What is social dialect and how to classify it?

Social dialect is a language variety formed by different social groups. There is no direct relationship between social dialects and regional dialects, but language differences formed by different occupations, social status, political beliefs, education levels and other factors or community communication habits formed by these factors. The main differences are language style and expression, as well as the use of some special words. In linguistics, social dialect refers to the language used in a social group, social class or subculture group. In this sense, it is different from personal dialect, which is a special language form used by individuals. Social dialects are also different from regional dialects, that is, special language forms used in specific areas. However, regional dialects usually have a special social status, so a specific language variety is often regarded as both a regional dialect and a social dialect. For example, standard Italian is a regional dialect relative to Tuscan. But as the language of the Italian nation, it is also a social dialect, because it is used as the lingua franca of national broadcasting, news media and upper class.

Mandarin is * * * four blockbusters.

Wu Yuexiang has close ties with Jiangxi.

Hakka Pinghe Jin,

Min dialect should be divided into north and south.

First, the largest dialect in China is Mandarin, which accounts for 70% of the national population. It is represented by Beijing dialect and is divided into four parts.

1, North China Mandarin: Beijing, Northeast China, Shandong and Henan are part of it, or northern dialects. Others divide Northeast dialect into a sub-dialect area.

Beijing has been a place where nomadic people and Han people live together since ancient times. An Lushan, the general of the Tang Dynasty, set out from Beijing and was ceded to the Khitans after five dynasties. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Beijing dialect was mixed with the languages of nomadic people such as Chinese, Manchu and Mongolian, and changed rapidly. Influenced by southern Chinese in Ming Dynasty, it was relatively stable. After the Qing army entered the customs, the initial consonant "suspected ng, slightly V" disappeared, and the entering tone disappeared. It is the most different dialect from ancient Chinese. The Yongzheng dynasty of the Qing Dynasty began to spread to the whole country, which was called Mandarin. As the authoritative dialect of our multi-ethnic country, it has its rationality. But as some netizens said, authority is also a dialect, and the northern dialect is not a more advanced language than other dialects. Other dialects also have cultural functions that Mandarin cannot replace. Mandarin is not a perfect language, so that's why Zhao Yuanren tried his best to design something to incorporate into phonetic Mandarin.

Its linguistic features are: the biggest feature is that it does not retain the tone; There are other voiced sounds, which are divided into voiced sounds and nasal sounds, but there is no labial nasal sound "m" (mixed with nasal sounds), so the pronunciation cannot be deduced from the phonological book of ancient Chinese, which is very different from the phonological system of southern Chinese.

2. Northwest Mandarin: It is distributed in the northwest.

3. Southwest Mandarin: distributed in the southwest. Its linguistic feature is that there is little difference between flat tongue and nasal sound. Originally, there were initials "suspected ng", and there were even "N, L", "F, H", "Z, C, S" and "J, Q, X" in the southern region.

4. Jianghuai Mandarin: It is distributed in Yangzhou, Nanjing, Yancheng and Zhenjiang. Yangzhou city was massacred and looted no less than seven times in history. In modern times, it was mostly done by Manchu and Mongolian troops, which is generally the case in other Jianghuai dialect areas. So this area used to be a Wu dialect area, but now the language has changed and it has become a Jianghuai sub-dialect area. Jianghuai sub-dialect was once the official language of the Ming Dynasty.

Its linguistic feature is that "n, l" is difficult to distinguish, and entering tone, flat tongue and nasal sound are not necessarily difficult to distinguish.

Secondly, Wu dialect, or Jiangnan dialect, is the second largest dialect in China, which is distributed in southern Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.

Wuyue area has always been the introduction place of nobles in the Northern Han Dynasty and literati from all over the country. There were two large-scale northern migration waves in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Wang Xizhi, Su Dongpo, Bai Juyi and other cultural celebrities have lived here for a long time or settled in their later years. The Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty were the official languages of the Southern Han regime (Nanjing was also a Wu dialect area in history). In the past thousand years, the culture of Wu and Yue has developed, and both Kunqu and Tanci are based on Wu dialect. Therefore, its phonetic features retain those of ancient Chinese, and it has made the greatest contribution to China literature. However, after liberation, Wu dialect was restricted by policies, and its cultural discrimination was greater than that of Min-Yue dialect, and the proportion of its users declined rapidly, so it is possible that the number of users will soon fall behind that of Min-Yue dialect.

Its linguistic feature is that it retains all voiced sounds and entering sounds, regardless of flat tongue and nasal sounds. Phonetics can be derived from phonological books of ancient Chinese.

Thirdly, Cantonese, or Cantonese, the third largest dialect of Chinese, was originally distributed in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. After liberation, the government attached great importance to it. In addition, Hong Kong was not under the control of the central government at that time, so it was well preserved and its population was steadily increasing. There are also differences in Cantonese and the history of Dongguan dialect. But now it is mainly in Guangzhou dialect, which is also being promoted in the province.

Its language feature is full-voiced unvoiced sound, but the general yang tone is not mixed with unvoiced sound; Keep three kinds of "P, T, K" for entering tone and three kinds of "M, N, ng" for nasal tone. The initials "n, l", "f, h" and "z, c, s" are indistinguishable from "j, q, x". Can infer pronunciation from ancient Chinese phonological books.

Fourthly, the population of Fujian dialect is similar to that of Cantonese, which is divided into two parts: north and south, and some of them are divided into two major dialect areas. The northern part of Min dialect is mainly in Fuzhou, while the southern part of Min dialect is widely distributed, including Xiamen, Chaozhou, Taiwan Province and Hainan, and is also widely used by expatriates in Southeast Asia. And the internal differences are also the biggest.

Its language features are: full-voiced unvoiced sound, and yang tone is not mixed with unvoiced sound; Part of the sub-voiced sounds become three voiced initials of "[b][g][dz]"; Have "p, t, k,?" There are four kinds of promoting sounds, and nasal sounds have four endings of "m, n, ng and nasal sounds". The initials "f, h" are hard to distinguish. Can infer pronunciation from ancient Chinese phonological books.

Hunan dialect is distributed in Hunan, and the original old Xiang dialect also has full voiced sound, which is basically clear after popularization. Keep entering tone, no nasal sound before and after, no warping, initials "n, l" or even "f, h"

Sixthly, Gan dialect is distributed in Jiangxi Province, with pure voiced sound, but it belongs to Yang sound, and it is not mixed with unvoiced sound. Keep your tone, regardless of nasal sounds. The initials "n, l" are sometimes difficult to distinguish.

Hakka dialect is the language of the descendants of early northern immigrants, with more characteristics of northern dialects before Tang Dynasty. Originally, unvoiced sounds were unvoiced, but all of them were converted into unvoiced sounds, and Yang tones were not mixed with unvoiced sounds; Keep entering the voice; There is no "f" initial; Don't stick out your tongue.

8. Jin dialect: a dialect in Shanxi, which is not equal to Shanxi dialect. It is different from the surrounding northern dialects, and retains the entering tone. After popularization, Rusheng tends to disappear.

9. Pinghua: distributed in Guangxi, it is one of the newly recognized dialect areas.