Brief introduction and detailed information of Nebuchadnezzar Chu

Nibchu, 305 kilometers east of Chita, a major town in Russia's Far East, has a Siberian town similar to Nibchusk. I'm afraid this Russian place name is unfamiliar to China people, but the first treaty formally signed between China and the West was born here more than 300 years ago. This is Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

Located in Russia's Outer Baikal Territory, known by Russia as Nerchinsk, is located on the banks of the Nercha River. In the early Qing Dynasty, it belonged to the hunting ground of China Mongols, and was later invaded by Russia and established a stronghold, renamed as "Nebuchadnezzar".

1689, the Chinese and Russian missions signed a treaty in Nebuchadnezzar, stipulating that China and Russia would take the Ergon River and the grbic River as the boundaries and incorporate the Nebuchadnezzar region into the Russian national territory.

Nibchu has a continental climate. 65438+ 10, the monthly average temperature is -33-26℃, and the July average temperature is 17-2 1℃. The annual precipitation is 240-400 mm. There is permafrost in most areas. There are mineral deposits such as copper, coal, iron, gold, tin, molybdenum, lead and zinc. Forest and water resources are abundant. There is a railway branch line connected with the Siberian railway. There are engines, breweries, meat joint ventures and mechanized poultry farms.

Nebuchadnezzar Chu is one of the Sino-Russian trade centers. The local attractions of Nebuchadnezzar Bujing Palace include elegant fireplaces, spiraling stairs, beautiful mosaic floors, large stained glass paintings, and the world's largest mirror bought from Paris at that time. There is also a concert hall, a family museum and a library with 30,000 books. Anyone who travels to Nebuchadnezzar Chu must visit there.

The climate resource Nebuchadnezzar Chu has obvious continental climate characteristics, with long cold and dry winters and rainy summers. In July, the average temperature in the south is between 16- 19 degrees, and it is less than 16 degrees in the north. The annual total precipitation is 350-650 mm in the south, 600- 1400 mm in the mountainous area, and only 300-500 mm in the north. Most of the precipitation is concentrated in August. In summer, Irkutsk became a summer resort because of the regulation of Lake Baikal and the cool temperature.

Nebuchadnezzar Chu's mineral resources mainly include ferrous metals, nonferrous metals and precious metals, fluorite, coal, peat, various building materials and mineral water. Iron ore producing areas are concentrated in the northern region, which also produces copper, titanium, magnetite and molybdenum. The western and northern regions produce a large number of coal mines. The gold deposits and zinc-lead deposits are mainly distributed in the central and southern regions. There are 24 coal seams containing stone coal and peat in Chita area, with a total reserve of 6.9 billion tons. Larger coal mines are distributed along the Beia-Arabia railway, such as the Apsat coal mine area in this area. The main sectors of Nebuchadnezzar's industry are mining (gold mining, molybdenite mining, lead mining and coal mining), iron and steel metallurgy and machinery manufacturing (production of machine tools and compressor refrigeration equipment).

Introduction to Place Names Nerchinsk is located in Baikal Territory outside the Russian Federation, bordering Lake Baikal in the west, Mongolia in the south and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China in the east. It is one of the important traffic arteries in China, Russia and Mongolia, and there are railways connecting Moscow and China and Mongolia.

Economic Status Nebuchadnezzar Chu's silver reserves were still among the best in Russia until June 2009, 65438+ 10. From 1704, Nebuchadnezzar, as the only mine in Russia, began to produce silver. The earliest silver was used in the silver sailing cup dedicated to Peter the Great. Sailing boat model was the most popular gift at that time. As of June 5438+ 10, 2009, the Nibchuk Boat Cup is still kept in the Tash Museum of Elmy in St. Petersburg.

After the completion of the silver mine, many factories were built near Nebuchadnezzar Chu. Every factory is equipped with an exile prison, which is full of prisoners from all over the world. The famous Russian revolutionary Chernyshevski was also exiled to the local area. Although the conditions are limited, the people of Nebuchadnezzar do not worry about eating or drinking. According to records, 50 villagers there used to catch 4000 wild sheep a day, and fishing was even easier. Nebuchadnezzar Chu has always been an important trade route between China and Siberia, and tea is the most brought by the caravan of China.

