The origin of ancient surnames

The origin of ancient surnames in China? Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao, Qian, Sun ... Each of us has his own surname. Where did these surnames come from?

In the last three generations, surnames and surnames are different. Surnames come from surnames. Since the Han Dynasty, surnames have been mixed. Nowadays, most surnames of China people were handed down from generation to generation thousands of years ago. According to the calendar, it can be divided into 12 categories:

1), with the surname as the surname. Surname was born as the symbol number of clan department in the period of clan commune, and the descendants who owned it directly inherited it as surname. The matriarchal clan society takes the mother as the surname, so many surnames were next to the female characters at that time. Such as: Ji, Jiang, Yan, Yao and so on.

2) Take the country name as the surname. As we are familiar with the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Qi, Lu, Jin, Song, Zheng, Wu, Yue, Qin, Chu, Wei, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chen, Cai, Cao, Hu and Xu. , have become common surnames today.

3) Named after the city. The city is a fief assigned by the emperor and princes of various countries to the same surname or the opposite sex. Some descendants or people living in these fiefs adopted their surnames. For example, during Zhou Wuwang's reign, Scott Cha was born in Su (now west of Linzhang County, Hebei Province). After Cha was born, he changed his surname to Su. According to statistics, there are nearly 200 surnames with Yi as their surname. Some compound surnames have evolved from a long history and no longer exist today.

4) Take the name of the township or pavilion as the surname. There are not many such cases. Today, we often see surnames such as Pei, Lu, Yan, Hao and Ouyang.

5) Take the place of residence as the surname. Among these surnames, there are many compound surnames, all of which have the words Qiu, Men, Xiang, Lu, Li, Ye and Guan to indicate their places of residence in different environments.

6) Take the words or names of ancestors as surnames. There are many surnames in this article. According to statistics, there are five or six hundred surnames, including nearly 200 compound surnames. For example, the word "Lin Kai" written by Wang Ping in Zhou Dynasty was passed down from generation to generation because of its forest nature. In Song Dynasty, the son of Daigong was named Huangfu, and his grandson was named after his father. In the Han Dynasty, he changed his father to Huangfu.

7) Take the second place as the surname. Families take surnames in the order of brothers and sisters, such as "Bo" or "Meng", "Zhong", "Shu" and "Ji". Later generations took Xiang Yan as their surname, indicating the order in the clan. But there are exceptions Brother of Duke Zhuang of Lu, original name, word history. Because he committed the crime of regicide, later generations changed his surname to Meng or.

8) Take the official position as the surname. Such as Stuart, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si, Sikou, etc. Some official surnames are Shan ... >>

Introduction of Ancient Surnames Ancient (G D) surnames originated from the grandfather of King Jichang of Zhou Wen, and are an ancient, multi-ethnic and multi-source surname group. The population with ancient surnames is not among the top 100 surnames in Chinese mainland 100; It ranks 75th in Taiwan Province Province, mostly distributed in Taibei, Taitung, Hsinchu and other places in Taiwan Province Province.

