The War Process of the Sino-Indian War

This counterattack was carried out on the Karakorum Mountain, known as the "roof of the world", on the south side of the Himalayas. This area has steep terrain, bad climate, sparse population and inconvenient transportation. This harsh natural conditions and geographical environment have had a serious impact on combat operations, and the hardships of combat are rare. The self-defense counterattack on the border between China and India started at1October 20th 1962 and basically ended at1October 20th 165438+2 1. (120-28 October, telephone 1962 65438)

Self-defense counterattacks were carried out in the eastern and western sections of the Sino-Indian border. The Indian army deployed 1 Military Command, 1 Division Command, 4 Brigade Command and 2 1 Infantry Battalion, with a total of about 22,000 people. The Indian army was originally a British colonial army. It took part in the Second World War and fought on the battlefields in North Africa, South Europe and Southeast Asia, and was known as "a powerful force in Europe and Asia". India's Fourth Division, which fought alongside me, is called the "Ace Force" and is the "leading force in the establishment, equipment and training of the Indian army". The 1 14 brigade has been stationed in Kashmir for a long time and has been trained in mountain warfare. These troops are representatives of the Indian army. Its operational deployment is as follows: in the eastern section, four battalions of the seventh brigade are deployed in Kejelang area; Two infantry battalions of the Fourth Artillery Brigade are deployed in Bangshankou and Tawang areas; The 4th Division Tactical Command and 1 Battalion are located in Jimitang and Xia Di areas. Eight battalions of the Fifth Brigade are located in Subanxili Border Region, Xi Border Region and Ruhite. The Fourth Army Command and the Fourth Division are located in Spool. In the western section, the 1 14 brigade of the Indian army was distributed along the border with five battalions, among which 1300 people were distributed in 43 strongholds during the invasion war. The brigade headquarters and 1 camp are located in Liecheng. India's attempt is: in the eastern section, according to the Kejelang area to the south and north of the so-called "Maixian County", continue to expand the occupation to the interior of Tibet; Relying on the 43 strongholds it occupied, the western section continuously invaded our territory and gradually occupied Aksai Qin area in Xinjiang.

The main deployment of China's border guards is: with more than four regiments in Tibet, first smash the attack of Indian troops in Kejilang area, and then annihilate the enemies in Kejilang area and possibly from Tawang area; With troops above 1 regiment in Xinjiang, first crush the Indian army's attack, then annihilate the enemy who invaded Wan Jiale Valley and Hongshantou, and expand the results as appropriate; At the same time, troops from Qamdo, Linzhi, Shannan and other places in Tibet fought back face to face with the enemy and cooperated with the main attack direction.

Counter-offensive operations in Kejelang area. Ke Jielang, located in the south of Tibet in the eastern section of the Sino-Indian border, has a peak ratio of 1500 meters and an altitude of about 4,000 meters. It has dense forests, harsh climate and few people. In this area, two infantry battalions, the 7th Brigade of Indian Army and the 4th Brigade of Artillery, with more than 6,000 people in six battalions, were deployed in Kejelang, Bangshankou and Tawang, in an attempt to consolidate the occupied territory and continue to occupy the area north of Kejelang River, thus realizing their dream of "taking Tagra Ridge (that is, Laze Mountain) as the boundary". China's Tibetan border guards assembled more than 10300 troops to fight back against the Indian Army's Seventh Brigade. According to the distribution characteristics of Indian troops, the front is heavy and the rear is light, the flank is exposed, the front is wide and the rear is shallow, and the principle of concentrating troops to fight annihilation is implemented. With the absolute superiority of firepower three to four times that of the enemy, we adopted the tactics of two-wing cutting, circuitous outflanking, encirclement and division, and annihilation, and began to counterattack at dawn on June 20, 10. The right-wing troops who carried out the general attack crossed the frozen Kejelang River between the guns and Kalong, and fought back against the invasion of the Indian army by the guns and Kalong, tearing the winter and keeping the velvet. Commanders braved the bullets, covered each other, staggered forward and fought fiercely with the Indian army. Ting Yang 'an, the squad leader of Class 6 of Erlian Company, who was responsible for destroying the Kalong stronghold on the Sevila River, fought back heroically, * * * conquered 27 Indian bunkers and recovered the Kalong stronghold, creating conditions for expelling the seventh brigade of the Indian army that invaded Kalong. After the war, Class Six was awarded the title of "Yang Ting Anban" by the Ministry of National Defense. I am responsible for cleaning up the winter village on the south bank of Kejelang River, with three companies and two platoons. Dare to fight and fight, continuously destroy the 14 bunker and recover the winter stronghold. After the war, the second platoon won the collective first class merit. On the same day, the invading Indian army's Ganggang and other strongholds, Kalong, Dongdong and Rongbu, were destroyed.

