Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Feishui in history.

In the 13th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (208), Sun Quan and Liu Bei joined forces and defeated Cao Cao's army in Chibi of the Yangtze River (now northwest of Puyin, Hubei, northeast of Jiayu), laying the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

After Cao Cao basically unified the north, he trained sailors in Xuanwu Pool and took measures against the Guanzhong area where unrest might occur. Then, in July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, in order to unify the north and south, he sent more than 100,000 troops to conquer Jingzhou (now Hubei and Hunan). At that time, Sun Quan had conquered Xiakou (now Wuhan) from Jiangdong, opened the gateway of Jingzhou to the west, annexed Jing and Yizhou (governing Chengdu) and developed northward; Liu Bei, who was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, took Zhuge Liang as his counselor and made a strategy of taking advantage of Jing and Yi, uniting with Sun Quan and marching into the Central Plains, and practiced the water army in Fancheng. Cao's weaknesses, such as hard work, acclimatization, being shorter than water war and lack of food, strengthened Sun Quan's determination to resist Cao Cao. Sun Quan, regardless of the main opposition Zhang Zhao, appointed Zhou Yu as the viceroy, Cheng Pu as the deputy viceroy, and Lu Su as the commander of the praise army. He led 30,000 elite sailors, joined forces with Liu Bei for about 50,000, and went up the river and entered Xiakou.

After Cao Cao captured Jiangling, he took Wen Pin, the general of Liu Biao, as the satrap of Jiangxia, and still unified his own army to guard Hanchuan (now Jianghan Plain). Liu Zhang, an animal husbandry in Yizhou, also sent troops to supplement Cao Cao's army and began to pay tribute to the court. Cao Cao is proud and underestimates his enemy. He didn't listen to Jia Xu, the counselor, and sent a letter to intimidate Sun Quan, claiming to fight Wu. In winter, the pro-unification army goes hand in hand along the Yangtze River.

Sun and Liu joined forces behind the gorge, and then they went back to the river to meet Cao Jun and meet at Chibi. Cao Jun last stand, who lost his prestige, was readmitted and returned to Jingzhou. His fighting capacity was poor and all diseases prevailed, so that he lost the first battle. He hurriedly retreated to the north shore, stationed in Wulin (now Honghu, Hubei) and confronted the allies across the river.

Cao Cao ordered the warships to be connected, which reduced the turbulence and facilitated the boarding of northern soldiers. They want to step up their training and attack by standing by. In view of the long-term disadvantage of being outnumbered, Zhou Yu is determined to find a chance to make a quick decision. According to the weakness of Cao Jun's "serial ship", Huang Gai suggested fire attack, which was well received. Huang Gai immediately sent someone to send Cao Cao a fake surrender letter, and then set off with dozens of ships. The front 10 boat is full of dry firewood soaked in oil, covered with cloth, planted with the flag agreed with Cao Cao, tied with a canoe and headed for Wulin along the southeast wind. When approaching the other side, Cao Jun, who let his guard down, rushed over and watched Huang Gai come down. At this point, Huang Gai ordered the firewood to be lit, and each boat was changed to retreat. Fireboat broke into Cao Jun's fleet in the wind, and suddenly it was ablaze, and the fire quickly spread to the shore camp. The allied forces took advantage of the situation to attack, and Cao Jun suffered heavy casualties. Knowing that the defeat was irreversible, Cao Cao ordered the burning of the remaining ships and led the army to retreat.

Zhou Yu and others confronted Coss across the river and sent Gan Ning to attack Yiling (now Yichang). Coss divided his troops around Ganning. Zhou Yu led the army to rescue and defeated Cao Jun, then crossed the north bank of Jiangtun and continued to confront Coss. After Liu Bei returned to Xiakou from Jiangling, he returned to Hanshui and went around behind Coss. Coss knew it was difficult to continue the stalemate, and he was forced to retreat the following year.

After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei won the four counties of Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling, and worked as a shepherd in Jingzhou the following year, which laid the foundation for development and entry into Yizhou. Cao Cao learned the lesson of failure, promoted the water army, controlled the Jianghuai area, and confronted Sun Quan. In order to resist Cao, Sun Quan continued to form an alliance with Liu Bei and let him develop in Jingzhou. The tripartite confrontation between the three countries has gradually taken shape.

Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao were conceited, underestimating their enemies, making mistakes in command, and the water army was not strong, which eventually led to defeat. Sun Quan and Liu Bei calmly analyzed the situation in the face of strong enemies, formed an alliance to resist the Japanese war, enhanced the strength of water warfare, and skillfully attacked with fire, thus creating a famous war example in China's military history.

Battle of feishui

Feishui in 383 (now Wabu Lake in Anhui)

The Battle of Feishui is a famous example in the history of China. Decided the long-term division pattern of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

The corrupt politics at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty triggered great social unrest, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the south, Si Marui, the evil king of Jinlang, proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) in 3 17 A.D. and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, occupying most areas south of Hanshui River and Huaihe River. In the north, there are many disputes between ethnic minority regimes. The pre-Qin Dynasty established by Di Ren destroyed, Dai and other separatist countries, and unified the Yellow River basin. Later in 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and its influence extended to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River. Fu Jian, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, was ambitious, hoping to eliminate the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and unify the north and the south with the trend of "high winds sweeping autumn leaves".

10 On June 8th, Fu Jian's brother Fu Rong led Qin Jun's vanguard troops to capture Shouyang, and captured Xu Yuanxi, commander-in-chief of 8 Jin Army. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). On the way, Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been breached by Fu Rong, so he retreated to Shi Xia (now southwest of Fengtai, Anhui) and waited to meet the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Shi Xia. Fu Rong led Liang Cheng to attack Luo Jian (east of Huainan, Anhui Province) with fifty thousand troops, blocking the Huaihe River traffic and Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Shi Xia, and the food and grass were exhausted, making it difficult to support. He wrote a letter for emergency use, but the money for delivering the letter was caught by Chi, and the letter fell into Fu Rong's hands. Fu Rong immediately reported to Fu Jian that 8 Jin J serenade was short of food and grass, and suggested that he arise quickly to prevent 8 Jin J from escaping. Fu Jian was rewarded and left the army in Xiangcheng, leading 8,000 cavalry to Shouyang.

As soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to 8 Jin Army Camp to surrender. After arriving at the camp, Zhu Xu did not surrender, but provided Xie Shi with information about Qin Jun. He said, "Although Qin Jun has a population of one million, it is still marching. If we concentrate our forces, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's incomplete arrival to launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired and then waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defense to attack and take the initiative to attack.

165438+ 10 In June, Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi, a valiant general, to attack Luo Jian with 5000 soldiers, which started the battle of Feishui. Qin Cheng led 50,000 troops to line up against the enemy by the river. Liu Laozhi divided his troops and made a detour to Qin Jun to cut off his retreat; Led the troops to storm waterinfo and attack Qin array. Qin Jun panicked, barely resisted for a while, and then collapsed. The commander Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died in battle, and the officers and men rushed to the Huaihe River to save their lives, killing more than 1.5 million people. Luo Jian's victory greatly boosted the morale of 8 jin j.. Xie Shi went hand in hand with land, arrived at the east bank of Feishui (now Nanhe Feihe River in Shouxian County, Anhui Province), camped on the side of Bagong Mountain, and faced Qin Jun in Shouyang across the river. Fu Jian stood on the Shouyang rostrum, and saw at a glance that the Jin army on the other side was well-groomed, and a good soldier would be strong. Even the vegetation on Bagong Mountain looks like people, mistaking it for A Jin soldiers. He was quite alert and said to Fu Rong: "This is also a strong enemy. What is weakness? " This is the origin of the famous allusion "all plants are soldiers".