The eight ancient surnames originated from matriarchal society. Because the child at that time "Anemarrhena asphodeloides doesn't know his father", the same surname is a clan symbol representing the blood relationship of the same matriarchal family, that is, all members under a clan name come from a matriarchal ancestor. Such as Feng surname and Yi surname in Fuxi period. In ancient times, all the eight surnames came from the female side, indicating that this was a clan group handed down by some different female ancestors. At the same time, these surnames have also changed in the long process of inheritance and evolution, especially in the Zhou Dynasty, after the Zhou Emperor enfeoffed the vassal state, many nobles took place names as surnames to commemorate the fiefs, so they evolved into more surnames. It can be said that most surnames in China today are derived from the eight ancient surnames. Ji, homologous, originated from Xuanyuan family of Huangdi. The Yellow Emperor lives on the bank of Jishui and takes Ji as his surname. Sima Qian said in Records of the Five Emperors: "The Yellow Emperor has twenty-five sons and fourteen sons have surnames." In Sanyu, Xu Chen explained: "There are twenty-five descendants of the Yellow Emperor, fourteen of whom have surnames, and they are twelve surnames: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng,? Ren, Xun, Nuo, Yi, Yi also. Only Qingyang and Yigu have the same surname. " Among the later five emperors, Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun, as well as Yu Xia, Qi and Hou Ji, the ancestors of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, were all descendants of the Yellow Emperor. During the period from Huangdi to Yao, Shun and Yu, most of these descendants had left the matriarchal clan of Huangdi, established a large number of clan countries or tribes, and had independent surnames. Hou Ji inherited her surname. Later, his descendants (Ji Fa) left the Central Plains in eastern Shaanxi to establish the Zhou Dynasty, enfeoffment of vassals or countries, including 53 countries with the surname of Ji. These countries take the country as their surname, thus forming most surnames of China. People in China call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people" or "descendants of the Chinese people". Ji's surname ranks 297th among hundreds of surnames, with 465,438+065,438+0 surnames, accounting for 82% of the total of 504 surnames among hundreds of surnames, and countless surnames have evolved, so the Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Jiang's family originated from Yandi Shennong. Emperor Yan was born in Jiang Shui. Because Jiang is a surname, Jiang is one of the important origins of many surnames in China today, such as Lu, Xie, Qi, Gao, Lu and Cui. Jiang's surname ranks 32nd among hundreds of surnames, and ranks 60th among the national surnames in 2007, accounting for about 0.34% of the national Han population. According to textual research, since the beginning of the Qi Dynasty, 102 surnames have been derived from ginger, including 64 single surnames such as Lu, Xu, Xie, Ji, Qiu and Lu, and 38 compound surnames such as Chunyu, Dongguo, Gaotang, Ziya, and Bull. ? The U surname originated from the descendants of Zhu Rong, the grandson of Di Ku Gaoxin family. Won the surname, originated from Zhuan Xu Levin's grandson Hao Tao (the court building of Eight Kai), and Hao Tao was born in Qufu, so won the surname. Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty hated Qin as an official in Han Dynasty, deliberately violated historical facts, belittled and slandered the surname (1) and deliberately split the relationship between Hao Tao and Boyi without saying anything; The second is to change Hao Tao, the ancestor of Won surname, to Boyi and Hao Tao to Yan surname; (3) Deliberately slandering the won surname as Levin's only maternal line, without paternal line; 4. Deliberately change the * * * and the management of Bohai State, which won the surname of * * *, to the management of discipline, week and two phases; 5. Deliberately violating the historical facts of the pre-Qin period, first slandering Ying Zheng as his son) Yao and Gui are of the same origin, both of which originated from Shun Di. "Comrade? According to the clan annals, Shun has two surnames, Yao and Gui. Because he was born in the ruins of Yao, his surname was Yao, and because he lived in Guishui, his surname was Gui. " Thinking originated from Dayu. According to legend, Gun's wife Xiuji is Shen You's daughter. She was pregnant because she swallowed coix seed and gave birth to jade. Therefore, after Yu succeeded in harnessing water, Shun gave Yu his surname because of his surname (Yi is the homonym of Yi). In addition, the son of a tribal leader can also have a surname. The Yellow Emperor has twenty-five sons, and fourteen sons have surnames, namely Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng,? There are twelve surnames: Ren, Xun, Nuo, Xian and Yi, four of which belong to the second surname. Zhu Rong, to himself, to Dong, to Peng, to baldness? U, Cao, Zhu, Mi and other eight surnames, known as Zhu Rong's eight surnames in history. With the development of social productive forces, the matriarchal clan system transited to the paternal clan system, and the clan system was gradually replaced by the class social system, and the methods and means of governing the country by giving land to the people appeared.

