Model essay on the opening report of graduation design of engineering cost

Project cost management is a process of avoiding the waste of construction funds and effectively controlling the funds at all stages of the project. Then, how to write the project cost graduation design opening report? The following is the model essay on graduation design of engineering cost that I compiled for you. Welcome to reading.

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Model essay 1: the purpose, significance and research status of the topic.

The purpose and significance of topic selection

The determination and control of project cost is an important part of project management. Effective measures can be taken in the whole process of engineering construction project (investment decision-making, design, bidding and construction stage), all expenses incurred in engineering construction can be controlled within the approved limit, and deviations can be corrected at any time, so as to ensure the realization of management objectives such as investment estimation, design budget estimation and final accounts, and achieve the purpose of rational use of manpower, material resources and financial resources to obtain the maximum investment benefit. Based on the characteristics and laws of engineering project investment movement, engineering project investment control involves all aspects, and its basic control principles are: whole process and all-round control; Control over different investors; Reasonable setting of control objectives; Active control, combining technology with economy.

In the stage of investment decision-making, we can compare the determination and control of project cost from both technical and economic aspects, choose the best construction scheme, establish a scientific decision-making system, reasonably determine the investment estimate, and objectively and conscientiously do a good job in project evaluation, which will help to avoid mistakes caused by insufficient basis, improper methods and blind decision-making, so as to truly use limited resources for construction projects with good economic benefits and choose the best scheme to achieve the purpose of controlling cost.

Determining and controlling the project cost in the design stage can optimize the design scheme, strengthen technical and economic analysis, carry out quota design and popularize standardized design, thus actively affecting the project investment, effectively controlling the project investment and realizing the purpose of advanced technology, reliability, economy and rationality of the designed products. At the same time, the control and management of investment quota also realize the control of design specifications, design standards, engineering quantities and budget indicators. So as to control the project investment.

In the construction stage, the determination and control of project cost can control the project investment within the contract price or investment estimate, and strive to produce good quality and low cost building (or building) products within the specified time limit. The main methods of project cost control in the construction stage are: construction bidding, reasonable selection of contractors, optimization of construction organization design, optimization of construction scheme, reasonable arrangement and use of construction funds, strict control of project changes, and handling of project claims.

In a word, the determination and control of project cost can take various effective measures to strengthen the management of project cost. The control of project quality and safety is of great significance to the management of the whole project, and it is also a test of my comprehensive application ability. Therefore, I chose the project bill of quantities and project quotation of Building A of Jiabao Jinyuan, No.6 plot in the central area of Anyang.

research status

Since the reform and opening up, China's engineering construction standard quota and engineering cost management work have been aimed at gradually adapting to the socialist market economy, and a series of reforms have been carried out in accordance with the guiding ideology of combining adjustment and release, supporting reforms, small steps and quick steps, and gradually reaching the designated position, and good results have been achieved. The history and present situation of the method for determining the construction cost began in 1950s. Drawing lessons from the experience of the former Soviet Union, China gradually established a budget quota system to meet the needs of the planned economy at that time. The prices of labor, materials and machinery shall be uniformly stipulated by the state. As the valuation basis of construction project cost, the traditional budget quota has played an active role in strengthening planning management, reducing investment waste and building the country faster, better and more economically. In the 1990s, China gradually transformed from a planned economy to a market economy, with the continuous improvement of economic development level and increasingly complex economic structure. The original pricing method can no longer meet the needs of the development of market economy. Therefore, China has carried out a series of reforms on the valuation method of construction project cost, such as adjusting the cost items of the project price, revising the calculation standards of related expenses, profits and taxes, and changing the charging method to charging according to the project category.

For example, the current bill of quantities pricing has changed the pricing model based on project budget quota, adapted to the needs of project bidding and market competition to form project cost, and promoted the development of project cost in China. Its valuation is simple and true. Because the enterprise list quota matched with the bill of quantities is directly used, the intermediate conversion link of traditional quota is omitted, and the difficulty and social cost of bill of quantities valuation are effectively reduced. Because the consumption and personnel price are highly consistent with the specific situation of the enterprise and even the target project, the three-dimensional dynamic characteristics of the enterprise list quota can more truly reflect the individual cost of the enterprise, which is obviously more realistic than the quota reflecting the average social cost.