1689, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar with Russia, which later became one of the Sino-Russian trade centers. On the other hand, the influx of immigrants (mainly exiles) and the discovery of minerals make it a major town outside Lake Baikal. After the completion of the Siberian Railway, Chita took the place of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.

The relevant history began with Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the late16th century, and Russia began to colonize Siberia and the Far East. 1636, the Russians arrived in the Sea of Okhotsk and conquered the whole Siberia. This area became a Russian colony. When the Russian army approached China in the Qing Dynasty, a military conflict occurred. From the middle of the17th century, Russian invaders crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains and invaded the Heilongjiang River valley in China, burning down villages, killing people and robbing food and mink.

1652 (the ninth year of Qing Shunzhi), the Russian army moved eastward into Heilongjiang. "Zhang Jing, who was stationed in Ningguta (now Ning 'an County, Heilongjiang Province), was attacked by his troops and fought in Uzara Village." This is the first world war between China and Russia. Since then, there have been many diplomatic and military conflicts between China and Russia.

1657, the Russian regular army established Jacques City and Nebuchadnezzar City at the confluence of the Nebuchadnezzar River and the Schleka River. Under the resistance of the border people, the Qing dynasty once sent troops to recover jaxa. Russia was repeatedly urged to negotiate, but Russia ignored it.

1685, after the Qing Emperor Kangxi put down the "San Francisco Rebellion", on May 22, he sent general Peng Chun from Aihui to attack jaxa, with about 2,000 people, and besieged it by land and water.

1On May 25th, 685, the invading army was forced to surrender and promised to retreat, but when the Qing army left, it secretly entered Jacques City to rebuild its stronghold. The next year, the Qing army besieged Jacques city again. After several months of fighting, Tolbuzin, the leader of the invading army, was killed and the Russian army suffered heavy casualties, which made the city of Jacques worse. This forced the Tsar to "beg for the withdrawal of the siege of jaxa" and sent Golovin as the ambassador to China for border negotiations. 1 1 month, Qing * * * announced an unconditional ceasefire and stopped the siege to show sincerity in negotiations.

1689 On September 7th (July 14th, 28th year of Kangxi), the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar was formally signed. 1689 On August 27th, after the military conflict between the two countries in the jaxa region, the Russian plenipotentiary General Golovin, the plenipotentiary of the Qing Dynasty, the Minister of the Guards Suoetu and his uncle Tong Guogang signed a border treaty in Nibuchu.

The treaty has three versions in Manchu, Russian and Latin, and the three versions shall prevail. The inscription is carved in Manchu, Chinese, Russian, Mongolian and Latin. According to this treaty, Russia lost the Sea of Okhotsk, but established trade relations with the Qing Empire. This treaty divides Russia and China by the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Ergon River, but it does not determine the ownership of the area between Xing 'an Mountains and Udi River.

1693, Russia sent envoys to Beijing to ask for trade. Emperor Kangxi was very happy because his special envoy visited nine times. He authorized Russia to build a "Russian Pavilion" in Beijing, and a caravan of 200 people can stay in Beijing for 80 days every three years. No country can enjoy such treatment.

The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was the first treaty between modern sovereign countries to delimit the border between China and foreign countries. China * * * signed this treaty by the Qing court, but the country name used is China. For example, the full name of China's chief representative, Suoetu, is: "The Great Sage of China is an imperial envoy of the Minister of Border Affairs, the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs and the Minister of Guards", that is to say, he is an imperial envoy of China and exercises the sovereignty of China. In the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, the names of the boundary division and attribution of the two nationalities are "China" and "China". This is the first time that "China" is regarded as the proper name of a sovereign state in the form of an international treaty.

This treaty was replaced by the Aihui Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which established the border between Russia and China. Historians believe that the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar affirmed that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, including Sakhalin Island, are all China's territory, and stopped Russia's eastward aggression and expansion. China historians generally give positive comments on the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, believing that it is a normal border treaty between two sovereign countries and an equal treaty. However, Russian historians generally don't think so, and think that the later "Love Faint Treaty" and "Beijing Treaty" are the real equality treaties.

