Can Mars survive?

Question 1: Can Mars survive? Mars is not suitable for human survival. The main reasons are:

The temperature of 1 is not suitable. Because Mars is far away from the sun, the solar radiation energy it receives is only 43% of that of the earth, so the average temperature on the ground is about 30 degrees Celsius lower than that of the earth, and the temperature difference between day and night can reach hundreds of degrees Celsius. Near the equator of Mars, the highest temperature can reach about 20℃.

There is no atmosphere like the earth. Mars also has an atmosphere. But its main component is carbon dioxide, accounting for about 95%, and there is a very small amount of carbon monoxide and water vapor.

Lack of important resources such as water and oil.

But the rotation period of Mars is very similar to that of the Earth, which is 24 hours, 37 minutes and 22.6 seconds. You don't have to worry about the discomfort caused by day and night changes when you go to Mars.

So we can't live on Mars in the future.

Question 2: Is Mars suitable for human habitation? The atmosphere of Mars is very thin, with an average surface pressure of only 7.5 millibars (about 0.75% of the Earth's). The composition is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% hydrogen, a little oxygen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, neon, krypton, xenon, etc. And it's covered with dust. The surface temperature can reach 28℃ during the day and as low as-132℃ at night, with an average of -57℃. Although the amount of carbon dioxide is several times that of the earth, due to the lack of water vapor, the greenhouse effect is only 10℃, which is lower than the earth's 33℃.

atmospheric structure

According to the temperature change, the Martian atmosphere can be divided into four layers: lower atmosphere, middle atmosphere, upper atmosphere (hot air layer) and escape layer.

Mars climate

Because the rotation axis of Mars is obviously tilted, there are also obvious seasonal changes, but a season is about twice that of the earth. Another difference with the earth is that the orbital eccentricity of Mars is greater than that of the earth, that is, the perihelion and apohelion of Mars are very different. When it is located at perihelion, the temperature rise in summer in the southern hemisphere is stronger than that caused by apohelion in the northern hemisphere, and the winter in the northern hemisphere is also colder than that in the southern hemisphere.

atmospheric circulation

The atmospheric circulation of Mars is mainly single-cell circulation, which rises from the equatorial relative hot air, drifts to the polar subsidence, and then returns to the equator along the ground. In addition, in the summer hemisphere of Mars, the carbon dioxide in the polar cap sublimates into the atmosphere, raising the air pressure; In the winter hemisphere, due to the condensation of carbon dioxide, the air pressure drops. Because the amount of carbon dioxide entering and leaving the atmosphere is as high as 25%, resulting in the pressure difference between north and south, air tends to flow from the high-pressure summer hemisphere to the low-pressure winter hemisphere, forming another circulation that changes direction with the seasons. Therefore, the weather system on Mars is often global, such as sandstorms.

A sandstorm/demon

Because of the low air pressure on Mars, when the sun shines on the earth's surface, the atmosphere can quickly increase kinetic energy, with high wind speed and low gravity, and dust is easily caught in the air. The temperature in the southern hemisphere rises rapidly in spring and summer, which is easy to form strong winds. The rolling crazy sand is further heated, and the wind speed is faster, eventually forming a sandstorm. From space, you can see a brown dust cloud spinning and moving. Some of these regional sandstorms even developed into global sandstorms, which enveloped the whole earth in orange fog. When Mariner 9 arrived on Mars, Mars was covered by global sandstorms and could not be observed.

dust whirl

Dry desert areas often occur on the earth, as well as on Mars. A dust storm is like a mini tornado. When the surface is heated, the air above it rises and rotates, carrying sand and gravel, walking on the surface, leaving a dark track because it takes away the shallow sand on the upper layer.

Clouds on Mars and Antarctic crowns

Clouds on Mars and Antarctic crowns

cloud

Clouds on Mars are not as thick as those on Earth. Due to the cold, dryness and low pressure, the clouds on Mars are usually few and thin. Some are made of water ice and some are made of dry ice. If mixed with sand and dust, they will turn from white to yellow Huang Yun. Other common clouds, such as mountain clouds in the mountains of Tarsis and Elusim, equatorial clouds common in Hubble Space Telescope, and Yun Lan on the edge of Mars.

The discovery of methane

In 2003, ground-based telescopes discovered methane in the atmosphere of Mars. In March 2004, the Mars Odyssey confirmed this discovery. The existence of methane is very interesting, because it is an unstable gas, which can be easily decomposed into free carbon and hydrogen by strong ultraviolet rays, so there must be some unknown source, volcanism, comet or asteroid impact, methane archaea on Mars now (or in recent centuries).

Question 3: Can people on Earth survive on Mars? 1) Charles, a researcher at the University of New South Wales in Australia? Lineweaver et al. proposed that about 65,438+00% of the planets in the Milky Way are suitable for advanced life like human beings. They built an evolutionary model of the Milky Way and analyzed it. They believe that there are four conditions for the existence of life: first, there is a main star; Second, there are enough heavy metals to form earth-like planets; Third, there is enough time for biological evolution; Fourth, it is located in a safe place, free from gamma-ray radiation generated by supernova explosion.