Due to the pressure on the west bank of Feishui, 8 Jin Army could not cross the river, so they had to confront each other across the river. Xie Xuan sent an emissary to Fu Rong, who dared not say, "You are a long-term plan, not someone who wants to make a quick decision. Wouldn't it be great if we moved several troops across the border and decided to win or lose? " Qin Jun's generals all expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought that we could play along and let the troops retreat a little. When the Jin army crosses the river halfway, the cavalry will kill it again, so as to win. Fu Rong also agreed to Fu Jian's plan, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and instructed Qin Jun to retreat. However, the morale of Qin Jun soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than 8,000 cavalry to Qin Jun, and Zhu Xu shouted after the battle of Qin Jun: "Qin Jun was defeated! Qin Bing was defeated! " Chixin believed it and turned and ran. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong rode to stop it in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of 8 Jin Army. The loss of main qi became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused panic in the follow-up troops, and it also ran away in a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun routed troops didn't dare to stay along the way. When he heard the jittery wind, he thought that the Jin army was chasing him (this is the origin of the famous allusion "jittery wind"). 8 jin j 56-point thrashing, arrived at Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin soldiers and horses marched step by step, covering mountains and irrigating rivers. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow, and only 65438+ 10,000 yuan was left when he fled back to Luoyang.

The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he put aside the good news with a straight face and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report coming from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." Hearing this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken tooth".

At the battle of water, more than 700,000 * * were completely annihilated, scattered in former Qin Jun, and only the 30,000 troops of Xianbei Mu Rongchui Department were still intact. Fu Jian's hope of reunifying the north and the south was completely dashed. Not only that, the temporary unification of the north has also collapsed, and it has once again split into more local ethnic regimes. Mu Rongchui of Xianbei nationality and Yao Chang of Qiang nationality rose again and established new countries respectively. Fu Jian himself was captured and killed by Yao Chang two years later, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. Although the winner of this war, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, failed to restore the sovereignty of China, it effectively curbed the intrusion of northern minorities on the South, creating conditions for the social and economic recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River.

The battle of Feishui confirmed the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Later, Emperor Wu of the Southern Song Dynasty entered Chang 'an in 4 17 AD, but the military generals clashed in Guanzhong, gaining and losing. In 450, Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty infiltrated from the north bank of the Yellow River and pushed all the way to the north bank of the Yangtze River. However, it is difficult for northerners to adapt to the climate in the south. Soldiers are very ill and cannot stay long. Hou Jing rebelled many times, first rebelled against Beiqi, defected to Nanliang, and then rebelled against Liangzi. He was also trapped in Jiankang in 548 AD, and was soon killed by his subordinates, which was far from the goal of reunifying the whole country. It was not until 589 AD that Emperor Wendi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Wendi, inherited "one boundary" and "one area". So far, 206 years have passed since the Battle of Feishui.

The battle of Feishui has also become a famous example of how to win more with less, which has been recorded in military history and has had a long-term impact on the war view and decisive battle thought of later strategists.

During the period of Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, the former Qin Dynasty, which basically unified the north, and the Eastern Jin regime, which occupied the left bank of the Yangtze River, launched an "earth-shattering" war in Lishui, Huainan in 383 AD. This is a century-long confrontation between the northern glory and Jiang Zuo's graceful and indifferent spirit, and it is also the intersection that determines the fate of China in Wuhu era. The result of this war was completely unexpected to many people at that time. History books tell us that the Eastern Jin army was outnumbered by fewer troops, and 80,000 Jin troops defeated the former Qin army, which claimed to be 970,000.

This earth-shattering war has far exceeded the war itself and changed the political situation in China in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Battle of Feishui directly led to the disintegration of the former Qin Dynasty, and later Fu Jian, the ruler of the former Qin Dynasty, was also killed by Yao Chang, a rebel. However, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which favored Jiang Zuo, continued to maintain political power because of this war, and the Chinese culture was also passed down. The great division and chaos in China not only did not end, but intensified, and the reunification of the North and the South was postponed for two centuries. It can be said that without the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty after the Battle of Feishui, there would be no rise of Tuoba Northern Wei Dynasty, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which lasted for more than 160 years, would be out of the question, let alone the inheritance of Sui and Tang Dynasties by the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties.

The historical influence of the Battle of Feishui is so great that people are keen on the legendary account and ignore the real history. For thousands of years, idioms such as "beyond the reach of the whip" and "the wind is rustling, and the grass and trees are all soldiers" are familiar. Fu Jian's headstrong attitude and Xie An's theory on soldiers have become the talk of countless scholars and historians. Many people think that the battle of Feishui is a war in which contingency overwhelms inevitability. However, the Battle of Feishui is not an isolated historical event. If we want to understand the motivation, influence, process and details of the Feishui War, we can't leave the general process of North-South history since the May 4th Movement. This paper attempts to explore the inevitable factors behind "accidental events", focusing on process analysis rather than giving simple conclusions easily.