As an auxiliary force of the left wing, it fought back against the Indian army in Shaze, Zhongkunpao and Kennaiqiao. Indian troops invading Shaze built trenches and 100 light and dark bunkers here. Seizing sand can directly threaten the Indian Army Command in the Krone region. As a result, the troops were helped through the dense forest, climbed the cliff, waded through the rapids and quickly broke into the forefront of the Indian army. The first is to cut off the connection between the Indian army command organ that invaded Kejelang area and Shaze stronghold. In the Battle of Shaze, Zhang Ying, the squad leader of Class 2, Company 9, led the whole class to conquer four Indian bunkers in succession. When attacking the fifth bunker, he was seriously injured, threw the last 1 Grenade into the bunker, and blocked the perforation of the Indian bunker with his legs, making a heroic sacrifice, which created conditions for the subsequent troops to annihilate the Indian army. After the war, the Ministry of National Defense awarded him the title of "War Hero".

On the same day, most of Ke Jielang's Indian troops were annihilated and one escaped. 10 year122 October, announced by the Ministry of National Defense of China; Our army doesn't need to be bound by the illegal "wheat line" 10/0. On October 23rd, troops in Shannan area annihilated the enemy part of Bangshankou and occupied Bangshankou. Then our soldiers pursued in five ways and directly captured Tawang. The Indian army fled in panic to the West Mountain Pass south of the Tawang River. Our border guards crossed the Niangmu River bend as a unit, working day and night, and making rapid progress along the line of Xia Di, Longla and Shaze. Clear Bangshankou invaded another counterattack force of Indian army,1occupied Dongxinqiao and other places on October 24th, 1962. 1962101On October 25th, several counter-offensive forces successively occupied Tawang. One of them continued to push south and reached the north bank of Wanghe River. The battle of Kejelang-Tawang came to an end and the first battle was successful. We wiped out troops such as the Seventh Brigade of the Indian Army, captured Brigadier General Jeep Darvi of the Seventh Brigade of the Indian Army alive, wiped out more than 0/900 Indian troops/KLOC, and recovered all the territories south of Kejelang River, north of Tawang River, east of Bhutan and west of Tawang, in fact denying the so-called McMahon Line.

The troops of Changdu, Linzhi and Shannan Division fought back. Chinese border guards in Qamdo, Nyingchi and Shannan regions of Tibet also launched a counterattack against the Indian troops who invaded face to face on June 20th. 1962. Except for Indian strongholds such as Xialinggong, Lamuduo, Karin, Raman and Ashabila, we annihilated some enemy troops and occupied Yigutong, Manigand and Taksin, approaching Wannong, effectively cooperating with the main attack direction.

Counter-offensive operations in Hongshantou and Bangong Lake areas of Galowan Valley. Wan Jiale River Valley and Hongshantou area are located in the west of Aksai Chin, Xinjiang, and the west section of the Sino-Indian border. Karakorum Mountain and Gangdise Mountain are high and steep, with inconvenient transportation, cold and lack of oxygen, and are deserted. There are about 5,600 people in 5 battalions of the 1 14 brigade of the Indian army, which are distributed in 77 strongholds 600 kilometers ahead of this area, among which 1300 people are distributed in 43 strongholds that invaded China. The brigade headquarters and 1 battalion of the Indian army are located in Liecheng. Jammu-Kashmir National Army Battalion 14 invaded Hongshantou and Jeter United Battalion 5 invaded Galvao Valley. The Indian army set up obstacles in the occupied strongholds, organized fire, and each point had the ability to fight independently. They tried to seize the whole Aksai Qin area in Xinjiang by relying on their own strongholds.

