Brief introduction of Qin Shihuang, who is his father?

During the Warring States Period, the monarch of the State of Qin was named Huayang, his concubine, who had no children, and his concubine had a son named Yi, who was taken hostage in Zhao. Lv Buwei is a rich Korean businessman. He is ambitious, so he makes friends with strangers and they become good friends. Lv Buwei is very rich. Using the power of money, he tried to ask Huayang to establish an heir. His political name is Chu, and Lv Buwei brought a beautiful woman to Chu. Less than a year later, Ying Zheng was born. Later, a war broke out between Qin and Zhao, and the victorious Chu was escorted back to China. Ten years later, Zhao Haoqi passed the throne to the prince who won the throne, namely King Qin Xiaowen. He was in office for only one year, and then he died. From winning Chu to being enthroned, he was King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. King Xiang of Qin Zhuang died after only three years in office, and Ying Zheng acceded to the throne. He was the first Qin Shihuang to annex six countries.

Qin was only fourteen years old when he ascended the throne. He has a character of enduring humiliation. When he is not proud, he is humble and can bear some grievances. But when he succeeds, he is arrogant and supercilious. Since Qin Xiaogong, the hegemony of the Qin Dynasty has laid a solid foundation. By the time he arrived in Zhao Haoqi, he had acquired a large area of land from Korea, Zhao, Wei and Chu, and the national situation was very strong. The number of leaders in Qin is equivalent to the sum of the other six countries.

It can be said that the king of Qin was in the midst of success, which encouraged his ambition. Since the reign of the King of Qin for three years, it has been expanding its territory, first taking 12 cities in South Korea and more than 20 cities in Wei. During the six years of the reign of the King of Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu and Wei jointly attacked the State of Qin, but they were all defeated by the State of Qin, losing ground one after another. After this stimulus, Qin strengthened its combat readiness and strengthened its strength. From the seventeenth year of Qin Dynasty, the six countries were annexed and conquered until the twenty-sixth year of Qin Dynasty. Qin thought that he had made contributions to "Five Emperors", so he adopted the honorific title of "Lord" in ancient times and merged it into "Emperor" as the special title of the son of heaven. He also proposed that "I am the first emperor, and there are many descendants, and the second and third generations will last forever." From then on, the monarch in the history of China was called "Emperor" and Ying Zheng was called Qin Shihuang.

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he changed many policies and made great contributions to national integration and social country in many aspects. However, his cruelty has been criticized by people all over the world, and even caused considerable public outrage. Unfortunately, Qin Shihuang did not wake up, but continued to practice tyranny. On the way to the fifth tour, he suddenly died of illness in a sand dune, at the age of fifty, and he was in office for thirty-seven years.

Qin Shihuang's achievements

First, strengthen centralization:

Qin Shihuang set up the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and imperial envoys in the central government, who were in charge of government affairs, military affairs and supervision throughout the country, which were called "three fairs". In addition, Feng Chang, Lang Zhong Ling, Wei Wei, Tai Fu, Ting Wei, Dianke, Zong Zheng, Su Zhi Civil History, Shao Fu and other "Jiuqing" are responsible for the work of various government departments. The prime minister and others are each responsible for the emperor, and everything is subordinate to the emperor. In addition, the Shi Qing Shilu system was abolished, and officials from the central government to local governments were appointed and removed by the emperor, without inheritance rights.

Second, the abolition of feudal counties:

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually promoted the county system directly controlled by the monarch. After the elimination of the Six Kingdoms, the first emperor adopted Tingwei Lisi's view and no longer joined the feudal princes. "There are thirty-six counties in the world, and the counties will keep, keep and supervise." Each county has several counties, and there are other grass-roots organizations under the county, and the county governor is also appointed and removed by the emperor.

Third, strengthen grass-roots control:

After Qin unified the whole country, it continued to implement the household registration method since Shang Yang's political reform. Five ethnic groups were "Wu" (with viceroy) and ten ethnic groups were "Shi" (with viceroy), with Li, Ting and Xiang on them. By controlling counties, counties, townships, pavilions, Li, Shi and Wu, the emperor can really insert his rule into the countryside.

Fourth, the implementation of severe punishment:

On the basis of the original laws of Qin State, the Qin Dynasty revised a set of strict laws and promulgated them throughout the country.

V. Destruction of weapons:

In order to prevent the adherents of the six countries from rebelling, the first emperor ordered all the weapons in the world to be concentrated in Xianyang for destruction.

Six, smooth obstacles:

The first emperor ordered that all battlements, blockades and forts built by the six countries in dangerous areas be demolished to prevent the reappearance of feudal separatist forces.

Seven, immigration garrison:

Move hundreds of thousands of people to Hetao in the north and Wuling in the south, strengthen border defense and develop frontier areas.

