Shu-Han Dynasty's Governance of Southwest Yi: Zhuge Liang persuaded him through Huairou.

Shu Han's Rule of Southwest China: Zhuge Liang persuaded him through Huairou _ The following written materials were collected and arranged by Bian Xiao for everyone. Come and have a look at them quickly!

As a minority group based in Guizhou and Yunnan, the Yi people in Southwest China have long been the "cecum" of the minority issues in China. However, during the reign of Shu-Han regime in the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang, with his ingenious ethnic policy, laid a stable process for the southwest Yi people to integrate into the Chinese nation.

Lisa thinks that even from today's perspective, Zhuge Liang's various measures and ideas to deal with ethnic problems in southwest China are very interesting.

"Seizing the city" and "attacking the heart" have always been hot topics in Shu's handling of southwest Yi. It seems that the significance of capturing Meng Huo seven times lies in adopting a conciliatory policy of national reconciliation. The author thinks that it can be further discussed on this basis, and in a sense, Zhuge Liang's contribution is far greater than the formulation of Huairou policy.

In fact, the policy of the Eastern Han government towards South China has been wavering between "suppression" and "comfort"-these two words seem to be very fashionable in history, that is, the Qing Dynasty did not have the concept of opening and closing to western European countries. Look at the memorials at that time. The contents were all "suppression" or "caressing", which seemed easy to play with foreigners. The disadvantages of repression have long been valued by people. The so-called "southwest barbarians calculate each other, and every time they send troops to attack, they spend money in vain." The efforts of national reconciliation did not begin with Zhuge Liang. Too much emphasis on the power of "caressing" hides the flash of Zhuge Liang's southern expedition.

The early "appeasement-softening" efforts, specifically, were to "ease" ethnic contradictions through concessions, which can be called "muddling", compared with dredging the Yellow River. Although it is better than damming the river, it can't change the nature of "harming the river" and "harming the dragon", and it is still necessary to prevent disasters from time to time.

Zhuge Liang's handling of ethnic affairs in southwest China is not forbearing for reconciliation, but sometimes quite tough. He showed no mercy in killing Gao Dingyuan and other battles. His unique value lies in his efforts to fundamentally "solve"-at least at that time? C the ethnic problems in southwest China have reversed the opposition between Han and Yi, making the central and southern areas the "concrete" rear of Shu and Han. This is like planting grass and trees in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, conserving water and soil, making the Yellow River clear and turning harm into benefit. This is the valuable place for Shu Han to deal with the problem of southwest yi. Of course, this is much greater than the effort required to persuade.

Some people think that Zhuge Liang has two outstanding points in dealing with the southwest issue. The first is autonomy and the second is development.

Autonomy is the so-called leaving no soldiers or officials. This is easily misunderstood. It is believed that the military and political actions of Shu Han in southwest China have been recorded many times in history, and a powerful office of the governor of Dahuang surrender was established. How can you call no soldiers or officials? This also does not meet the management needs of a country for its jurisdiction.

In fact, Zhuge Liang adopted the method of "separating China from foreign countries". Yi people exercise jurisdiction in their own settlements, and Shu and Han officials have the heavy responsibility of maintaining a complete transportation network, managing the Han settlements, and maintaining the overall local political and economic order. There are not a few Han people in southern China. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once immigrated to the southwest for development. "Han is a capital crime and a traitor." When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a county in the southwest, he moved to Lushi to fill it, because he said it was not Wei County-a bit like Britain developing Australia.

Simply handing them over to "foreigners" for governance will only make local people retreat from the central government.

Therefore, in addition to guarding the land, officials in Shu have an important duty to manage and protect the local Han people. For this reason, Zhang Yi almost led to ethnic conflicts. Nevertheless, the existence of Han officials ensures the influence of the central government on ethnic minority areas. There is a view that ethnic minority autonomy means driving out all the local Han people, or making the local Han people inferior to ethnic minorities. Therefore, it is not easy for all ethnic groups to live in harmony. On the contrary, it will lead to the estrangement between different ethnic groups, the separation between local and central authorities, and finally lead to the rise of separatist forces. If there is a problem, a military solution will be needed, which will bring pain to both sides. The so-called combination of leniency and severity is all wrong. This does not mean that we are now in Xinjiang.

However, regarding the internal affairs of the southwest Yi people, the local Shu government officials adopted the policy of "the Yi people have the law to abolish and kill themselves" and adopted a non-interference attitude. This objectively protects the cultural continuity and national dignity of ethnic minorities. You know, the destruction of culture can make a nation grieve and be remembered from generation to generation. There is a saying on an Internet website that "as long as the Zhanpo culture exists, Zhanpo will last forever". What is Zhancheng? The ancient country in southern Vietnam, which was greatly influenced by India, perished in Annan in the16th century. Hundreds of years later, the Champo people fled to Khmer in large numbers and are still singing elegies for their culture. The burning of Yuanmingyuan is an eternal wound in the hearts of China people.

Southwest Yi has a complex composition, which is different from Wu Lingren, a descendant of Sanmiao. It can be roughly divided into three ethnic groups: Bianqiang, Baiyue and Baipu. Its customs, language and culture are very different from those of the Han nationality, and it is easy to produce contradictions. Zhuge Liang is very clever. He tried to avoid this kind of trauma by dividing China people from foreigners.