Meaning:

The Battle of Feishui is a famous war in Chinese history, which took place from August to February in 383 AD (Taiyuan, the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty). This war is a famous war example in the history of our country, in which the few win over the many and the weak win over the strong, leaving meaningful historical anecdotes and historical relics for future generations. Idioms such as "the wind is trembling, the grass is full of soldiers", "raising the whip to cut off the flow" and "playing chess on the villa" have always been popular.

Qin Jin's two armies faced each other across the water, and Xie Xuan dared to send someone to see Furong, saying that he would retreat a little, give up a waterfront battlefield, and the two armies fought a decisive battle. All the generals at that time thought that we should stick to the foot of the mountain and not let the 8 Jin Army cross the river. But Fu Jian thought that hundreds of thousands of fighters could be killed by approaching water. According to Fu Jian's orders, Fu Rong ordered the three armies to retreat. Unexpectedly, when he gave the order, the whole army immediately rioted and people were in a panic. After the battle, Zhu Xu shouted again: "Qin Jun was defeated!" As a result, hundreds of thousands of troops in Fu Jian collapsed without fighting.

Xie Xuan commanded 8,000 Jin troops to cross the river, slashing and fleeing for their lives, trying to hold their ground, but in the chaos, the horse tripped and was killed by the Jin army. Qin Jun was defeated and trampled on himself, but the deceased "closed the field and sealed off Sichuan". Fortunately, he didn't die. "Abandoning armor and fleeing at night" heard "trembling" and thought that 8 Jin Army was catching up. Along the way, "sleeping on the grass, focusing on hunger and freezing, even seven or eight people died." Fu Jian also gave up riding, fled back to Huaibei alone, collected down archers, and millions of troops defeated Luoyang, leaving only more than 100,000 down archers. At this point, Fu Jian's dream of invading China was completely shattered, and he returned to Chang 'an, and the country soon perished. At the foot of Bagong Mountain, "all soldiers are at the risk of trouble" has become a spectacle in the history of war, which is praised by later generations.

First, the rise of the former Qin Dynasty and the trip to unify the North

The Five Rebellions in China began at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, with the rebellion of the Eight Kings. From the disaster of Yongjia, the Hu people in the Great Wall stepped onto the historical stage of China and successively ruled the central areas of ancient China-Guanzhong, Kanto and North China. During this period, the Han people gradually withdrew from the northern political arena. In the more than 100 years before the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern land was littered with all corners of the country, with endless wars and opposing forces. The Huns, brothers and sisters, Qiang and Xianbei were called Wang Jianguo, and this period was called the Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries Period.

Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty was a very successful monarch in the period of Five Hu and Sixteen Countries. In 357 AD, Fu Jian ascended the throne of the former Qin Dynasty after launching a palace political revolution. During the twenty-six years from 357 A.D. to the Battle of Feishui, the pre-Qin army moved eastward and westward, and finally unified most of the northern regions.

In 357 AD, the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the Qiang people headed by Yao Xiang, and then destroyed the local governors in Zhangping, Zhao. In 366 A.D., the former Qin Dynasty put down the rebellion of Xiongnu Right King and Zuo Liu.

In 370 AD, the former Qin ordered Wang Meng and Deng Qiang to ride Murong Xianbei's 60,000-foot Yan Qian. In terms of economy, population, territory and military strength, Yan Qian was superior to the former Qin Dynasty. Perhaps Fu Jian's original intention was just to crusade against the former Yan, and he did not attempt to destroy Yan. However, the progress of the war was far beyond the expectations of both sides. Wang Meng and Deng Qiang defeated more than 400,000 Yan Qian troops led by former Yan Taifu Murong Ping. Subsequently, Fu Jian led hundreds of troops to support Wang Meng, thus completely eliminating Yan Qian's military power. More than 60 years after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Yan Qian passed away.