In view of the weakness of the invading Indian army, such as wide front, scattered strongholds and large gap, our Xinjiang border guards concentrated their superior forces and adopted the methods of circuitous encirclement, melee and night fighting to make effective methods of annihilation. They are determined to crush the invasion of Indian troops first, and then adopt the method of focusing on the attack and panic in the spot, and gradually eliminate the invasion of Indian troops in the valleys, red hills, river tail beaches north of Xidagou and astronomical points in Aksai Qin area of Xinjiang. In order to prevent the Indian army from attacking our weak border areas, the garrison detachment of Kongka Mountain Pass Defense Zone organized active defense in the south of Bangong Lake to contain the Indian army's invasion face to face.

Battle of Hongshantou and Battle of Astronomical Defense Zone. Hongshantou is the main direction of the two-stage first-stage counterattack. The temple is an important hub for the Indian army to contact the astronomical point of Durateori base. The Indian army built 16 bunker and five basement fortifications, forming a two-tier firepower position with strong firepower and strong fortifications. On the 20th, Xinjiang border guards first carried out a sudden shelling, and then attacked and counterattacked from the Indian side, west side and south side. One feinted from the front, one went straight into the main peak of Hongshantou from the rear, and the other directly invaded the Indian platform position. The attack team wiped out the recalcitrant Indian army with explosive barrels, explosives and flame throwers. After 1 many hours of fighting, the invading Indian army was driven away and the main peak of Hongshantou was recaptured. Seeing that the tide was gone, the Indian troops who came to reinforce retreated halfway. After the Battle of Hongshantou, we took advantage of the victory to expand the results, and the team that served as the receiver, keeper and watchman successively dismantled six Indian army strongholds, including 1. 3 1, 12, 5, 8, 1 1 and. 17, and annihilate the defenders and recover lost ground. The invasion of other points, the Indian army fled that night. By the evening of February1,all the Indian invasion strongholds in the astronomical defense zone had been cleared, which dealt a heavy blow to the first 1 14 brigade of the Indian army.

The ascending point of the Galowan Valley fights with the defensive zone of the river tail beach. Gallowan Valley is characterized by narrow valley, steep mountain slopes, cliffs and inconvenient transportation. The Indian army airlifted supplies by helicopter. The Indian army built fortifications and bunkers here in an attempt to occupy it for a long time. Xinjiang border guards are familiar with their military terrain. On the 20th, our border guards launched a counterattack against Indian strongholds invaded by the south and the north. First, use night concealment to approach the Indian army stronghold, then carry out a sudden artillery attack, and then insert another one into the front of the Indian army from the left wing on the north side of the valley and move forward; The other attacked from the left wing on the south side of the valley. With the close cooperation of engineers and anti-chemical soldiers, after nearly 40 minutes of fierce fighting, the stronghold of the invading Indian army in Wan Jiale Valley was successfully removed. After the fighting there, our army expanded its achievements and divided into two ways, all the way south along the Galowan Valley; All the way to Xidagou. By 23rd, the strongholds of "Yin He No.27 and No.28" were removed, and the rest of the Indian checkpoints fled when they heard the news. At this point, all the Indian troops in the Heweitan defense zone were wiped out.

Four battles and four wins by Bangong Lake. The 1st 114th Brigade of Indian Army, the 1st1Battalion of Gurkha United, invaded the north and south banks of Bangong Lake and set up a stronghold. The northern shore of Bangong Lake is the Kunka Pass Defense Zone, and the southern shore is the Ali Defense Zone. 2 1, the border guards in charge of counter-offensive operations in the financial district of Kongka Pass seized fighter planes and counterattacked the Indian army in Xilizap and Anlagou on the Chinese side of the north bank of Bangong Lake. On the 22nd, a Xinjiang Shouka detachment on the south bank of Bangong Lake cleared the invading Indian army occupying another stronghold on the south bank and west. Our army won all four battles in the tough battle of Xilizapu, 4400 Highland, Juelagou and campsite on the west bank of Bangong Lake. By the 24th, all the 3 1 invading Indian strongholds on the north and south banks of Bangong Lake and its north area were cleared.