Eight, universal conscription:

It is stipulated that all men between the ages of 17 and 60 must perform military service.

Nine, the construction of the Great Wall:

Qin Shihuang's old Great Wall connected Beiyan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period.

X. Unified currency:

It is forbidden to use the coins of six countries, such as tortoise, shellfish and jade. It is stipulated that gold and copper are used uniformly throughout the country, of which gold is the superior currency and the unit is Japanese yen (220 yen); Copper is the next currency, in units of half a penny.

Xi。 Unified measurement:

Taking the degree, quantity and balance of Qin State in Shang Yang era as the national standard for calculating length, size and weight, it is engraved with letters of unified measurement. The units of degrees are minutes, inches, feet, feet, quotations, etc. The units of quantity are combined, liter, bucket and welcome, and the units of balance are baht, two pounds and stone.

XII. Unified track:

The Qin dynasty stipulated that the width of cars was six feet, which realized "cars on the same track" and changed the situation that the width of cars and tracks varied from place to place during the Warring States period. A car can cross the whole country.

Thirteen, the construction of ChiDao:

On the basis of the original six-country road of chariots and horses, Qin built a wide and tidy road with a width of fifty steps (six feet). Chidao is centered on Xianyang, the capital. Qin Shihuang visited all parts of the country many times along the newly-built equator.

Fourteen, communication waterway:

Dredging Gorge in Qin Dynasty (Bianhe River in Henan Province) is a waterway hub, connecting Hebei, Ru, Huai and Si rivers. In 2 14 BC, Ling Shilu supervised the restoration of a 60-mile-long Lingqu, which connected Hunan and Lishui.

Fifteen, unified text:

During the Warring States period, the first emperor ordered Li Si to simplify the original large seal script arrangement of Qin State into small seal script, which was popular all over the country. Later, Xiao Zhuan was simplified as an official script, which was also popular in the whole country in the Qin Dynasty.

Sixteen, the northern expedition huns:

Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in the northern border of China, is distributed in today's Mongolian steppe. It has been engaged in nomadism and is famous for its tenacity and riding and shooting. Since the end of the Warring States Period, Huns have often invaded the south, threatening the lives and property of people in Yan, Zhao, Qin and other countries, so all the northern border countries have built their own Great Wall to guard against it. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, in 2 15 BC, "the first emperor ordered the general Meng Tian to send 300,000 troops to attack Hu in the north, take the land of Henan slightly, and ... drive away the Xiongnu in the northwest". Then, on the basis of the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, it was supplemented to form the so-called "Great Wall of Wan Li" with a length of more than 5,000 miles. It is one of the greatest architectural projects in ancient China and even in the world.

Qin Shihuang's fault

A series of policies and measures of the first emperor greatly strengthened national unity and had a great influence on later generations. However, his career was completed in a short period of ten years under the cruel oppression of the people, so the rule of the Qin Dynasty was bound to be harsh and tyrannical. During the twelve years of the reign of the first emperor, the cruelty of his administration has been exposed.

First, too much tax, tax is extremely heavy:

In order to maintain the huge military expenditure and engineering construction and satisfy the extravagant life, the first emperor did not hesitate to levy heavy taxes on the people, making them miserable and miserable.

Second, excesses, abuse of financial resources:

Qin Shihuang was eager for quick success and instant benefit, and showed no sympathy for the people's feelings. He built great projects and fought everywhere year after year. Internally, he built roads, canals and the Great Wall. Externally, he hacked the Huns and launched hundreds of battles. Every project or every battle must serve the broad masses of people. In particular, the first emperor built Epang Palace for his own luxury, and built the tomb of Mount Li near the capital, which consumed more than 700,000 civilian workers. It is estimated that the number of people who served in military service at that time far exceeded 2 million, accounting for more than one third of adult men. Such heavy taxes and heavy labor are really unbearable for the people.

Third, severe punishment, public resentment boiling:

Since Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty, the laws and regulations were very strict. One person was sentenced to death and three families were punished. A family breaks the law and people are often punished by hard labor or torture. In the Qin Shihuang period, he was a "full-time prison officer", which pushed severe punishment to the peak.

Fourth, muzzle thoughts and burn books to pit Confucianism:

Qin Shihuang also applied harsh laws to the ideological field, arbitrarily controlling thoughts and imprisoning freedom of thought. As long as there are "poems", "books" and hundreds of languages, they will be burned. This is the famous "book burning order". In addition, because some alchemists who asked for the elixir of life on behalf of Qin Shihuang made rude remarks, criticized the failure of the government and invited them to flee, the first emperor ordered the imperial censor to investigate the Confucian scholars in Beijing and arrested more than 460 people, all of whom were called "Confucian scholars" in Xianyang.