The top ten most distinguished surnames and the oldest surnames in ancient China and their origins. Feng, Ji, Jiang, Tang, Yao, Gui, Zi, Ying and Fu are surnames. Ji surname is the surname of the Yellow Emperor; Jiang surname is the surname of Emperor Yan; The surname is Tang, Yaodi and Tao, and Yaodi is called' Taoxia'; Yao's surname is yes; Gui surname is also Shun Di's surname; The surname of Si is the surname of Dayu, which is the national surname of Xia Dynasty. Zi surname is the surname of Shang emperor Tang; Won the surname, is the surname of Qin; Mi surname is Chu surname.

Is the ancient surname "Ding" famous? How did it get its surname? First of all, it comes from the descendant Jiang, whose ancestor is Jiang and his surname is posthumous title. Jiang Taigong was an official in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He was imprisoned in the State of Qi for helping King Wu to destroy commerce. His son is very famous. When Zhou Chengwang was an important official in the imperial court, he was also the minister in charge of life in Zhou Kangwang. After his death, posthumous title was the Duke of Ding Qi, and his descendants took posthumous title as their surname and called him Shi Ding. Since then, most of China's families have come from this place, and Ding was called authentic in history. Jiang is the ancestor of the Jiang family that originated from the ancient Jiangshui Valley in Qishan, hence the name Jiang, which is one of the oldest surnames in China. The descendants of Emperor Yan were Jiang Shang, usually called Jiang Taigong or Jiang Ziya, from Xia and Shang Dynasties to the early Zhou Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, he served as a teacher, and was sealed in Qi (in today's northern Shandong, the capital is Yingqiu, that is, in today's northeast of Zibo, Shandong). Qi later became one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, so it was also called. Qi Taigong's son Ginger? Cheng? Yes, he was an important minister and minister of life. After his death, he was sealed as Qi. His fourth son, Geng Shu, inherited Jiyang and took his father's surname as his surname, so he became a man. Second, from the descendants of Ding Hou. Ding Hou was a vassal of Shang Dynasty. When the eastern expedition to Yinzhou, Ding Hou was not destroyed by Zhou, and his descendants were scattered all over the country, and some tribes took Ding as their surname. Ding is a surname with a long history. As early as the end of Shang Dynasty, a nobleman named Ding was made a vassal, known as Ding Hou, who was the earliest person to record his name in history books. According to the research of surnames, when Zhou Wuwang attacked Zhou, Ding Hou was destroyed by Zhou because he didn't want to follow, and his descendants were scattered all over the country, but his tribe still took Ding as his surname. Obviously, at least part of the later Ding surname was handed down from Ding Hou. The story of Dante Hou is unknown because of the ambiguity in ancient books. So far, although we can be sure that the origin of Ding Shi is very early, we can't know the origin of the most primitive family. Third, his surname is the descendant of Ji, because he is the eighth son Kang Shucong, who is from Jiangsu. Among the names of the western regions in history, many people's surnames are "Ding", and they often change their surnames to. I changed it. Fourthly, after the rebellion of Wu Geng was put down in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the surrounding area of the old capital of Shang Dynasty was divided into Wei, with Shangqiu as its capital, which was called Song State. Song was a state-owned doctor in the Song Dynasty. After his death, he took posthumous title as his surname and called him a native of Henan. 5. There are records of Ding surname among ethnic minorities. The sixteenth volume of Hanshu records respecting Hou Dingfu, making him the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, to Xue, to Ba, to Han, and then helping Gaozu to pacify Sanqin, to break Pengcheng's dragon boat, to serve as Fu, An and Feng Hou (now the south of Yishui County, Shandong Province), and to eat 7,800 households. After Ding Fu's death, his title was attacked by his sons Ding Ning and Sun Ding. In the second year of Emperor Xiaozong of Jingdi (BC 155), Ding was dismissed from office because of his crimes, and his country was cancelled. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was a scholar named Mrs. Ding, and Ying Shao thought that he was a descendant of Ding Fu. Ding Fengben, a famous Wu native in the Three Kingdoms period, was born in Anfeng, Lujiang, where Vietnamese immigrants lived. Therefore, some people speculate that Ding Feng may also be a Yue ethnic group on the grounds that the Yue ethnic group has Shi Ding.

