Which country is Britain?

England generally refers to Britain and is the main body of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is located in the southeast of the island of Great Britain, the south of Scotland and the east of Wales, and also includes the Isle of Wight, the Sealy Islands and small coastal islands. It is the largest, most populous and most developed area in Britain. Its famous attractions include Cumbria and Arnside. The name engla-London comes from the "Angles", formerly known as "engla-London", which means "the land of the Angles". They followed the Celts to this place and belonged to the Germanic nation.

The word "England" can be understood as "the territory to which people who used to live in Anglern, Germany moved".

Angel refers to the Anglelin Peninsula in Schleswig, Germany (German: Angeln, narrow sense; The word "Angeln" has the same origin as "agnail" in English and "eng" in German. Language transliteration: Anglia, a western European, lived in present-day England after the Roman Empire occupied the British Peninsula in AD 42.

geographical environment

Pennines runs through the north and the middle, with an average elevation of 200-500m. There are abundant coal and iron resources on both sides of the mountain. The southeast is a plain with little ups and downs, and the climate is warm and humid. The main rivers are Thames, Severn and Trent.

history

Roman rule lasted for more than 300 years from AD 43. Before the Romans finally retreated in 408, England began to be invaded by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe, and experienced an increasingly chaotic period. The word "England" comes from "Angles". In the next two centuries, intrusion gradually turned into settlement, and many small kingdoms were established. The British live independently in what is now Wales and Cornwall. Among these small kingdoms, there emerged a kingdom with strong power to rule the whole country, first in the north (Northumbria Kingdom), then in the middle (Mercia Kingdom), and finally in the south (Wessex Kingdom). However, Vikings from Scandinavia subsequently invaded and settled in England, although the Wessex dynasty defeated the invading Danes in the 10 century and once ruled a large area of England.

England still maintained political unity, however, at the end of 10, Danish vikings began to invade the kingdom of England. Ethel Reid II responded by ordering the slaughter of all Danes in England in 1002. This only attracted the attention and war action of Swann I and Norway. Swan I planned four full-scale invasions of England in the rest of his life. 10 13 Swan was declared King of England, competing with Ethel Reed II. Swan died on1065438+February 2, 2004. His son, Knut the Great, continued to fight against England. Ethel Reid II died in 10 16 on April 23rd. His son Edmund Ii was soon defeated by Knut. Knut agreed to rule England with Edmund, but soon the latter died on1016165438+10, and England broke away from the rule of Denmark. The Danish dynasty ruled until Harthacnut died on June 8, 2042. He is the son of Emma, a Norman widow, and the ex-wife of Knut the Great and Ethel Reid II. Harthacnut had no heir of his own and was succeeded by Edward the Confessor, the son of Ethel Reed II. With the restoration of the Wessex dynasty, the kingdom of England became independent again.

The last successful invasion of England took place in 1066. Duke William of Normandy defeated the English in the Battle of Hastings, and Normans from France and other places settled here. In the following three centuries, French became the language of nobles, and the legal structure was influenced by the laws prevailing across the English Channel, and the social structure was also influenced to some extent.

1October 4th,1066+65438+1October 5th, Edward the Confessor died, leaving no children. His brother Harold II succeeded to the throne. William, Duke of Normandy and cousin of Edward the Confessor, immediately declared that he had the right to inherit the throne. William began to invade England and landed in Sussex on September 28th, 1066. Harold II and his army won the Battle of Stamford Bridge in York (1September 25th, 066). They marched across England to resist the invasion of Normandy, and the two armies achieved important results in the Battle of Hastings (1066 10 10/4). Harold II was unfortunately defeated and killed, and William won the final victory. William has no plans to merge the kingdom with the duchy of Normandy. However, as the Duke of Normandy, William still lacks loyalty to King Philip I of France, and an independent kingdom of England can make his rule undisturbed. He was crowned king of England on February 25th, 1066.

The powerful kingship established after William's conquest played a positive role in consolidating the feudal order. John was forced to accept the Magna Carta in June of 12 15 and compromise with the feudal lords. Magna Carta is essentially a feudal document, which protects the interests of feudal lords. But it is also as progressive as protecting citizens' freedom of trade. But John quickly denied the charter, and the civil war between the monarch and the minister continued.

1380, King Richard II (1377- 1399 reigned) increased the poll tax to collect the war expenses of the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France, which led to the uprising led by Mei Sen wat tyler in May138/kloc-0, which was called "wat tyler Uprising" in history. /kloc-at the end of 0/4, serfdom in England actually disintegrated. In the 65438+5th century, most serfs redeemed their personal freedom and became yeomen. Their legal status is divided into free farmers and public book farmers. Monetary land rent has become the main form of land rent, and the feudal main classes have also changed. New noble came into being from wealthy peasants, businessmen occupying land and small and medium-sized aristocrats, who adopted the capitalist mode of operation. The old aristocratic rule was in crisis, and the feudal knight system gradually disintegrated. After 1455- 1485 in wars of the roses, the power of the old aristocracy was greatly weakened, which created favorable conditions for the development of capitalist relations. Henry vii acceded to the throne with the support of new noble and the bourgeoisie (1485- 1509 reigned) and began the rule of Tudor dynasty.