Move to barrigas. Barrigas is located in the northwest of Aliger County, Tibet. It is the Shiquan Valley, which is 0/8km away from the traditional custom line/kloc-0, and the valley is 200-300m wide. There are roads in the valley to the east and mountains on both sides. The 7th Battalion of Indian Jammu-Kashmir National Army invaded the area and established six strongholds in an attempt to occupy and continue to occupy other areas for a long time. On 23rd, after all the strongholds of the invading Indian troops in Bangong Lake area were cleared, Xinjiang border guards on the western front were ordered to go south to Ali to annihilate the invading Indian troops in barrigas. Regardless of the fatigue of fighting for several days and nights, the troops who received the task advanced southward with amazing will, and fought back against the invading Indian troops in Arikou, Yoshankou and barrigas. On the way to the transfer, our border guards marched day and night in the ice and snow environment 1400, and some teams walked waist-deep on the frozen Gaer River twice. The engineering detachment bridged the glacier at MINUS 20 degrees to ensure the troops entered. The troops can't eat rice, drink boiled water, eat ice and snow, eat dry food, and are hungry and cold. On the 26th, they rushed to the Jiagang-Shiquan River area to gather. Then, the soldiers were divided into two ways: the right wing detoured from Jiagang-Qikan-Laganher to the Indian side, cutting off its retreat; The left wing launched a main attack along the Shiquan River basin and encircled the area between Virigas and Carrigo. The card-protecting detachment cooperated with A Zhi, Kakan and Zhaxigang to fight the main battle. On the 27th, a counter-offensive force arrived at Yamaguchi and began to engage with the Indian army. Ismail mohamed, the squad leader of the machine gun company, got off the bus to cover his comrades-in-arms, and fired fiercely at the Indian army with a submachine gun to attract the Indian army's firepower. He was seriously injured twice, but he still insisted on fighting to cover his comrades until he died heroically. After the war, he was awarded the title of "combat hero" by the Ministry of National Defense. This battle killed and captured many Indian troops and occupied the mountain pass. 27, A Zhi and Chikan team captured Yosemite Pass. On the same day, attack force formed an encirclement of the Indian army in barrigas. On the 28th, they repelled the attack of the invading Indian army and recovered Rado, Diemuchuk and other places. And recovered Veregas, Karigo and other places. The battle to defend Riggs is over. In extremely harsh environment and climate, Xinjiang border guards fought thousands of miles from Karakorum Mountain to Gangdise Mountain, uprooted 37 invading Indian strongholds, recovered part of the territory, and wiped out the enemy 1 unit, which effectively cooperated with the counterattack of the eastern main force. China's border guards have achieved great victory in the first stage of self-defense counterattack, and the military struggle is in a very favorable situation. However, in line with the consistent position of peaceful settlement of border disputes, for the fundamental interests of the Chinese and Indian peoples and to ease the serious situation caused by the Indian authorities, the Government of China issued a statement on124 October, and put forward three suggestions for peaceful settlement of the border issue between China and India. The most important three points are that the armed forces of both sides retreat 20 kilometers from the actual line of control and disengage. Premier Zhou Enlai sent a letter to Prime Minister Nehru, hoping that the Indian government would respond positively to the three suggestions made by the China government. These three suggestions have made people around the world more aware of China's sincerity in peacefully resolving the border issue. According to the government, the Chinese border guards stopped pursuing in the eastern section on June 24th 10 and assembled in the north of Tawang River. 1October 28th 10, the western section stopped fighting back against the invading Indian army and gathered in Jiagang and the Japanese Tuzong area to rest. 165438+1October 4th, Zhou Enlai once again sent a letter to Nehru, calling on the Indian side to respond positively to the three-point proposal put forward by the Indian government, pointing out that China's three-point proposal is reciprocity rather than one-sided, equality rather than submission, reciprocity rather than imposition, respect rather than bullying, and friendliness rather than bossiness. China's three-point proposal and action to stop the counter-offensive were warmly welcomed and praised by peace-loving countries and people in the world, which mobilized international public opinion, supported China's foreign policy of peace, and prompted the Indian government to respond to China's proposal. These three proposals not only showed China's sincerity for peace once again, but also stripped Nehru of his self-proclaimed coat of peace, neutrality and non-alignment, exposed the true face of Indian aggression and further exposed the slander of Indian and international reactionary forces on China.