This paper discusses the reasons for the formation of six kinds of surnames in ancient times, mainly including the following categories:

1. It is named after people's place of residence, place and country. Such as Zhao, Simon, Zheng and Su.

2. Named after surnames, such as Ren, Feng and Zi. Take Gu as the surname.

3. Name the surname with the name or character of the ancestor. Plus Huangfu, Gao, Diao, Gong, Shi and so on.

4. Take brothers as surnames. Such as Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji.

5. Address surnames by official names. Such as Shi, Cang, Si Tu, Zhao Shi, Tai Shi, etc.

6. Life with professional skills. Such as witchcraft, slaughter, Excellence, divination, etc.

7. Take the ancestor posthumous title as the surname. For example, wearing clothes and talking on the phone.

8. Ancient ethnic minorities merged with the Han nationality and borrowed Chinese characters as surnames. For example, Tuoba changed to Yuanshi County, bare dew changed to Zhu, two customs changed to Guan, and the road of cattle changed to buttons, and so on.

9. I changed my surname because I gave it and avoided it. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Wang Hu named the minister who made outstanding contributions as Li, while in the Wang Dynasty, he was named Zhu. The name of Emperor China was changed from constant to constant because of taboo. The ancestors of the Jin emperors were Sima Shi, and all the teachers in the world changed their surnames to Shi Shuai.

10. I changed my surname to avoid vendetta. For example, the descendants of Duanmu Zigong changed their names to Mu and Prison.

The origin of surnames has many forms and is developing constantly. The same surname comes from different sources, or different surnames have the same origin, and so on. The situation is complicated. As time goes by, new surnames keep appearing. For example, when naming a child, two monosyllabic surnames of men and women are taken to synthesize a compound surname, adding new members to the surname "family".