Of course, there are some problems. Due to the imperfection of the current construction market, especially due to the nonstandard investment system and investment agency behavior, the bid-winning prices of some projects priced by bill of quantities are not necessarily the real market competitive prices. However, with the continuous development and improvement of the market economy, it is believed that bill pricing will become the main pricing method in the construction market. Another example is the development of engineering cost software such as Guanglianda, which is also an important research result of engineering cost management. It takes the construction project bidding as the starting point, and focuses on the project bidding and the whole process cost management. It can provide software products, professional consultation and services for all participants in the project, gradually help you achieve your enterprise quota and improve your core competitiveness in the future competition. It is a new generation of engineering cost management tool facing the future development direction of construction industry technology. It is believed that with the extensive use of engineering cost management software and the continuous development of software companies specializing in the development and research of engineering cost management software, the engineering cost management in 2 1 century will rely more on computer technology and network technology, and the future engineering cost management will surely become information management.

These reforms make the construction project cost gradually reflect its inherent commodity attributes. However, with the continuous development of the socialist market economy, there are still many problems in the valuation method of construction project cost, which also shows that further reform is still needed. For many years, the traditional budget estimate has been used as the basis for determining the construction cost. Because it is compiled and managed by the national competent department, enterprises actually have no pricing autonomy. The process of determining the construction cost is only the implementation of a special planning procedure. The construction project cost determined by the current determination method is still the planned price in essence, which is far from the requirements of market economy. With the deepening of reform and the improvement of openness, there are more and more methods to determine the current project cost.

The construction cost is difficult to reflect the objective requirements of the law of value, which requires that the value of goods be determined according to the socially necessary labor time, and its tendency is the price of cost plus profit, and the construction cost is no exception. Because the budget quota compiled by the national competent department does not reflect the actual labor productivity of each construction enterprise, nor does it reflect the socially necessary labor consumption required to produce a specific project, the project cost level cannot reflect the socially necessary labor level. Because the socially necessary labor time required to produce a certain commodity cannot be stipulated artificially, it must be formed through competition among producers with different production conditions. Therefore, the construction project cost determined according to the national unified budget quota cannot reflect the objective requirements of the law of value.

The construction project cost is difficult to reflect the relationship between market supply and demand. The current valuation method stipulates that the calculation of construction project cost must be based on the basic tendency index specified in the budget quota of construction and installation projects. The project budget quota shall be compiled by the competent department of the state. Because the compilation, research and revision of engineering budget quota can't reflect the change of market and the relationship between supply and demand in time, although various relevant adjustment coefficients have been set in various regions, the coefficients are still far behind the changing speed of the market from measurement to implementation, which is not conducive to accepting the adjustment of the market. Therefore, the current construction project cost valuation method can't reflect the relationship between supply and demand in the market and can't reasonably determine the construction project cost.

It is difficult to embody the principle of competition in the construction project cost. Market competition according to the principle of fairness, openness and justice is the key to cultivate, improve and develop the market, and market competition must be centered on price, which inevitably requires the construction project cost to reflect the principle of competition and clearly show the advantages and disadvantages of each competitive enterprise. However, the current construction project cost valuation method requires competitive enterprises with different production conditions, ownership and levels to determine the cost of a construction project according to the same calculation method and valuation basis. The price levels set by competitive enterprises are almost the same, which can not reflect the strength of enterprises, and it is difficult to reflect the principle of non-differentiated competition.

It is difficult for the construction project cost to reflect the principle of high quality and good price. Construction engineering is a special commodity, and its quality is also different. At present, the quota only stipulates a unit price, which does not conform to the principle of exchanging quality for goods, which affects the contractor's enthusiasm for improving quality and is difficult to embody the principle of high quality and good price.