Although the Indian government suffered a crushing defeat in the first stage of the battle, it still refused to admit defeat, and flagrantly rejected three suggestions made by our government, openly demanding the restoration of the border state before September 28th, 65438+1962, that is, after the Indian army occupied a large part of China's territory. The peace proposal that attacked China was "a hoax". The Indian government further set off an anti-China wave and stepped up war mobilization and preparation. Declare the whole country into a "state of emergency", set up a "cabinet to deal with emergencies", openly beg for military assistance from the United States and other western countries, dispatch troops from all over the country, increase the number of troops on the border day and night, seize weapons, and concentrate on another military contest with China to fight it out with our army. By mid-June, 5438+065438+ 10, the Indian army had added two divisions, nine brigades, 1 artillery and 1 armored units in the eastern and western sections of the Sino-Indian border, and the total strength had increased to more than 30,000 people. Its deployment is as follows: in the eastern section, four brigades of the fourth division are deployed along the Xishankou-Band-Aid La Highway; The second reason is that the 1 1 brigade is deployed in the Warong area; The fifth brigade is located in Subanxili and Xi 'an, and the192nd brigade is located in Tispur. In the western section, the seventieth brigade is deployed in the east dike and its west area; The 1 14 brigade deployed Yu Chuchu Le and its northern area; The third Himalayan Division is located in Liecheng. Nehru thought it would definitely defeat our army. With the great fanfare of the Indian government, Indian troops from Varong and Xikoushan launched fierce attacks on our army on June 5438+065438+1October 14 and June 16. In view of this, in order to ease the border tension and create conditions for solving the border issue through negotiations, it is necessary to deal a heavy blow to the Indian army again. Therefore, the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission decided to fight back against the invading Indian army again. (1962 165438+10 month16 to 2 1)

In the face of the Indian army's armed invasion again, the Central Military Commission immediately ordered the Tibetan and Xinjiang border guards to continue to counterattack the invading Indian army in the eastern and western sections respectively. In the eastern section, the Tibet Military Region commanded eight infantry regiments and three artillery regiments to counterattack the Xishankou-Band-Aid La area south of the Tawang River. In order to strengthen the operational command to the eastern part of the Eastern Section, it was decided to set up Changdu area (namely Zhi Ding), which was composed of Wei Tongtai, deputy commander of Ding Sheng, deputy political commissar of Zhongchi, Lan Yinong, director of the Political Department, and Hong Jinwu, commander of Changdu Military Division, etc., to command the troops of four regiments to counterattack the troops of Shannan and Linzhi divisions in Tibet in the Vanong area, and to cooperate with the main attack direction in the central part of the Eastern Section. In the western section, the commander of Xinjiang Military Region 1 regiment is the main force, fighting back in Bangongluo area.

The end of the war

1962 1 65438+1October 2124: 00, the General Staff Department sent it to all units by express telegram. The message reads as follows: Qian Zhi Military Region in Tibet, Zhi Ding Military Region, Kangzhi Military Region, Hecheng Military Region in Xinjiang, Lanzhou Military Region and Beijing Military Region: In order to further strive for political initiative, the Central Committee decided to issue a statement, announcing that in order to promote the peaceful settlement of the Sino-Indian border issue, our army decided to take the initiative to cease fire from 00: 00 on June 22+65: 438 on February.

1962165438+10: 00 on October 22nd. The Indian army ceased fire on the Sino-Indian border in accordance with Mao Zedong's orders.

1 962 65438+February1,China troops voluntarily withdrew. To 1 March 19631,all retreated within 20km of the actual control line of1959165438+1October 7. This is the desire of the China government to maintain the friendly relations between China and India, and it also shows once again China's sincerity in advocating that the Sino-Indian border issue be resolved through peaceful negotiations rather than by force.

China's border guards were ordered to wipe and repair a large number of weapons and vehicles seized in the counterattack, and in June+mid-February, 5438, other captured military materials were packed and sent back to India. No prisoner will be killed, beaten, cursed, insulted or confiscated. Give preferential treatment in life and treat the injured.

This move by the China government is unprecedented in the history of war and has been highly praised by many countries and people in the world.