1337- 1453, the war between Britain and France for territorial expansion and for the throne was the longest war in the world, which lasted intermittently for 1 16 years. It was also the time when the Black Death prevailed. Under the double blow of war and epidemic, the economies of Britain and France suffered heavy losses and the people lived in poverty. England lost almost all French territory, but it also made nationalism rise in England. By the end of the war, Britain embarked on the road of centralization, and then Britain implemented the policy of "continental balance of power" in continental Europe and turned to overseas development, becoming the largest empire in the world.

abridged table

From 1 to the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. Post-Anglo, Saxon and Jutes invaded one after another. Feudalism began to take shape in the 7th century.

The unification of England in 829 was called the "Anglo-Saxon era".

1066 William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the sea to conquer England and established the Normandy dynasty.

1536 merger of England and Wales.

1640 broke out the bourgeois revolution, 10 announced the establishment of the * * * Republic on May 65439.

1660 dynasty restoration.

1688 A "glorious revolution" took place and a constitutional monarchy was established.

England and Scotland merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

180 1 merged with Ireland. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

From the 1960s of 18 to the 1930s of 19, Britain became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was 135 times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, calling itself "the sun never sets". 192 1 year, 26 counties in southern Ireland established a "free state", and 6 counties in the north still belonged to Britain.

After World War I, it began to decline, and the world hegemony was gradually replaced by the United States. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system began to collapse. Up to now, Britain still has 13 overseas territory. 1973 65438+ 10 joined the European body in October. 1997 the British labour government came to power.

Diplomatic relations

Although Wales is often within the sphere of influence of the English, it has always been a fortress of the Celtics. However, after Prince Llewellyn was killed in 1282, Edward I of England of England launched a campaign and won, putting Wales under English rule. The national sentiment of the Welsh people continues to rise,1The uprising led by Irving Gellind at the beginning of the 5th century is an example. The joint decrees 1536 and 1542 integrated England and Wales administratively, politically and legally.

Most people who originally lived in Scotland were Picts. In the 6th century, Scots from Ireland settled in what is now argyle. The English lived in Lothian, while the British in Wales continued north to Strathclyde. In the 9th century, all parts of Scotland united against the Vikings. Throughout the Middle Ages, the powerful monarchy in England threatened the independence of Scotland. The final union of England and Scotland showed that the religious differences at that time were more critical than the national hatred in the past. In England, after the death of Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland (James I, England) succeeded her to the throne on 1603. Even so, England and Scotland remained independent of each other in the17th century, but were once forcibly unified under the rule of oliver cromwell.

By 1707, realizing the benefits of closer political and economic union, the two sides agreed to establish a single British parliament. Scotland still retains its own judicial system and religious groups. However, during the reign of Hanover Protestants George I and George II, the relationship between England and Scotland became tense, and the James II Party launched two rebellions in an attempt to restore the Catholic Stuart dynasty.

1 169 Henry II of England invaded Ireland. British Pope Adrian IV granted power to Henry II, the supreme ruler, because he was anxious to make the Irish Church obey Rome completely. Most of Ireland fell into the hands of Anglo-Norman dignitaries, but in the Middle Ages, England hardly exercised jurisdiction directly here.

Several Tudor monarchs preferred to interfere in Ireland. During the reign of Elizabeth I, a series of campaigns were launched against Irish rebels. The resistance movement is mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster. 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement and the escape of its leaders, Ulster became the settlement of immigrants from Scotland and England.

Due to the English Civil War (1642~ 1652), many uprisings broke out in Ireland, but they were all suppressed by Cromwell. After James II was deposed in 1688, the war between Britain and Ireland continued. /kloc-most of the 0/8th century was a fragile period of peace. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, the British government made efforts to achieve stability.

1782, the Irish parliament (established in the middle ages) gained legislative autonomy; The only connection between the Constitution and the irrelevant people is the Royal Government. However, the parliament only represents a few Anglo-Irish privileged classes, and Catholics are excluded. 1798 there was an uprising, but it failed.

180 1 year, Ireland and Great Britain were unified into one.

Although the national uprising in Dublin was suppressed in 19 16, at the end of World War I, a guerrilla named Irish Peace Army began to take military action against the British authorities. /kloc-the Irish government bill passed in 0/920 provides for the establishment of two local self-government committees, one in Dublin and the other in Belfast. The Act was implemented in Northern Ireland on 192 1. Six of the nine counties in the province have accepted their own parliaments, and at the same time, they still enjoy seats in the British Parliament, which is under the highest jurisdiction of the British Parliament. However, the Irish peace forces continued to struggle for independence from the British authorities in the south. 192 1 After the armistice agreement was signed in June, it was established in the Irish Free State according to the Anglo-Irish Treaty concluded in February of the same year, and the Free State became the Republic of Ireland in June of 1949.

Although the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man do not belong to Britain, they have a special relationship with Britain. The Channel Islands were once a part of the Principality of Normandy in 10 century and 1 10 century. The isle of man was nominally exercised by Norway until 1266, and finally came under the direct jurisdiction of the Royal Government until 1765. Today, both the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have their own legislatures and legal systems, and the British government is responsible for national defense and international relations there.