In 373 AD, the former Qin Dynasty sent 50,000 troops to capture Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yizhou (now Sichuan), which belonged to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and extended its influence to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hanshui River basin. Liang Yizhou is the place where Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Dynasty, and Liu Bei, the Emperor of Shu Zhaolie, rose respectively. In the early years, Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty recovered Liangyi County and soon merged into the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Belonging to the strategic edge of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it was in a semi-independent state of local warlords. Therefore, the loss of Liang Yizhou is great for the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but it does not hurt its vitality.

In 376 AD, the former Qin Dynasty opened two battlefields, the East and the West, almost at the same time. The former Qin ordered Gou Jian, Liang, and Yao Chang to ride 130,000 troops into Liangzhou ancient collection, while the former Liang advocated that Tian Xi was defeated and surrendered, and the former Liang perished. The war on the western front is not completely over. Fu Jian appointed Luo as the northern commander-in-chief, led 100,000 soldiers in secluded places, and led 200,000 troops to ride. In addition, he dispatched 8,000 cavalry from the Liangzhou battlefield on the western front, and attacked Tuoba Xianbei's Daiguo by shunt, and Daiguo declared its demise. In this campaign, the former Qin dynasty used about 300 thousand troops. After Liang Qian and Daiguo were destroyed, Fu Jian basically unified most of the northern regions.

Qin's journey to the north before reunification was a history of conquest with unparalleled martial arts. "Jin Shufu Ji Jianzai" said, "(Pre-Qin) Yan Ping Ding Shu, who seized the generation and swallowed the cold, spanned two thirds, ranking seventh in Kyushu." Before the Battle of Feishui, the world had won. Except Jingzhou, Huainan and Jiangnan, the former Qin Dynasty won seven or eight times. The territory of the former Qin Dynasty was "the sea in the east, Qiuci in the west, Xiangyang in the south and desert in the north" [1]. Silla and Su Shen in the East, Dawan, Kangju, Yutian and Tianzhu in the Western Region all sent envoys to establish friendly relations with the former Qin Dynasty. During this period, the pre-Qin period was very powerful. "Although the five lakes are prosperous, they are unparalleled." [2]

However, when we open the relevant chapters in the Book of Jin and the Sword of Purple Tongzhi, we will find that this history of conquest with superb martial arts is also a history of constant rebellion, frequent wars and ethnic conflicts. From Fu Jian's accession to the throne in 357 AD to the Battle of Feishui in 383 AD, the frequency of wars in the former Qin Dynasty was quite amazing. There was a war every year except 362 and 363. These wars, apart from the above-mentioned unified war of "Yan pacified Shu, captured the next generation and swallowed the cold" and a series of small-scale wars with the Eastern Jin Dynasty, mostly belonged to quelling various rebellions. The frequency of civil war and foreign war is similar, which shows that the rule of the former Qin Dynasty was not stable.

After quelling the rebellion or conquering neighboring countries, the former Qin dynasty adopted punitive immigration, and moved a large number of enemy tribes into Guanzhong, Kanto and Hebei by compulsory measures in an attempt to disintegrate the rule of the other side in its original place of residence. For example, in 358 AD, Fu Jian moved more than 3,000 households from Zhangping to Chang 'an. In October 360, tens of thousands of soldiers from Dugu Department of Wuhuan and Xianbei Wei Department surrendered to Qin, first moving to the south and then to the north. In 365, the former Qin defeated Gu Cao, the right sage king of Xiongnu, and then moved his hero to Chang 'an. 370 years ago, after Qin destroyed the former Yan, more than 40,000 Xianbei Haozu under Murong moved to Chang 'an. In 37 1 year, Fu Jian moved 150,000 heroes from Kanto and Zayi to Guanzhong, moved Wuhuan tribe to Fengyi and Beidi, and moved Dingling Zhabin Department to Xin 'an and Mianchi. In September 376, more than 7,000 powerful families moved to Guanzhong after the former Qin Dynasty destroyed the former cool. In the same year, the extinct Xianbei tribe was dispersed and settled in the northern border. [3]

