High score for help with knowledge about the ocean

Ocean Killer - Red Tide

On September 18th and 19th, the China Maritime Surveillance B-3807 aircraft discovered a large area of ????sea water color while performing a patrol surveillance mission over the eastern waters of Jinzhou, Bohai Sea. Due to the abnormal phenomenon, the marine law enforcement and supervision department has organized forces to rush to the scene for investigation and analysis. Based on on-site investigation, tracking and monitoring by maritime surveillance aircraft, and analysis of satellite remote sensing images, it was confirmed that the water color anomaly is red tide, covering an area of ??about 3,000 square kilometers, and is developing towards the central Bohai Sea at a rapid rate, which will have a certain impact on the marine ecological environment. .

The abnormal water color caused by the explosive reproduction of some plankton in the waters becomes red tide, which mainly occurs in offshore waters. Under the influence of human activities, large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients needed by organisms enter the ocean, causing algae and other plankton to reproduce rapidly, consuming a large amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body, causing deterioration of water quality and mass death of fish and other organisms. Eutrophication is the root cause of red tides. Due to the increasingly serious pollution of the marine environment, the number of red tide occurrences is also increasing year by year. Last year, the worst red tide in history occurred in Hong Kong waters. Due to the frequent occurrence of red tides, the ecosystem of the sea area has been severely damaged. During the metabolic process of growth and reproduction of red tide organisms and the decomposition of dead red tide organisms by microorganisms, the oxygen in the seawater is consumed, and fish and clams suffocate to death. . In addition, the death of red tide organisms promotes the massive reproduction of bacteria. Some bacteria can produce toxic substances. Some red tide organisms and their metabolites may also contain biotoxins, causing fish and shellfish poisoning, disease, disease or death.

Tide - the breath of the ocean

Everyone who lives by the sea knows that sea water has an alternating, never-ending movement of small ups and downs. This rhythmic and periodic rise and fall of sea water is "tide", which French literature calls "the breath of the sea". Scientifically speaking, tide is the periodic movement of sea water under the action of the tidal force of the moon and the sun. We call the periodic rise and fall of the sea surface tides, and the periodic horizontal flow of sea water is called tidal currents. The difference between tidal waves and ocean currents is that the tidal currents have strict periodicity.

A long time ago, people noticed that the tides of seawater came and went very regularly; there were high tides on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar month. Usually, the seawater in most places on the earth has two high tides and two low tides every day. This kind of tide is called "semidiurnal tide". In some places, the tidal difference between the two high tides and the two low tides is very large, and the rise and fall times are different. etc., is called "mixed tide". In some places, there is only one high tide and one low tide a day. The interval between high tide and low tide is about 12 hours and 25 minutes, which is called "diurnal tide". Mastering the law of tides is of great help to the lives of people at the seaside.

This regularity of tides is inseparable from its sun and moon origins. Our country has said that tides are related to the moon as early as "The Classic of Mountains and Seas". In the late seventeenth century, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, which means that all objects in the universe attract each other. The earth, moon, and sun are certainly no exception. Tides are caused by the tidal force of the moon and the sun on the earth. In this system, because the moon (also known as the moon) is much closer to the earth than the sun, although its mass is small, the tidal force it generates is much greater than that of the sun, about twice as much.

In the Earth-Moon system, the Earth is affected by two forces A: One is the gravitational pull of the Moon on it, and the other is the force generated when the Earth rotates, orbits the sun, and rotates around the center of the Earth-Moon system. Inertial centrifugal force, these two forces combine to produce a resultant force. This combined force is called the "lunar tidal force", which causes seawater to move and form tides. The two components of the resultant force are like the two sides of a quadrilateral with an angle in the middle. The diagonal of the quadrilateral is the "tidal force". It can be imagined that when the position of the moon changes, the angle also changes, and the resultant diagonal force changes. In the place facing the moon, the gravitational force of the moon is greater than the centrifugal force, and gravity plays a leading role, and a climax occurs at this time; in a place facing away from the moon, the centrifugal force is greater than the gravity of the earth, and the centrifugal force plays a leading role, and a climax occurs. Therefore, in the vast sea area between the high tide zones, as the sea water flows to the high tide zone, the water surface drops and a relatively low tide appears.

Because the earth rotates once toward the earth in 24 hours and 50 minutes, during this period, a certain sea area will have two high tides, one toward the moon and one away from the moon.