In the early Qing Dynasty, it belonged to the Mongolian safari park in China. Located in the eastern part of Lake Baikal, near the mouth of the Nebuchadnezzar River, a tributary of the Schleswig River, the Nebuchadnezzar River in present-day Russia. Nebuchadnezzar Chu, named after the Nebuchadnezzar Chu River. Also known as "Nebuchadnezzar Tide" and "Nebuchadnezzar Pumping". According to the Records of Shengjing Tongzhi, this city is "more than 2,000 miles northwest of Jiangcheng", which was originally a nomadic area of Mongolian Maoming 'an and other departments in China. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded its land, established a stronghold and renamed it "Nebuchadnezzar", which became the center of colonial power in the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang.

After the war in Gaxa, the Chinese and Russian missions held talks in Nebuchadnezzar on 1689 (the 28th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty). In the early stage of the negotiations, the Qing dynasty insisted on recovering the occupied territory and demanded that Russia withdraw from Nebuchadnezzar and jaxa. Later, due to the sudden rise of galdan forces in the northwest, it posed a serious threat to the Qing Dynasty. In order to stabilize Russia as soon as possible and devote all efforts to the Junggar civil war, the Qing minister Suoetu, who participated in the negotiations, formally signed the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty in China and agreed to take the Ergon River and the grbic River as the boundaries. As a result, China lost a large area east of Lake Baikal and west of Ergon, and the city of Nebuchadnezzar was included in the Russian territory.

Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu affirmed that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, including Sakhalin Island, are all China's territory, and stopped Russia's eastward aggression and expansion. China generally gave a positive evaluation of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, believing that it was a normal border treaty between two sovereign countries and an equal treaty. However, the Russian side generally does not think so, and believes that the later "Love Faint Treaty" and "Beijing Treaty" are truly equal treaties.

However, some people think that China gave up its territory from the Ergon River to Lake Baikal in this treaty, but in fact China made concessions. In Song of the Seven Sons, Mr. Wen Yiduo showed that the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar was an unequal treaty: "... from the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar to the lease of Dalian, our country lost its land, lost the support of the motherland, was abused by others, and bore its sorrow more than the seven sons of Taifeng." ..... "The Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty is a border treaty signed by Russia through peaceful negotiations in China, backed by force. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is divided into six sections, in which the eastern boundary between China and Russia is stipulated as follows: the two countries are bounded by the Ergon River and the grbic River, and then the Xing 'an Mountains along the grbic River originate "directly to the sea, which is also the boundary between the two countries". Only talk about the temporary storage between Wudi River and Waixing 'anling (the first paragraph). The treaty also stipulates: "The city barriers built by the Russians in Yakesha should be destroyed immediately. Russian citizens living here should move to Russia with all their things "(para. 2). The treaty also made specific provisions on the two countries' refusal to accept each other's escape, residents' refusal to cross the border without authorization, and mutual trade. The Sino-Russian "Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty" clearly defined the eastern border between China and Russia, and legally affirmed that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins are the territory of China. In fact, Russia admitted that the invasion of Heilongjiang in China was illegal and returned some occupied territories to China. At the same time, Russia brought Nebuchadnezzar Chu, which was ceded by China to the east of Lake Baikal, into its territory, and the area between Wudi River and Waixing 'an Mountains into the area to be discussed, which gained huge trade benefits. The Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty is an equal treaty, which is the result of equal negotiations between the two sides and China's concessions. The conclusion of the treaty laid the foundation for the normalization of Sino-Russian relations, safeguarded China's territorial integrity and brought relatively long-term peace to the northeast frontier of China.

Stavri S. Anoos, an American historian, said in Global History that the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar "was the first treaty signed between China and a big European country; As the China delegation had Jesuits as translators, the treaty was drafted in Latin. The border was established along the outer Xing 'an Mountains north of amur river, so the Russians had to completely withdraw from the disputed river basin. " "In the next 170 years, the Russians abided by the treaty and stayed outside the amur river (Heilongjiang) basin. 」