Forced migration measures have a long history, and there are records of large-scale migration of strongmen and Hu nationality in Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Western Jin Dynasty and post-Zhao Dynasty. In order to eliminate the influence of these forces in the original place of residence, the ruling class often adopts this means of immigration. This kind of migration under the rule of the former Qin dynasty was far more than that of the previous dynasty, which was related to frequent ethnic conflicts. Fu Jian's practice is slightly different from that of the previous dynasty. He always moved the defeated party to the core areas of strategy, such as Guanzhong and Zhongyuan, as well as northern fortresses such as Beidi and Yanmen. After these immigrants moved to their new residence, many nobles became poor. For example, after Yan Qian was destroyed, some Xianbei nobles actually sold straw sandals at the head of Chang 'an Street. Although this immigration policy did not really strengthen the rule, it greatly aggravated the hatred between different ethnic groups. Once the world changes, these tribes will become unstable factors.

Second, various ethnic forces hidden under the appearance of northern reunification.

Fu Jian's unification of the north is the inevitable result of the expansion of military power. The integration of political and military affairs between various internal forces and the integration of various ethnic groups in the north is far from complete. At this time, the military potential of all parties was temporarily suppressed by the powerful military forces of the former Qin Dynasty. These forces were all important factors that led to the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty after the Battle of Feishui. With a little analysis, the military forces divided or hidden in the pre-Qin version at that time were roughly divided into the following cadres [4]:

Murong Xianbei. Murong Xianbei was the most powerful Xianbei clan at that time. Although the former Yan State established by Murong was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty, Xianbei people were moved to Guanzhong, Kanto and other places in large numbers, and they still lived in groups and were easy to gather, causing trouble. The dignitaries of Murong aristocratic family, such as Murong Yong, Mu Rongchui, Mu Rongchong, Murong Hong and others, all served as senior officials of the former Qin Dynasty and had certain military power. This scattered but not extinct force made a comeback after the Battle of Feishui, and established Xiyan and Houyan.

Tuoba Xianbei. Because the Tuoba department was still braided, people at that time also called it "Suotou" Xianbei. Tuoba Xianbei once established Daiguo, and the vast area from the north of Shanxi to the south of Mobei was under the actual control of Daiguo. After the demise of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian once said in the imperial edict: "Suotoushi crossed the northern part of Shuozhou, divided into regions, attracted Wusun to the east, controlled the string by a million, and looked at the clouds." [5] It can be seen that Tuoba Xianbei is powerful. The last ruler of Daiguo was Tuoba Shiyi. Only three years after the Battle of Feishui, in 386 AD, Tuoba Youshi's grandson Tuoba Xuancheng became the king of Mengniu Chuan, which opened the prelude to the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Qiang people. Qiang nationality is one of the main nationalities in Guanlong area. During the post-Zhao period, Ju moved to Kanto. At the end of the post-Zhao Dynasty, Yao Gezhong, its leader, was promoted. After Yao Gezhong's death, his son, Yao Xiang, rebelled against Jin in an attempt to establish a country based in Luoyang. Yao Xiang was first defeated by Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and then destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. Yao Chang's younger brother, Yao Chang, led his troops to surrender to the State of Qin, and Yao Chang repeatedly made meritorious military service and became one of Fu Jian's favorite generals. After the Battle of Feishui, Yao Chang led the Qiang people to establish the post-Qin Dynasty. In 385 AD, Fu Jian was captured by Yao Chang and hanged.

Used to be cool. In 376 AD, Zhang's former coolness was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. In the Battle of Feishui, Tianxi Zhang surrendered to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the Battle of Feishui, Zhang's power was devastated. The former cool environment was later controlled by Lu Guang, an Adi, in Lueyang.

Lu Guangbu is from Lueyang. Lin Wei's Di family and Lu family in Lueyang are both Longyou people. Lu Guang, a former general of the Qin Dynasty, made outstanding achievements and was loyal to Fu Jian. Before the Battle of Feishui, Lv Guang led 70,000 troops to the Western Regions to make peace with 36 countries in the Western Regions. After the Battle of Feishui, Lu Guangbu did not return to Guanzhong to rescue Fu Jian, but defeated the former secretariat of Liangzhou, Qin, and established a separatist regime in Liangzhou, which historically claimed to continue to control the Western Regions.