Of course, in addition to the tidal force of the moon, the sun also has a tidal force on the earth. Although it is much smaller than the former, its mechanical process is the same. Because the movements of celestial bodies are cyclical and regular, under the simultaneous action of the moon and the sun, the ocean tides are very regular. On the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar, the three celestial bodies of the sun, moon and earth Almost on the same straight line, the tidal forces of the moon and the sun act in almost the same direction, and the combined force of the two is the largest. At this time, the seawater receives the greatest tidal force, so the seawater will rise the highest and fall the lowest, that is, spring tide. On the eighth day of the lunar month (upper quarter) and the twenty-third (lower quarter), the positions of the sun, moon, and earth form a right angle. At this time, the combined force of the sun's tidal force and the moon's tidal force is the smallest. At this time, the tide does not rise high and does not fall too high. Low, there are two lowest highs and two highest lows.

Tides are one of the common natural phenomena in the ocean. In my country, there are famous swell tides of the Qiantang River and Yangtze River tides that penetrate more than 600 kilometers inland. It is mainly formed by the tidal current flowing upstream along the river course of the river entering the sea. When the tide comes in, the top of the tide stands steeply and water splashes everywhere, like a vertical water wall advancing at high speed, forming a spectacular scene of "the sky is emptied by the turbid waves, and the rivers are overturned, and the seas and mountains are destroyed".

Coast

People often think that the place where the ocean and land meet is called the "coastline". In fact, this line is a "belt" with a certain width, which is 44 kilometers long in the world. Ten thousand kilometers, it can circle the earth's equator 11 times. This coastal zone is not only rich in natural resources, but also the area with the most frequent human activities. It is currently the most economically and culturally developed area in the world. Two-thirds of the world's population lives here. It has the functions of a three-dimensional sea, land and air transportation system and transshipment system. Especially for maritime traffic, there are currently 2,300 ports located on the coast.

The coast is a coastal zone where waves and tides play a significant role. It is a zone where the ocean and land interact and come into contact with each other. Its width can range from tens of meters to dozens of kilometers. It can generally be divided into three parts: the upper zone, the middle zone (intertidal zone) and the lower zone. The upper zone, also known as the land shore zone, is generally not affected by wind, waves and tides. It may be due to the terrace terrain formed by the action of sea water in the past, the erosion and accumulation of onshore rivers, and the action of coastal winds to form sand dunes. It is characterized by sea cliffs, sea caves, sea erosion terraces and platforms. The intertidal zone consists of two parts: the beach and the tidal flat. This area is the area where wave activity is most active and has the strongest effect. The lower zone is also called the underwater bank slope zone, which is the place where the coast used to be and has now sunk under the sea water. It is generally counted from the place where the sea water reaches at low tide to the zone where waves and tides have no significant effect.

There are many types of coasts, including flat, steep, hard rocky shores, and soft mud and sand shores. According to its formation dynamics, climate and other reasons, it can be divided into several types of coasts: erosion coast, accumulation coast, moraine-ice erosion coast, tectonic coast, biological coast and so on.

Most eroded coasts are steep and tortuous. Their formation is related to waves, tides and other activities, and is also related to the onshore weathering of geological structures. They are generally composed of relatively hard salt rocks. This kind of coast can be used to carry out marine aquaculture and fishing, and more importantly, it can be used to build seaports.

As the name suggests, the accumulation coast is composed of some loose, soft and fine sand, such as the delta coast, with beaches, sand banks, sand spits, etc. On some silty coasts, there are often shell banks composed of a large number of shells, shell skins, etc. This accumulation of banks can be used to open up salt fields and reclaim land, and can also be used to develop tourism. It is worth mentioning here that the estuary delta coast , often contain abundant oil and natural gas resources, and the soil is fertile. It is an important agricultural area. In addition, its unique location, located where the river flows out to the sea, is a water transportation hub and a land and sea transportation transfer station. It has great potential for development.

Biological coast: In low-latitude tropical areas, a special kind of coast is formed due to the special development of certain organisms on the coast, such as the mangrove coast, which is lush and green, and its developed root system is rooted in the silt of the coast. It's fixed. There is also a coral reef coast composed of beautiful coral polyps. They form a skeleton from a large number of coral remains, and then accumulate biological debris, etc., gradually forming a coral reef.

Moraine-ice-turbid coast: Contrary to biological coasts, this kind of coast is a unique moraine and ice-eroded coast formed when ice from high latitudes flows from inland into the sea carrying a large amount of terrestrial debris.