It is not conducive to the formation of a unified, open and orderly construction market. All provinces and industries have compiled their own project budget quotas. Due to historical and customary reasons, the calculation rules are different, and the names and contents of partial projects are also different, which brings certain difficulties to the construction project cost valuation and is not conducive to the formation of a unified, open and orderly construction market.

To sum up, the reform of construction project cost determination method should conform to the development of socialist market economy and gradually integrate with the international community. With the improvement of the socialist market economy system and the deepening of the reform of China's construction industry system, the reform of the method for determining the construction project cost is imminent. The cost of construction projects should be determined by enterprises independently according to market conditions and their own conditions. Only in this way can the construction project cost reflect the objective requirements of the law of value, the relationship between market supply and demand and the principle of competition. However, because China is still in the primary stage of socialist market economy and many corresponding laws and regulations are not perfect, the whole construction market cannot be formed in full market competition. Based on the current actual situation, to solve the problems existing in the method of determining the cost of construction projects, we can first carry out the following aspects:

Unifying the name, content, measurement unit and itemized calculation rules of national construction projects will make the calculation of engineering quantities have a unified standard, which will help to form a large national market, make the calculation of engineering quantities clear and reduce the pricing disputes of contractors.

We will fully implement the separation of quota, quantity and price, change the national budget quota system with unified quantity and price into the project consumption quota issued by the state, and change the mandatory and guiding prices into the prices that publish market information, so as to separate the ever-changing prices from the relatively stable physical consumption.

Quota consumption should be divided into two parts: the entity consumption enforced by laws stipulated by the state and the measurement consumption independently formulated by enterprises according to their own conditions and state regulations, so as to facilitate the competition of construction enterprises.

On the basis of unifying the name of engineering division, measuring unit and calculation rules, the comprehensive valuation method of physical quantity is implemented. According to the current quota pricing method, the itemized expenses of the project cannot be directly reflected, and can only be known after recalculating the expenses, which blurs the relationship between the itemized expenses and the total expenses. The implementation of the comprehensive pricing method of directly determining the cost of partial projects according to the direct cost plus the comprehensive cost is beneficial to investment control and pricing of subcontracting and design changes. It is also conducive to the integration with international practices.

The establishment of national engineering cost information network, timely release of market prices of all kinds of labor, materials, machinery and equipment, and timely release of market transaction prices of all kinds of construction projects will play a guiding role in the construction project cost valuation.

Project Cost Graduation Design Opening Report Model Part II: Its valuation is simple and true. Because the enterprise list quota matched with the bill of quantities is directly used, the intermediate conversion link of traditional quota is omitted, and the difficulty and social cost of bill of quantities valuation are effectively reduced. Because the consumption and human resource price are highly consistent with the specific situation of the enterprise and even the target project, the three-dimensional dynamic characteristics of the enterprise list quota can truly reflect the individual cost of the enterprise, which is obviously superior to the quota that reflects the average social cost.

First, the purpose and significance of the topic and the domestic research status.

The purpose and significance of the topic selection.

Project cost control is the core part of project management, which is implemented in the whole process of project construction. It is to take effective measures in the investment decision-making stage, design stage, bidding and construction stage, to control the expenses incurred in the construction of the project within the approved limit, and to correct the deviation at any time to ensure the realization of management objectives such as investment estimation, design budget estimation and final accounts, so as to rationally use manpower, material resources and financial resources in the construction process. Obtaining greater investment benefits and social benefits is based on the characteristics and laws of the investment movement of engineering projects. Investment control of engineering projects involves all aspects, and its basic control principles are: whole process and all-round control; Control over different investors; Reasonable setting of control objectives; Control based on active control and combining technology with economy.

research status

Since the reform and opening up, in order to adapt to the socialist market economy, China's engineering cost industry has been continuously reformed. Especially since China's entry into wto, China's engineering cost industry is facing a more severe international situation, which needs constant adjustment and integration with the international community.