Tiefu Xiongnu Liu Bu. Northerners call Khufu Xianbei's mother "Iron Father". Liu, the iron-rich Xiongnu, fell from Qin to Yan in the early stage, which was capricious. After the demise of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian was bounded by the Yellow River, and Hexi was owned by Liu. After the Battle of Feishui, Liu occupied the northern land and was later destroyed by Tuoba GUI of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Liu's son, Liu, was the king of Helian Bobo who later established the Daxia Kingdom. Daxia was also destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Tiefu Xiongnu Liu Kuren Department. Liu Kuren was originally an adult in the south, but joined the former Qin after the elimination of the former Qin Dynasty and was named General Guangwu. To the east of the Yellow River, Liu Kuren is in charge of Yanmen, Shanggu and Dai Jun. After Liu Kuren died, his younger brother Liu Tou took over as soon as possible.

Wu Huan. Attached to Wu Huan, scattered in Hebei and Kanto. After the Battle of Feishui, most people in Wuhuan were loyal to Mu Rongchui, which became an important force against the former Qin Dynasty and contributed to the establishment of the post-Yan State. The strongest people in Wuhuan are Zhang Xiang, Liu Dawei and Luli. In 398 AD (the first year of Tianxing), Zhang Xiangzi and Zhu Kezhang claimed to be the King of Wu Wan in Nanpi, Bohai County (now Nanpi County, Hebei Province), which was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Ding Ling family Zhai family. Dingling Department moved to Xin 'an and Mianchi after the former Qin Dynasty unified the north. After the Battle of Feishui, Zhai Bin, the leader of the alliance, took the lead in the crusade against Qin, and Ding Ling under Zhai competed with Xianbei people in the Central Plains for a long time. Ding Ling once ruled seven counties in Hebei with a population of more than 30,000 households. Zhai Bin led Ding Ling clan to join Houyan Mu Rongchui and was killed. All clans were included in Houyan.

Longxi Xianbei begging for Fu Guoren. The Xianbei people who migrated to Longxi area were led by Qi people. He was ruled by the former Qin Dynasty and led the rebellion in 383 AD (the year of the Battle of Feishui). In 385 AD, Qi claimed to be a viceroy, a general and a great Khan, which was called the Western Qin in history.

The remnants of the post-Zhao era. Zhang Ping, Li Li and Gao Chang, the generals of the post-Zhao Dynasty, successively sent envoys to surrender to the post-Yan, then to the Eastern Jin Dynasty and finally to the former Qin Dynasty, each receiving a title, and some even held the titles of the three countries at the same time. The purpose of their vacillation is to be neutral and stable, which also makes the situation in the Central Plains variable. The most powerful person is Zhang Ping, who once occupied the whole of Shanxi. After Zhang Ping was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty, Zhang Ping himself was appointed as a general. Zhang Ping's adopted son, Zhang Hao, was a brave soldier who had participated in the Battle of Feishui.

Although Fu Jian unified the north, the tribal military system still exists, the military forces of all ethnic groups have not been completely eliminated, and the root of national chaos still exists. As Fu Rong exhorted Fu Jian in 360 AD, although the Hu people apparently surrendered to the former Qin Dynasty, they were "greedy for geographical location, not Huaide; I dare not invade the border, but I am afraid of military power and I am not grateful. " [6] When the former Qin Dynasty attacked the Eastern Jin Dynasty on a large scale, all ministries were waiting for the end of the Feishui War. The victory of the former Qin dynasty was not bad for them, and the leaders of all ministries could be promoted to ranks and titles. If the former Qin Dynasty is defeated, maybe this is what they hope. They can wait for an opportunity to rise again and become kings. For Fu Jian, the battle of Feishui is a decisive battle, and there can be no winning or losing.

The Influence of the Battle of Feishui on the History of China

In the short term, the Battle of Feishui shattered the intention of the former Qin Dynasty to unify the whole country, which turned the north from unification to chaos and division again, and also laid the era of confrontation between the north and the south until the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country.

In the long run, the most important role of the Battle of Feishui is to continue and develop the Central Plains culture of the Han nationality who fled to the south, and directly affect the spiritual essence of the unified dynasties such as Sui and Tang Dynasties. It can be said that the Battle of Feishui preserved the core part of Chinese culture and gave it a chance to breathe and rise again after the so-called "five flowers".