Tectonic coast: a bedrock coast controlled by tectonic processes, such as the Pacific Coast fault fold multi-parallel coast or volcanic clastic accumulation rock coast.

It can be seen from the types of coasts that there are many reasons for the formation of coasts: the action of waves, tides and ocean currents; the action of rivers and ice; the tectonic movement of the earth's crust; and biological actions. Of course, the formation of some coasts is not caused by a single action, but is the result of the combined action of several dynamics.

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Physical properties of sea water

The reason why the ocean constitutes a unique environmental system is inseparable from the characteristics of seawater.

Seawater is water first, because for most seawater, its salinity is between 32 and 35‰, with the average value close to 35‰. This fact shows that pure water accounts for the vast majority of seawater, so the physical properties of seawater are very similar to pure water. And this also explains why the ocean itself is an inexhaustible large "fresh water reservoir".

Water has many obvious anomalies compared to other liquids. Evaporates into steam, shrinks and freezes. There is flowing liquid water between 0°C (melting point) and 100°C (boiling point), and water at 4°C and ice formed by water float on the water, and water at 4°C is always at the top. Ground floor. This characteristic is very important to the organisms living in it.

On the other hand, water is a solvent and can dissolve many substances. This is the basis for another property of sea water. It is different from ordinary fresh water, but contains a mixture of many inorganic salts, and also contains a variety of dissolved gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as a large amount of organic and inorganic suspended substances. These substances have varying degrees of impact on the physical properties of seawater, and more importantly, provide good nutrients for the growth of organisms.

The salinity of seawater is generally around 35‰. Many phenomena that occur in the ocean are closely related to the distribution and changes of salinity, so salinity is a basic characteristic of seawater. In some sea areas, such as the Red Sea, due to strong sunshine and large evaporation, the salinity can be as high as over 40‰; in the Gulf of Bothnia in the northern Baltic Sea, where rainfall is heavy and rivers flow into more, the salinity can be as low as 3‰. Even in the same sea area, the salinity of seawater changes differently in the horizontal and vertical directions.

The color of sea water is also called sea color. Because seawater contains some suspended and dissolved substances, when sunlight shines on it, the surface scatters, causing the color of seawater to range from blue to yellow-green and brown. Generally, the sea water in the ocean is dark blue, and the sea water near the coast is blue-green and yellow-brown. Some seas are named after their colors, such as the Yellow Sea, the Red Sea, etc. The color of the sea reflects the nature of suspended and dissolved components in seawater to a certain extent. The Red Sea is red due to the proliferation of a large number of red algae in the seawater.

The volume of ocean water accounts for 97% of the total water volume on the earth, covering seven-tenths of the earth's surface. The ocean has a huge regulating and buffering effect on the maintenance of global climate and changes in temperature. This is due to the fact that the specific heat of seawater is much greater than that of air and land (specific heat is what is required to raise 1 gram of material by 1°C. of heat, of course, a considerable amount of heat is released when lowered by 1°C).

For example, the heat released when the seawater temperature of 1CM3 is reduced by 1°C can increase the air temperature of 3100CM3 by 1°C. Therefore, the temperature of seawater will not rise or fall as the temperature of air rises or falls. That's fast. Therefore, the climate in coastal areas is greatly affected by the ocean. It is not very cold in winter and not too hot in summer.

For water in seawater to evaporate, it must absorb heat. Water vapor rises into the air and gathers. When the temperature drops, it condenses into water, turns into snow or frost, and falls to the land or returns to the ocean. Therefore, the ocean plays an important role in the global water vapor balance. It can be said that the ocean is the home of wind and rain, and it can truly "call for wind and rain".

Of course, in addition to the thermal properties of seawater mentioned above, seawater also has other physical properties, such as the boiling point of seawater rising and the freezing point falling. Seawater is also permeable and compressible; if seawater was incompressible, the current sea level would rise by more than 30 meters. I am afraid that many countries and cities in the world will become "undersea capitals." In addition, seawater can also conduct heat, conduct electricity, etc.

