is poor.

2. Procedure: People's Charter

3. Nature: It is the first mass proletarian political revolution in the world.

Second, the birth of Marxism.

1, production conditions:

The development of the workers' movement and the proletariat provided the political foundation for the birth of socialism. (2) Marx and Engels personally participated in the workers' movement and constantly summed up their experience; ③ Absorb the essence of predecessors.

2.* * * Producers' Party Declaration

Content: The Manifesto of the Producers' Party analyzes the role of class struggle in the historical development of class society, reveals the objective law that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, and calls on the proletarians all over the world to unite and fight for their own liberation.

② Influence: The publication of the Manifesto of the Productive Party marks the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.

Three. Paris Commune

1, background: 1870, France and Prussia went to war. When the French were defeated, Pu Jun came to Paris at the gates. The bourgeois government bowed to the outside world and prepared to suppress the domestic people.

2. What happened: ① 187 1 March, 2008, the conflict between government forces and the Paris Civil Armed National Guard led to the outbreak of the workers' uprising in Paris; (2) Soon, the people elected their own political power-the Paris Commune; (3) From May 2/Kloc-0 to May 28, commune soldiers fought fiercely with the enemy who broke into Paris, which was the famous "May Bloody Week".

3. Significance: The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. The fearless spirit of the commune in the face of powerful enemies will always inspire future generations.

4. "Internationale" (Lyrics: Ou Ren? Pottier composer: Degeyter)

American civil war

I. The outbreak of war (time: 186 1 April)

1, root: the contradiction between two economic systems (plantation economy) and the north (capitalist industry)

2. Contradictions: ① tariff issues; ② insufficient labor force; (3) Whether slavery is practiced in the new land in the west.

3. The focus of contradiction: the abolition of slavery.

4. fuse:1861March, Lincoln was elected president.

Second, the victory of the North.

1, the course of the war: ① 186 1 In March, eleven southern states seceded from the Union and formed the "Southern Union"; (2)1861April, the confederate army began a civil war; (3)1In September of 862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which led to a major turning point in the war. (4)1865, the northern army captured Richmond, the capital of the confederacy, and won the war.

Shortly after the end of the civil war, Lincoln was assassinated in the theater by fanatics who supported slavery.

3. Significance of American Civil War: The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. After this war, the United States abolished slavery, cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism, and created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future.

The historical turning point of Russia and Japan

First, Russia abolished serfdom 186 1 year reform

1, the root cause: serfdom seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalist industry.

2. Process: 186 1 year, Tsar Alexander II carried out the reform of abolishing slavery.

3. Content: According to the law, serfs are "free men" in law; Landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; After the serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but they must pay the price for it.

4. Significance: 186 1 Reform is a bourgeois reform carried out by the tsar from top to bottom, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. Although this reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.

Two. Meiji Restoration in Japan (time: 1868)

1. background: ① internal: closed and backward feudal country; ② Diplomacy: The national crisis initiated by the United States.

2. Inverted curtain movement (time: 1868)

3. Content: Politically "abolish vassals and set up counties" and strengthen centralization; Economically, land sales are allowed, western technology is introduced, and the development of modern industry is encouraged; In social life, we advocate "civilization", that is, learning European aesthetics and striving to develop education.

4. Nature: bourgeois reform.

5. Significance: Meiji Restoration gradually transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country, and got rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. However, after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.

Mankind has stepped into the "electrical age"

First, the arrival of the "electrical age"

1. political premise: capitalism is universally established in the world.

2. Logo: Invention and use of generators and motors.

3. New energy sources: electricity and oil.

4. The influence of the second industrial revolution: Driven by the second industrial revolution, the productive forces of capitalist countries have developed by leaps and bounds. At the same time, capitalist countries began to transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, that is, imperialism.

The second is Edison, the "king of invention"

1 and 1879, American scientist Edison successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb, which brought light to the world.

2. Edison invented many electrical products, and there are more than 300 officially registered inventions/kloc-0, which is known as the "king of inventions".

1March, 876 10, American inventor Bell invented the world's first telephone.

Third, the emergence of cars and airplanes.

1, car

(1) 65438+in the 1980s, German Carl? Ben Ci and others designed the internal combustion engine. Powered by internal combustion engine, Ben Ci successfully trial-produced the automobile in 1885.

