Why is the "second ark" of mankind Mars?

Why do humans explore space? Do humans really need to emigrate to other planets? When reviewing the history of space exploration, the international authoritative scientific magazines answered this way: human beings can't escape the fate of the extinction cycle of the earth's life, so they must plan ahead and find the "second ark" in outer space to survive and multiply.

We live comfortably on a planet. We can live here for several years before the sun burns the earth. So, what will human beings look like after living on the earth 1 100 million generations? Through the study of indigenous people in the Pacific islands, we find that some tribes have lost the ability to sail across the sea over time. Will we face the same fate because we refuse to explore? This is actually not a new topic. According to Hawking, the greatest theoretical physicist of our time, the conclusion of this problem is simple: we must find another planet that can survive. According to his point of view, we still have thousands of years at most to find it.

Scientists predict that according to the extinction cycle of life on earth, the shortest time for human beings is 1500 years, and the longest time is 7.8 million years, because of some unknown disaster. Geological history shows that mass extinction in the history of the earth can be said to be commonplace. Dinosaurs only existed on the earth for millions of years, while mammals only multiplied on the earth for 2 million years on average. Humans may have conquered the earth, but in the universe, the earth is just an insignificant "island". According to scientific experience, any species confined to isolated islands will soon be listed as endangered animals.

One of the ways to save mankind from extinction is to emigrate to other planets. However, scientists can't predict whether human beings have encountered unpredictable disasters before they have the ability to immigrate to other planets, leading to mass extinction.

One thing is certain, that is, in five billion years, the sun will become a red giant, and even if it doesn't engulf the earth, it will be baked into coke. Before this, human beings may have been destroyed in asteroid or comet collision disasters, climate change disasters, nuclear disasters and even virus outbreaks.

Leaving the earth, such as creating a self-sufficient colony on Mars, can increase the probability of human survival in the universe. Maybe 1000 years later, the descendants of Mars will launch the challenge of emigrating to outer space.

According to Copernicus' law, human beings are not unique in the universe, so they will become extinct at some point. According to the statistical theory, human beings will encounter extinction disaster within 1/39 times to 39 times of the time when their own race has evolved, and the probability of this happening is 95%. According to the statistical technique of Bayesian theorem, a conclusion similar to Copernicus' law is also drawn.

Even if calculated in 7.8 million years, the life span of 7.8 million years is too short compared with the life span of 5 billion years of the sun. Therefore, some scientists say that before extinction, human beings must first find a "second earth" to live in space, so that human races can reproduce there. With the ability and experience to conquer other planets, human beings can go further in the vast universe.

Mars is the first choice for human beings to migrate to other planets. Because Mars has gravity, solar energy and all the chemicals on which life depends, it can become a self-sufficient human alien base. Living under Mars 10 meters can help people avoid the influence of cosmic rays and solar storms.

There are many similarities in geographical features between Mars and the Earth. It has mountains, canyons, plains and plateaus.

The topography of the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars is in sharp contrast: the northern part is a plain full of lava, and the southern part is an ancient highland that has been hit many times. According to the different albedo, the surface of Mars seen from the earth can be divided into two areas: the plain covered with dust, which was once imagined as the "continent" on Mars because of its rich red iron oxide. The dark part was once thought to be the ocean. The largest dark area visible on the earth is called "big quicksand".

The appearance of Mars is fiery red, and the diameter of Mars is equivalent to the radius of the earth. The volume is only 15% of the earth. The mass is only 1 1% of that of the earth. The surface temperature is 28℃ during the day and as low as-132℃ at night.

Mars "has a bottom in mind"

NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed a black spot on Mars, which scientists say may be the entrance to a deep hole or underground cave on the surface of Mars. However, according to the latest research, this cave is not bottomless as previously thought, but may be just a depression, which cannot be a shelter for future astronauts.

On May 5, 2007, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took a photo of the surface of Mars with a high-definition scientific experimental imaging camera. It is through this picture that astronomers discovered the black area of 150 m× 157 m for the first time. Looking down vertically from the height, there are no signs of walls and bottoms around this black patch, so some scientists in charge of high-definition scientific experimental imaging began to suspect that this is the entrance of a black hole.

This discovery caused a great sensation, because such a large cave may be the best place to look for life phenomena, because they blocked the strong ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It can also provide shelter for those who land on Mars in the future. However, this new picture shows that this black area may be just a depression on the surface of Mars, but the four walls of the depression are perpendicular to the ground.

It is not clear how deep this depression is, because scientists have not found its bottom through images. But the research team of "high-definition scientific experimental imaging" says it may be at least 78 meters deep. When the lava in the deep underground of Hawaii is slowly exhausted, a similar "deep pit" is formed at the intersection of volcanoes, which makes the superimposed rocks collapse downward and form four walls. Although this special image turns out not to be the entrance of a cave, there may be undiscovered "lava pipes" on Mars-after the underground lava is drained, sometimes a long tubular cave will be formed.

There should be some collapsed lava channels on Mars, so it won't be long before some well-preserved caves may appear before our eyes. Scientists have designed a small jumping robot, which can be used to study Mars caves in the future.