It is also worth mentioning that sea ice, which generally appears in high latitude areas (like the polar regions) such as icebergs and drift ice, is a powerful enemy of polar exploration work. Because seawater contains salt, its freezing point decreases as the salinity increases. When the water temperature drops below its freezing point, seawater first reaches a certain degree of supercooling and then begins to freeze when crystallization nuclei exist. Some tiny ice needles or ice flakes initially form on the sea surface, which freeze together to form a layer of greasy ice, and then thin ice appears. As the temperature drops, the ice continues to whiten and grow, forming a vast ice sheet. It may also be that due to the continuous action of waves, currents and tides, the ice sheet is broken into large and small ice cubes, which float on the sea surface and become ice floes.

These ice floes freeze again when the weather is calm and the temperature drops. Ships sailing in them will be unable to move and become trapped in the ice sheet. This is the formation process of ice floe. Icebergs mainly come from rivers on land. Icebergs are often huge. Due to density, they float on the water. The volume below the water surface is twice that of the upper part. Therefore, a huge iceberg often produces indestructible power, causing bad luck to ships that avoid it. . This is the tragedy of "Titanic".

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Undersea landforms

Just like on land, the underwater world has mountains, plains, and deep canyons. This world is not as peaceful and peaceful as people imagine or as it appears on the surface. On the contrary, it is the most active and turbulent area on earth. Earthquakes and volcanic activities are frequent, forming high mountains and ridges, but everything is hidden under the sea water.

Although the ocean floor shapes of the world's oceans are different, they are basically composed of continental shelves, continental slopes, island arc trenches, ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges (undersea mountains).

The coastline we usually see is not the dividing line between the continent and the ocean. In fact, below the sea surface, the continent still extends at an extremely gentle slope to the seafloor about 200 meters deep. This part is the continental shelf - the coastal plain submerged by sea water. It has become a paradise for marine life. You can find many marine animals and plants living and thriving here.

Below the continental shelf is the slope where the continental shelf transitions to the ocean floor. The slope increases suddenly, generally 3-4 degrees, and some even exceed 10 degrees. The water depth increases sharply, generally 200-2500 meters. This is the relatively narrow continental slope, and its bottom is the real dividing line between the continent and the ocean.

Beyond the continental slope, there is a deep trench or island arc-trench system. Here, the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate, and the intersecting zone forms a "V"-shaped trench, which is the deepest place in the ocean and forms the largest height difference on Earth with the adjacent island arcs.

For example, the Peru-Chile Trench is 8,000 meters deep, and the Andes Mountains on its back are more than 6,500 meters above sea level. The intersection between them is 14,500 meters. If it were not covered by sea water, this would be the most majestic and spectacular sight!

Because this area is located on the edge of two plates, earthquakes and volcanic activities occur frequently. Across the trench and deeper into the ocean, you will reach the vast ocean basin. Its depth is between 2500-6000 meters, and most of it is an abyssal plain, accounting for 77% of the total seabed area. It is vast and flat, but the scenery is unremarkable. Around the plain, there are thousands of miles of sea ridges, steep sea peaks and flat-topped mountains as smooth as a knife. There are also deep sea valleys, fault zones and troughs. Sea ridges and seamounts are all composed of volcanoes, and seamounts can even be exposed to the sea. Become islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific.

Going deeper into the ocean floor, you will come to mid-ocean ridges. Unlike ordinary ridges, they are the center of seafloor spreading. Moreover, the mid-ocean ridge is a worldwide system that traverses all oceans. It starts from the Arctic Ocean, passes through the Atlantic Ocean, passes through the Indian Ocean, and enters the Pacific Ocean. It meanders for more than 70,000 kilometers. It is like the backbone of the ocean. No land mountain range can compete with it. Comparable to it.

The positions of the mid-ocean ridges are different. The mid-Atlantic ridge runs through the middle of the ocean and is roughly parallel to both coasts (the origin of each name for the mid-ridge). The central axis is separated by the central rift valley, and the inner walls on both sides are steep. The two rugged peaks are a spectacle; the Indian Ocean Ridge is distributed in the middle of the ocean like the word "in"; the Pacific Ridge is located in the east. The three mid-ocean ridges are connected to each other in the south, while their northern ends extend into the continent.

These are the general characteristics of the landforms of the underwater world, but each ocean has its own characteristics. There are as many as 25 ocean trenches in the world, 20 of which are mainly distributed in the Pacific Ocean, forming the Pacific Ring of Fire. Seamounts are also mainly located in the Pacific Ocean, where there are as many as 10,000 submarine volcanoes. The dark, deep and criss-crossed seabed is full of amazing wonders. Let’s go into the wonders of the sea and watch them.