② Impact: The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced people's production capacity, changed people's lifestyle and expanded people's activities. Strengthen the communication between people.

2. Aircraft

Inventor: the Lyle brothers in America.

② Logo and Time:190365438+In February, the Wright brothers in the United States made a plane through continuous efforts and successfully tested it.

(3) Impact: The ideal of human beings has become a reality, and airplanes have become a convenient and fast air transportation tool for people.

World War I

First, the fundamental reason for imperialism to dominate the world

1, the time when imperialism came into being: the end of 20th century 19.

2. The root cause of the war: the economic and political development of imperialism was unbalanced, and later imperialist countries demanded a new division of the world.

3. Three-country alliance and three-country agreement.

① triple alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy ② Treaty of Britain, France and Russia.

Second, the outbreak of war.

1, fuse:1965438+June 28, 2004, Sarajevo incident.

2. 19 14 At the end of July, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and World War I broke out.

3. Overview

(1) 19 14 In August, Japan joined the Allies to fight; ②1965438+In March 2005, Italy announced its withdrawal from the Allies and joined the Allies. (3)1965438+In April 2007, the United States joined the Allies to fight; (4)1965438+In August 2007, China joined the Allies to fight; ⑤1917165438+10, Russia announced its withdrawal from World War I.

Third, unprecedented disaster.

1, 19 16, the battle of Verdun, with more than 700,000 casualties on both sides, was called "Verdun meat grinder".

2. War result:191811. 10, Germany surrendered, and the First World War, which lasted for more than four years, ended in the defeat of the Allies.

3. The nature of war: imperialist war.

4. The influence of the First World War: The First World War was the first war of unprecedented scale in human history, which caused great losses and destruction. This imperialist war has brought great suffering to people all over the world. More than 30 million people were killed or injured in the participating countries, of which10 million people died of war, hunger and disease.

Lesson 22 The Power of Thought and Science

First, the fire of ideological enlightenment (time:18th century)

1, representative figures: Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu in France.

2, ideological theory:

Voltaire: opposing feudal autocracy, advocating enlightened monarchy and emphasizing bourgeois freedom and equality;

(2) Rousseau: Denying feudal monarchy, thinking that if the ruler violates public opinion, violates human rights and tears up the contract that everyone should abide by, the people have the right to overthrow him (that is, "social contract theory");

Montesquieu: clearly put forward the principle of separation of legislative power, judicial power and administrative power.

3. Influence: Voltaire's enlightenment thought, coupled with the fierce attack on feudal autocracy and the Catholic Church and the propaganda of "freedom" and "equality", promoted people's ideological emancipation, provided strong support for the emerging bourgeoisie to replace feudal nobles politically, and promoted social progress in Europe.

Second, the scientific revolution

1, Newton in Britain: Newton's main contribution to astronomy was that he discovered the law of gravity in the second half of17th century; The most important contribution in mathematics is the creation of calculus; In mechanics, Newton established a complete theoretical system of mechanics.

2. Darwin in Britain and the publication of the Origin of Species (time:1859);

(1) put forward the natural development law of "natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest";

② Significance of Origin of Species: The publication of this book established biology on a complete scientific basis for the first time, overthrew creationism and species invariance, dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy and promoted the competitive development of society.

3. The publication of Einstein and the theory of relativity in Germany (time: early 20th century);

Significance of Relativity: The establishment of Relativity promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory, provided a theoretical basis for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy, and thus opened the door to the atomic age.

Lesson 23 Masterpieces of World Culture

First of all, the famous musician Beethoven

Beethoven in Germany is a great composer. The third symphony, Hero Symphony, is one of Beethoven's representative works, which indicates Beethoven's maturity in thought and art.

Second, the literary master Lev? tolstoy

Lev. Tolstoy is one of the greatest writers in Russia. He finished War and Peace. Anna? Immortal masterpieces such as Karenina and Resurrection were called "the mirror of Russian revolution" by Lenin.

Third, the famous artist Van Gogh

Van Gogh of the Netherlands is a painter with world influence. Sunflower is one of Van Gogh's masterpieces. Van Gogh created this work in the south of France, and the sunshine in the south inspired him. The painter uses strong brushstrokes and strong colors.