On this basis, Lineweaver and others believe that there is a "region where life may exist" in the Milky Way, which is 25,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way. This is a slowly expanding area, including planets formed in 4-8 billion years, and 3/4 of them were formed earlier than the sun 1 100 million years.

However, this is only an inference after all, which needs to be proved by facts; Moreover, even if this inference is correct, it cannot be said that the planet in the "possible life area" is suitable for human habitation, because being suitable for life or even advanced life does not mean being suitable for life forms like human beings. Therefore, it seems an absurd dream for human beings on earth to live on a planet with a distance of light years. Today, Mars is the most concerned by scientists and seems to be the best choice for human beings as their second home. So, what is the truth?

By comparing and analyzing the scientific data obtained from the exploration of Mars by the American Geographical Society, it is concluded that although human beings can travel from the Earth to Mars by space shuttle, the conditions that Mars is not conducive to human survival are still very obvious. First, Mars is much colder than the Earth, with an average temperature of -40 ~-60 degrees Celsius; Second, there are cosmic high-energy ion radiation and cosmic magnetic field (electromagnetic radiation) on Mars. After analyzing the energy of harmful rays from Mars detected by spacecraft, scientists know that although these rays will not cause immediate death of people who landed on Mars, the radiation received by people who arrived on Mars is about twice that of astronauts on the International Space Station, and its harm to human body and life may be chronic, but it is also fatal. For example, if people stay on Mars for a certain period of time, they may suffer from various cancers and cataracts due to radiation, or suffer from various diseases due to damage to the nervous system.

In addition, the gravity of Mars is only 38% of that of the Earth, and the atmospheric pressure is only 1% of that of the Earth, so its microgravity environment will also pose a challenge to human life and health. Previous studies have proved that in microgravity (weightlessness) environment, human muscles will shrink, bones will soften due to calcium loss, and genes will mutate; However, the influence of microgravity environment on human immune system shows that the antibody release of immune B cells is reduced, and the ability of T cells to identify pathogens and activities is reduced, so that the virus in human body will increase.

It is known that Mars is similar to the Earth. Of course, it does not rule out the existence of planets similar to the earth's environment, such as Saturn's sixth satellite Titan, but it is too far away from the earth. The environment of other planets is worse than that of Mars. However, even if it is concluded that Mars and other planets are not suitable for human habitation on earth, it may not be enough to prevent human beings from trying to March and emigrate to Mars or other planets, because human beings have always had such confidence and pride-if conditions are not met, they will go even if conditions are created. So, what conditions can be created for humans to move to Mars?

Some people think that moving to Mars is a century-long plan. The general idea is: in the first stage, build houses in hidden places on Mars, and build houses with building materials that effectively reduce radiation; Moreover, humans also need to wear radiation-proof materials, and the period of this stage is about 20 15 ~ 2030. During this period, there were fewer people on Mars, no more than 100. The main task is to explore and analyze the climate and radiation of Mars, find the environment of life, find life on Mars, and try to grow crops.

The second stage will be realized from 2030 to 2080. At this stage, chemical plants and nuclear power plants are mainly built on Mars, with the purpose of forming a greenhouse effect and raising the temperature on Mars from tens of degrees below zero to ten degrees below zero or several degrees below zero. At this time, the people on Mars are mainly scientists, engineers and technicians, doctors, etc. And the number can reach hundreds.

The third stage is the movement of a small number of people. During this period, the temperature on Mars has reached MINUS several degrees Celsius or zero degrees Celsius, plants have grown and formed vegetation, the atmosphere has gradually thickened, and carbon dioxide and water can seep from the ground. Humans can wear protective clothing, but they still need a respirator to breathe. At this time, tens of thousands of people will probably move to Mars.

The realization period of the fourth stage is 2 1 15 ~ 2 150, ... >>

Question 4: Is Mars really suitable for human survival? The latest exploration shows that Mars was once suitable for human habitation. Scientists believe that these carbonate-containing places were not too hot, too cold or too sour before, and primitive life should like it here. But now all these places are dry. Therefore, scientists do not expect to find life in these places, but this discovery provides a new and interesting place for future Mars exploration.

Question 5: Can humans survive on Mars? That is to say, it is 100 times larger than Sahara. This is one of them. There is a great temperature difference between day and night on Mars! Finally, the atmosphere of Mars is more than 90% carbon dioxide. The second is to reach 100 degrees Celsius, and the water transported in 100 is not enough for the 6 billion people in the world to use for one day. "It transports water to Mars day and night. At present, human science and technology are very underdeveloped, and the rest are gases such as nitrogen, but it still takes a long way to immigrate to Mars. Third. Quoting the contents of a sci-fi world magazine, "human beings do their best, and the relative humidity is 100% of the driest time in the Sahara desert. At present, liquid water has not been found on Mars, which is a necessary condition for human survival, although human science and technology have advanced by leaps and bounds in the past 100 years.