What is the origin and inheritance of ancient surnames in China? Most surnames in Europe and America originated in the Middle Ages, and a few can be traced back to the ancient Greek and Roman empires. China people's surnames originated from the worship of wind, clouds and thunder thousands of years ago. Feng, Shennong Houlei, Huangdi Houyun. Because many surnames in later generations are derived from the earliest ancestral surnames according to the differentiation of different regions and deeds, all surnames belong to the clan, so it can be said that the surnames of China people are descendants of the Chinese people after Hua Xushi. Before the Qin Dynasty, surnames and surnames had different meanings. In ancient times, the word surname was composed of two characters: "person" and "fate", meaning that people were born and surnames were born. The original meaning of stone is woody, that is, the root of plants. Before Shang and Zhou Dynasties, surnames were used to distinguish marriage, so there were same surnames, different surnames and common surnames. Surnames are used to distinguish between high and low. Noble people have surnames, but poor people have no surnames. People with the same surname cannot marry, but people with different surnames can get married. In the Western Han Dynasty, the difference between surnames tended to disappear. Sima Qian's Historical Records formally used surnames together without distinction. China's earliest surnames all had the word "female", such as Ji, Jiang, Gui and Gui. It can be inferred that surnames were formed in the matriarchal clan period. There are less than 30 surnames that can be determined in the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, most of which come from the "female" side. In the era of "only knowing his mother, but not his father", there are many stories of "saints born without father". For example, Nu Wa felt the gorgeous rainbow light and gave birth to Zhuan Xu, while Hua Xu followed the footsteps of human beings and became pregnant with Fuxi. The ancestor of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was also his first mother who ate plantain seeds (Dayu), swallowed eggs (Qi) or practiced the divine fetus obtained by Xiong Ji (Hou Ji). When we learned about Xuanyuan's surname, Ji's surname, Lishan's surname and Jiang's surname of the Yellow Emperor, in fact, we were also told that surnames were a pedigree based on maternal blood earlier, and the formation of paternal society was marked by an increasingly grand pedigree marked by surnames. Compared with the earlier matriarchal clan line, the "surname" expressed by geographical differentiation (from the place names and titles given to fiefs, such as Zhao and Zheng), occupational differentiation (from the perspective of being good at a certain skill, such as Tao, Zhang, Wu and Bu), official differentiation (from the perspective of official positions, such as Situ and Shi) or other secular achievements may be different at first. And these heroic descendants with expensive surnames may find a new name different from their ancestral surnames for a blood relationship, and then take surnames by surnames and replace surnames by surnames. The change from the primitive lineage marked by matrilineal reproduction to the paternal lineage marked by heroic achievements and their places of occurrence (Yandi and Huangdi) is the first turning point in the historical cycle of surname differentiation, and surnames have become surnames after a long time. If the original surname always represents an older maternal or paternal blood relationship, then "teacher" is a historical event in which outstanding people in this blood relationship (surname) separate their blood ties with their own events or historical causes (taboos, giving surnames, etc.). ), so that their descendants can mark their blood lineage separately in this branch. The so-called "surname" is used to distinguish between noble and noble, but it refers to the fact that most people with the same blood in history have disappeared silently because they have no surname. Only the most outstanding people will get the "surname" because of secular achievements or memorable historical events related to them, so that they can mark their unique descendants in the blood of the same surname and become new surnames. In fact, the combination of "surname" and "surname" in the pre-Qin period, which was distinguished through complicated efforts in Sima Qian's Historical Records, is a natural product of the historical cycle in which surnames are divided into surnames and surnames eventually become surnames. The evolution of China people's surnames from few generations to many generations is the result of the continuous accumulation of blood heroes who survived the destruction in the rolling torrent of blood. It can be said that Taishi is a heroic epic. China people always read the distant and sacred evidence of an independent surname, and read some immortal beliefs and memorable achievements. No matter how far away Wan Li is, no matter when and where, the descendants of the Chinese people who are in different places will always return to the place with the same blood as this surname to recognize their ancestors and return to their ancestral homes. Judging from the Yellow Emperor's Jitu Shi Ming, maternal reproduction is no longer the foundation of Shi Ming. The origin of surnames in later generations can be roughly divided into: 1. Named after the place name, location and country name. Such as Zhao, Simon, Zheng and Su. 2. Name the surname after the ancient surname. Such as Ren, Feng and Zi. 3. Name the surname with the name or character of the ancestor. Such as Huangfu, Gao, Diao, Gong and Shi. 4. Brother Yi ... >>

Which surnames in China originated from ancient feudal countries? 5 points Basically, most surnames come from ancient feudal countries, especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

The origin of surnames can be traced back to the matriarchal clan system in primitive human society, so many of the earliest surnames in China are beside or at the bottom of the female characters, such as Yao surname. Surname is a specific symbol to distinguish clans, such as the name of a tribe or the name of a tribal leader. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor lived on the bank of Jishui and took Ji as his surname. Living next door, taking Jiang as his surname. Dayu was in charge of water conservancy, and the emperor made great contributions and gave his surname as the secretary. In addition, the son of a tribal leader can also have a surname. The Yellow Emperor has twenty-five sons, and fourteen sons have surnames, namely Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Ren, Xun,? Nuo, Xian and Yi are twelve surnames, four of which belong to the second surname. Zhu Rong, to himself, to Dong, to Peng, to baldness? U, Cao, Zhu, Mi and other eight surnames, known as Zhu Rong's eight surnames in history. With the development of social productive forces, the matriarchal clan system has changed into the paternal clan system, and the clan system has been gradually replaced by the class social system, and there have been ways and means to give life to the land to govern the country. The appearance of stone is a step towards class society in human history. Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. In Xia and Shang dynasties, nobles all had surnames. The branch of surname is surname, which means family or clan. Xia royal family took the surname of Yi, and Kunwu, another overlord, took his own surname, including Su, Gu, Wen, Dong and Qilong. Shang royal family surnamed Yin, princes and Qian Wei surnamed Peng. In Shang Dynasty, there were thirteen surnames, such as Tiaoshi, Xushi and Xiaoshi.

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