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The second time: (1866) Pu defeated Austria and Austria was driven out of Germany.

The third time: (1870) General Defeat Law, 187 1 Germany was unified at the beginning of the year.

16. Sardinia Prime Minister Gafur and Red Shirt Commander garibaldi played an important role in the revival process. In the early 1970s, risorgimento died.

17? The Meiji Restoration in Japan began at 1868.

18.13 uprisings that pushed the Asian revolutionary storm to its climax in the middle of the 9th century: Babu Uprising in Iran, Taiping Uprising in China and Indian National Uprising.

19.1857-1859 Indian national uprising is a great national uprising led by feudal princes with Indian soldiers as the main force.

Understand; Understanding

1.1the significance of the European revolution in 848.

(1) is the bourgeois national democratic revolution; (2) It dealt a heavy blow to European feudal forces and completely disintegrated the Vienna system; (3) Conducive to the further development of capitalism.

Two. Historical conditions, signs and significance of the birth of Marxism.

Historical conditions: ① With the deepening of the industrial revolution, capitalism has developed rapidly, and various drawbacks of the capitalist system have become increasingly exposed; (2) The outbreak of the three major workers' movements in Europe from 65438 to 1930s and 1940s showed that the proletariat entered the political arena as an independent force; The practice of workers' movement needs the guidance of scientific theory, which also provides the necessary conditions for the establishment of scientific theory; (4) Marx and Engels, while doing long-term revolutionary practice and theoretical research, extensively absorbed outstanding cultural achievements of mankind and founded Marxist theory.

Logo: February 1848, the producer's declaration was published.

Significance: Under the guidance of scientific theory, the struggle of the proletariat has developed rapidly.

3. The significance of the Paris Commune.

① It was the first attempt of the proletariat to overthrow bourgeois rule and establish proletarian dictatorship. Its practice enriches Marxist theory of proletarian revolution and dictatorship, and proves the correctness of scientific socialism theory. Its experience and lessons are valuable assets of the international socialist movement. (4) The spirit of commune soldiers will go down in history forever.

4. The content, nature and influence of the reform in Russia 186 1 year.

Contents: ① serfs have personal freedom in law, and landlords cannot buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; (2) serfs can get a piece of land, but they must redeem it at a high price.

Nature: Top-down bourgeois reform.

Influence: ① It was an important turning point in Russian legal history, from which Russia embarked on the road of rapid development of capitalism. (2) The reform was incomplete, plundering farmers and retaining a large number of feudal remnants.

analyse

1. Premise and influence of British industrial revolution

Preconditions: ③ The capitalist system was established earlier. (2) Overseas trade, colonial plunder and enclosure movement have accumulated rich capital, increased the employed labor force and broadened the domestic and foreign markets. (3) The development of workshop handicraft industry has accumulated knowledge of production technology.

Impact: ① Greatly improved productivity and consolidated the ruling foundation of capitalist countries. (2) Causing great changes in social structure and class relations. The industrial bourgeoisie opposed the proletariat, and the workers' movement gradually rose. ③ The process of urbanization has begun, and people's lifestyles and values have gradually changed. (4) Close ties with other parts of the world have changed the face of the world and established bourgeois rule over the world. Capitalist countries such as Britain go home to seize the market and expand their colonies in the world, and the East obeys the West. The bourgeoisie actively launched the free reform movement, and free capitalism developed.

2. Vienna Conference.

During the period of1814-1818, representatives of European countries who defeated Napoleon met in Vienna, and Russia, Britain, Poland and Austria manipulated the meeting, which decided: ① to restore the ruling order in Europe; (2) Restrict France, ensure the balance of power in Europe, and redraw the map of Europe with the will of a powerful country in science and technology; (3) By dividing up overseas colonies, Britain acquired many colonies originally belonging to France, further establishing the world colonial hegemony; (1) Continue to maintain the division between Germany and Italy. The European ruling order and state system determined at this meeting is called the Vienna system.

Evaluation: ① It is the embodiment of European monarchs' attempts to maintain the feudal ruling order by high-handed means. It opposes social progress and tramples on the interests of vulnerable groups at will, which is a historical response. Under this system, countries often hold meetings to solve international disputes, which objectively pushes modern international relations into a new era.

3. The causes, nature and influence of the American Civil War.

Reasons: ①/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, with the expansion of the United States and the development of capitalist economy, the contradiction between the capitalist industrial and commercial economy in the north and the slave plantation economy in the south intensified. (2) The northern industrial and commercial capitalists demanded to protect the domestic market and raw materials, expand the export of industrial products, raise tariffs and restrict the import of industrial products; I hope to abolish slavery, increase the free labor force and establish a "free country" in the West. (3) Southern plantation owners shipped a large number of raw materials to Britain and imported a large number of industrial products from Britain. They advocated reducing tariffs, expanding imports, expanding the number of slaves and expanding slavery in the west. The focus of the contradiction between the two sides is slavery. Lincoln, who advocated limiting slavery, was elected president of the United States, and the South provoked a civil war.

Results: The Allies defeated the Allies.

In 2 1. 19 17, the United States and China joined the allied forces in the war.

Got it.

1.65438+ The reasons for the rapid economic development of the United States and Germany and the reasons for the slow economic development of Britain and France in the late 19th century.

The reasons for the rapid development of American economy are: ① vast territory and rich resources; (2) The development of the western region has provided abundant raw materials and a huge market; (3) Eurasian immigrants brought technology and labor; (4) Abolish slavery and clear the way for the development of capitalism.

The reasons for Germany's rapid economic development are as follows: ① the completion of national reunification has opened up a unified domestic market; (2) France's 5 billion francs reparations, increased a lot of money; (3) The mineral deposits in Alsace and Lorraine have supplemented important resources; As a rising capitalist country, it is easier to adopt new technologies and equipment to improve productivity.

The reasons for the slowdown of British economic development are as follows: ① Britain is an old capitalist country with outdated enterprise equipment; (2) Capitalists do not update equipment and adopt new technologies, and a large amount of capital is lost abroad; (3) With a huge colony, even under the condition of low technical level, it can get huge profits from the colony, which will affect the equipment renewal.

The reasons for the slow development of French economy; (1) French farmers are poor, agricultural management is backward, and the domestic market is narrow; (2) The huge losses and land-cutting compensation in the Franco-Prussian War hindered the economic development; Capitalists invest a lot of capital in the credit field, not in the production field, and more in foreign countries.

2. The nature and results of the First World War.

Nature: It is an imperialist predatory war, which is unfair to both warring parties. Although Serbia is fighting to defend its sovereignty and independence, it cannot fundamentally change the injustice of the whole war.

Results: ① The Allies won and the Allies failed; (2) It has caused great material and spiritual harm to mankind: it has greatly weakened the power of imperialism, and the four empires of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Osman have collapsed one after another, and Britain, France and Italy have been weakened: Russia won the socialist revolution in October and established the first socialist country; (4) The proletarian revolutionary movement in capitalist countries and the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America have reached a new climax.

Analysis:

The influence of the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War.

(1) Japan occupied Korea, seized China, Taiwan Province Province and other territories, and obtained a large amount of reparations from China, which promoted the development of Japan's economy; (2) Japan's expansion to the southeast laid the foundation for expanding its invasion of China. (3) Korea became a Japanese colony until the end of World War II, and the Korean people suffered for nearly half a century. (4) The occupation of Taiwan Province Province in China for so many years has increased the burden on the people and deepened the semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree. (5) Stimulated internal contradictions in Russia and led to the revolution of 1905. (5) After the war, Russia stepped up its competition with western powers in Europe.

Comprehensive:

Main manifestations and characteristics of scientific and technological development in the second industrial revolution.

Performance: ① With the application of electricity, electricity has become a new energy source, and mankind has entered the electrical age; (2) The innovation and use of internal combustion engine, because the cars, ships, diesel locomotives and planes driven by it have been put into use one after another, have greatly changed the traffic appearance and promoted the emergence and development of petroleum production and petrochemical industry; (2) With the development of telecommunications, wired telegrams, telephones and wireless telegrams came out one after another, which strengthened the world connection.

Features: ① The new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production. Science has played a more important role in promoting the development of productive forces. Its combination with science and technology has made the industrial revolution more fruitful. _ ② The industrial revolution happened in several advanced capitalist countries almost at the same time, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of one country. It's bigger. (3) Some countries (such as Germany and Japan) have had two industrial revolutions, which can not only absorb the technological achievements of the first industrial revolution, but also directly use the new technologies of the second industrial revolution. The speed of economic development is faster.

Chapter v/kloc-natural science and art from the 7th century to the early 20th century.

memory

1. French Descartes founded analytic geometry.

2. Newton in Britain and Leibniz in Germany independently established calculus.

Newton's scientific masterpiece is the mathematical principle of natural philosophy. The establishment of Newtonian mechanical system is the symbol of the formation of modern science.

Faraday in Britain and Oster in Denmark discovered electromagnetic induction, which opened the era of electricity.

Boyle in England was the founder of modern chemistry.

6. Mendeleev of Russia worked out the periodic table of chemical elements.

7. Harvey of England established the theory of blood circulation.

8. Linnaeus of Switzerland made a plant classification.

9. Darwin in Britain founded the theory of biological evolution.

10. Roentgen in Germany discovered the radiation phenomenon.

1 1. French Curie couple discovered radioactive element radium.

12. Einstein of Germany put forward the theory of relativity in physics.

13. Pasteur of France laid the foundation of microbiology.

14. Moliere in France is a master of classical drama.

15. Robinson Crusoe by the British writer Defoe.

16. The masterpiece of Goethe, the most outstanding German writer, is Faust.

17. Outstanding romantic poets include Byron and Shelley in England.

18. French romantic writer Hugo's masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.

19. Balzac of France is a master of critical realism literature, and his masterpiece "Human Comedy" is called "Social Encyclopedia".

20.19th century Russian writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Tolstoy's masterpiece is yevgeny? Onegin, the soul of death, war and peace.

2 1. death of marat is the representative work of the French classical artist David.

22. The French painter Delacroix's Guide People's Freedom is recognized as a romantic masterpiece.

23. The representative work of Russian realist painter Lie Bin is The Volga River Tracker.

24. The French impressionist painter Monet's masterpiece is Sunrise? Impression.

25. The German musician Bach is called "the father of music".

26. Haydn in Austria is called "the father of symphony".

27. Beethoven in Germany is the greatest musician in modern times.

Schubert of Austria is called "the king of songs".

29. Strauss of Austria is known as the "King of Waltz", and his masterpiece is The Blue Danube.