Zhuge Liang's policy of divide and rule provides a tolerant living space for ethnic minorities without losing the central leading power, which can be described as combining rigidity with softness. The Shu-Han government was not soft in suppressing the rebellion, but it also relied on the strength of ethnic minorities. For example, Zhang Ben used a large number of mixed forces of Yi and Han in his military operations against Zhaduyi and Luo. It is wrong to think that Zhuge only used jujitsu to govern foreigners, but he also misunderstood the iron-fisted prime minister.

This kind of divide and rule is also found in other successful examples in history. The most typical example is the bald and angry monarch in Nanliang. After the successful establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), his younger brother Li Lu was in power alone, and courtiers suggested that he build a city to live in. Some people think that the Huns have been nomadic since ancient times and can't change the tradition. He told everyone that Han people have lived in the city since ancient times, so let them live in the city. Let's live in tents since ancient times. This practice of maintaining national cultural characteristics has made the weak Nanliang nationality harmonious, while the Xiongnu still maintained its brutality and blood, showing a rare peace during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Nutan was honored as a "saint". If I hadn't met Meng Xun, the first strategist in Liangzhou, his country would have existed for more than 19 years. This is an example of the ethnic division of the Han nationality by ethnic minorities.

Of course, from a modern point of view, there were various drawbacks that hindered ethnic exchanges at that time. But objectively speaking, ethnic integration needs a natural process, and the integration of southwest China will not be fully mature until the Qing Dynasty. The so-called respect, Zhuge Liang regarded the southwest as the people of the country and attached importance to it as the rear area, much more than Zhu Qiang later. Scholars in Song Dynasty divided the world into Han people, barbarians, animals, plants and minerals. It is believed that barbarians are a special species between humans and cattle and sheep. It also reflects that the enterprising spirit and tolerant attitude of the central ruling group in China gradually declined from 65438 to 0000.

Another feature of Zhuge Liang's governance of southwest China is to help the development of southwest yi.

This is remarkable. If ethnic partition is only to lay the foundation for solving the southwest problem, development is the panacea for solving this problem. What did Lord Deng say? Development is the last word! On the national records of huayang. In Shu Zhi, our husband mentioned a conversation between Zhuge Liang and Meng Huo. I don't remember the original text, but the general idea is as follows.

When Meng Huo came to Chengdu as an imperial envoy of Shu, he met him and proposed to reduce the tax burden of Nanzhong. His words are sincere, which shows that Shu Han's collection is indeed heavier. With our understanding of Zhuge Liang's strategy of "attacking the heart", how can we miss such an opportunity of "buying people's hearts"? However, Zhuge Liang refused to agree. He first listed the income of Southwest Yi, indicating the prosperity of this area. The so-called "all officials are rich and live forever", and then Meng Huo made a metaphor. If you earn 10 gold, I will receive 2 gold. Now you ask me to accept 1 gold instead, you can get 9 gold, and I will receive 20 gold for foreigners, so I will receive 5 gold, and I still have 15 gold. Is this good? Meng Huo was completely convinced.

Shu Han has made great contributions to the development and progress of the productive forces of the Yi people in southwest China. Before the Southern Expedition of Shu and Han Dynasties, only Wen Qi, the satrap of Hanyizhou, had introduced rice planting, and local tribes still used caves and slash-and-burn cultivation. "Scattered in the valley, outside the wild, mountains and rivers cut off. Since they were born, they have never traveled to China. Wu Chayi "eats meat, but doesn't see the salt valley". There are many people who make a living by fishing and hunting. Shu officials, led by Zhuge Liang, introduced rice to southwest Yi on a large scale, improved livestock varieties and greatly improved the local economic level. At the same time, help local people design bamboo buildings and set up schools to get rid of the inconvenience of caves. Improve that living condition of the Yi people in southwest China. Ethnic minorities have a strong sense of moral integrity. Up to now, it is said that the bamboo building is modeled after Kongming's hat. Primitive industries such as local mining have also been well developed.

All this requires both the hard work of ethnic minorities and the generosity of the Han nationality as the carrier of advanced culture. It has established a complementary and cooperative relationship among all ethnic groups. Under the rule of Shu Han, the improvement of people's living standards in southwest China has brought great centripetal force to the central government. The central government appears mainly as an old man who helps development, rather than an aggressor, which is obviously more acceptable.

The legend of Guansuo has been circulating in southwest China for a long time. Guan Gong's third son Guan Suo seems to be a hero of all ethnic groups in southwest China. In history, it is almost certain that it has nothing to do with me. The source of this legend comes from the local people's goodwill towards the central government. Due to the needs of the division of Yi and Han, tax collection and transportation, the place where Han officials are stationed is often Guanjin, and the zip line, iron cable bridge, pass and cable prevailing in southwest China have become a major feature of Han gathering places. This seems to be the origin of Guan Suo worship in southwest China. In fact, simple ethnic minorities can certainly resist without fear, but they don't forget friends who can get along well with each other, especially those who have helped them.

It is precisely because the Shuhan regime headed by Zhuge Liang has adopted a series of policies that are conducive to the development and autonomy of Southwest Yi. At the end of Shu and Han Dynasties, Southwest Yi never rebelled against the central government on a large scale, on the contrary, it gave strong support to the central government. Not only in terms of materials, the "Flying Army" formed by Naman is a famous elite army of Shu and Han. It has played an important role in all previous wars. In this process, it also laid the foundation for Southwest Yi to become an inseparable part of China. On the contrary, Xianglinsao, a member of Baiyue system, gradually separated from the central government and became an independent country such as Vietnam. We can go to Xishuangbanna to see elephants, thanks to Wuhou.