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Marine biological resources

The ocean is the cradle of life. Since the birth of the first viable cell, more than 200,000 species of organisms still live in the ocean, including about 100,000 species of marine plants and about 160,000 species of marine animals. From lower plants to higher plants, herbivores to carnivores, plus marine microorganisms, they form a special marine ecosystem that contains huge biological resources. It is estimated that the annual production of global marine plankton (fresh weight) is 500 billion tons. Without destroying the ecological balance, it can provide humans with aquatic products for human consumption by 30 billion people every year. This is an extremely attractive future for mankind. Food bank!

Marine biological resources have their own characteristics: they are living, self-proliferating, and constantly updated resources. But on the other hand, they reproduce through living animals and plants. Development enables resources to be renewed and replenished, has a certain ability of spontaneous regulation, and is a dynamic balancing process. But once the balance of its ecosystem is destroyed, it means the destruction of marine biological resources.

Algae occupy a special and important position among marine biological resources. It can perform photosynthesis on its own, produce a large amount of organic matter, and provide sufficient food for marine animals. At the same time, it also releases a large amount of oxygen during photosynthesis, with a total output of up to 36 billion tons (accounting for 70% of the oxygen content of the earth's atmosphere), providing essential oxygen for marine animals and even land organisms.

At this point, we must mention that it was the "contributor" in the transformation of the original earth's atmosphere into the modern atmosphere. Only with them can the modern vibrant biological world exist. Therefore, marine plants are the basis for maintaining life in the entire ocean and are a solid "pyramid base". They mainly include phytoplankton that drifts in the water and macroalgae that grow on the seafloor.

The former, such as diatoms, green algae, etc., are small in size and have different shapes, such as circles, squares, triangles, needles, etc. If you just look at them from the outside, you would never guess that they are actually living plants.

Macroalgae include familiar seaweed, kelp, etc. They form a "seabed farm" on the seabed, with forests and grasslands. There is a kind of giant algae, which can be called the largest plant in the world. It can grow from tens of meters to hundreds of meters, up to 500 meters high and weigh more than 180 kilograms. It grows so fast that it can grow more than 50 meters a year, and its The age can be as long as 12 years. Seaweed has very important value in industry, agriculture, food and medicine. In addition to food, algin, agar, mannitol, iodine, etc. can be extracted from it, which can be used as a new bioenergy.

The most important and lively marine life is undoubtedly the animal resources, including 15,000 to 40,000 species of fish, more than 20,000 species of shrimps and other shellfish, more than 80,000 species of shells and other molluscs, and more There are whales, sea cucumbers, seals, walruses, seabirds, etc., forming a vibrant marine world and a marine aquaculture industry with good economic benefits, among which fish is the main body of aquatic products and the most important.

Currently, of the 60 million tons of aquatic products caught from the ocean around the world, 90% are fish, and the rest are cetaceans, crustaceans, and molluscs. There are many types of fish, with more than 1,500 species available for consumption. Fish can be said to be a treasure throughout the body, with high nutritional and economic value, containing a large amount of protein and delicious taste. It is said that eating fish can make people's brains smarter, and some fish have medical value and are used as valuable raw materials in the fine chemical industry.

In terms of aquatic products, fish, shrimps and crabs are always mentioned in the same breath. They are not only delicacies on the table, but also many useful things - chitin, which can be extracted from their carapace, are very useful in industry. wide. Among them, krill, a type of krill that grows in the Antarctic, is known as the "popular food of the 21st century" because it has an extremely amazing amount of resources and high nutritional value. It is eaten by whales in the Antarctic. Small krill feed giant whales. , this is also a kind of strange news.

There are many kinds of shellfish, which are distributed in various sea areas and are relatively easy to find. Therefore, people have already begun to catch them in the past. Among them, the more economically valuable ones are abalone, mussels, scallops, razor clams, oysters, Cuttlefish, octopus, squid, etc. They are all delicious and nutritious foods that people love. Moreover, some shells can be used to extract medicine, and some also have ornamental value, making them excellent materials for shell carvings. One of my country's specialty arts and crafts, the large mother-of-pearl oyster sculpture, is breathtakingly beautiful and delicate. Among shellfish, another surprising thing is pearls. my country is the birthplace of pearls, especially South Sea pearls, which are the most famous in the world. They are mainly produced by mother-of-pearl and pearl oysters living in tropical and subtropical sea areas. , those crystal clear pearls are the crystallization of which the ocean is proud.

In the ocean, one part that cannot be ignored is marine microorganisms, mainly bacteria, actinomycetes, snow fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc. They are huge in number and unevenly distributed. Assuming that there are no microorganisms in the ocean, then all materials in the ocean cannot be recycled, but their activities will also cause certain losses to fishery production. In recent years, research has shown that some special biologically active substances can be extracted from marine microorganisms, which have miraculous effects on treating diseases.

An American author raised the question: "Who will feed the Chinese people in the next century?": No country in the world has such capabilities, and the marine industry can share this task, while traditional The fishery has reached or exceeded its regeneration capacity, so people can only turn to research on the development technology of marine biological resources. Huge marine biological resources are waiting for the arrival of the development era.

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Oceanography

The science of oceans on earth, including ocean physics, chemistry, biology, geology and other disciplines, mainly studies seabed topography and geology, seawater composition and origin, seawater temperature, ocean currents, and ocean development and marine resources.

Oceanography includes:

PhysicalOceanography

The study of the structure, distribution, movement, composition and energy distribution characteristics of the earth's hydrosphere, that is, the study of the ocean's Physical properties include regional and periodic changes in the physical characteristics of seawater and oceanographic elements (such as wind, tides, ocean currents, topography, temperature, salinity, etc.).

Marine Chemistry (MarineChemistry)

Studies the chemical components of seawater, their distribution and the extraction technology of various components, including the composition and utilization of organic and inorganic substances in the ocean, and seawater pollution Analysis and prevention.

Marine Biology (MarineBiology)

Study the classification and habits of organisms in the ocean and their relationship with the marine environment.

Marine Geology (MarineGeology)

The study of the geological composition and distribution of the earth under the ocean, including: topography, geological structures, ocean basin structure, sediments, seabed resources and their evolution history Earth science, the scope of research includes beaches, continental shelves, continental slopes, ocean basins, mid-ocean ridges, etc.

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Ocean Knowledge Questions and Answers

1. What is the ocean? How big are the world's oceans?

The ocean refers to the vast and continuous body of salt water on the earth, with a total area of ??approximately 360 million square kilometers, accounting for approximately 70% of the earth's surface area. Because the ocean area is much larger than the land area, some people call the earth a "water ball."

2. What is the sea? What is foreign? What is the difference between sea and ocean?

The central part of the ocean is called the ocean, and the peripheral parts are called the sea. The seas and oceans are connected to each other, and together they form a unified ocean body of the world. There are four obvious differences between the sea and the ocean: the area of ??the ocean is large; it accounts for about 89% of the total area of ??the ocean; the area of ??the ocean is much smaller, accounting for only 11% of the total area of ??the ocean; the ocean is deep, with the average water depth generally being 3,000 meters The average water depth of the sea is shallower than 2000 meters, and the average water depth is generally below 2000 meters, and some are even only tens of meters deep; the ocean has an independent ocean current and tidal system, and the sea is dominated by the ocean current system and tide; the ocean is far away from the land Far away, the influence of land is small, water temperature, salinity and other factors are relatively stable, and the transparency of sea water is large; the sea is close to the land, and it is greatly affected by the continent, ocean elements change greatly with the seasons, and the transparency of sea water is poor.

3. What is marine economy?

Modern marine economy includes production activities carried out to develop marine resources and rely on marine space, as well as related service industry activities that directly and indirectly develop marine resources and space.

4. What does the coastal state’s territorial sea sovereignty include?

Territorial waters are an integral part of a country’s territory and are subject to the control and jurisdiction of national sovereignty. The content of this sovereignty mainly includes: ① The right to develop and utilize resources within the territorial sea; (2) The country’s exclusive rights over the territorial sea and airspace, that is, foreign aircraft without the permission of the coastal state are not allowed to enter the country’s territorial sea and airspace;) (3) Coastal Shipping and trade rights; (4) The right to formulate and promulgate rules and regulations on shipping, private collection, immigration, health, water protection, etc. within territorial waters; (5) Criminal and civil jurisdiction.

5. What seas does "China Sea" refer to? What is the correct title?

"China Sea" generally refers to the sea surrounding China. It is also divided into "East China Sea" and "South China Sea". "East China Sea" refers to the East China Sea, and one version includes the Yellow Sea; "South China Sea" refers to the South China Sea. The correct expression of these seas should be based on the names of the Chinese version of the world map, which are called the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea.