Is the violin a national musical instrument?

Violin is a stringed instrument in western instruments, not a national instrument.

The violin is a stringed instrument. Bowstring instruments are widely used in modern orchestras all over the world. It occupies a very important position in instrumental music, is the pillar of modern symphony orchestra, and is also a solo instrument with high playing skills. The appearance of modern violin has a history of more than 300 years, and its production itself is an extremely exquisite technology. Its pronunciation is similar to human voice, which is suitable for expressing tender, warm, brisk, brilliant and even the most dramatic strong feelings. For centuries, famous composers all over the world have written a large number of classic violin works, and violinists have developed exquisite performance art on this instrument.

Shape and structure

The violin consists of 70 parts. Its main components are head, body, neck, shaft, string, bridge horse, chin rest and bow.

The piano body (* * * sound box) is about 35.5 cm long and consists of a curved panel, a back panel and side panels. Panels are usually made of soft spruce; The back and side panels are made of maple, which is relatively hard. The head and neck of the piano are all maple, and the fingerboard is ebony. The sound quality of violin basically depends on its wood and corresponding structure, on the vibration frequency of wood and its response to the vibration of strings. A good piano can spread the pitch and overtones of every note equally sensitively.

There are four strings. It turns out that they are all bare strings made of sheep intestines. Since about18th century, the bass G string is often wrapped with silver wire to make it more sensitive. The strings of modern G, D and A3 are all wrapped with metal wire or steel wire, and nylon strings have been used recently. E string is changed to steel string, which sounds better in the high-pitched area.

The modern style of violin making is not entirely based on aesthetic appearance, but has its needs in acoustics and performance. The violin panel and backboard have radians, which sounds good and loud; Narrow waist makes it easy to play treble and bass strings; Adding rounded corners to the front panel and the back panel can not only prevent the board from cracking, but also play a certain role in the sound quality of the piano. There is a sound column between the front panel and the back panel, and its position change has obvious influence on the violin timbre. The left lower side of the panel is glued with a bass beam, which not only plays a reinforcement role, but also plays an acoustic role. If the paint on the violin surface is too hard, too soft or uneven, it will damage the sound quality. When the friction between the bow and the strings makes the strings vibrate, the front panel vibrates through the bridge and the back panel vibrates through the sound column. Because the sound column is supported on one side of the E string of the bridge, the E string vibrates less and the G string vibrates more, which makes the bass beam vibrate more and causes the buzzer to vibrate. Whether the sound of the piano can be played to the extreme depends on the strings and their tension, the quality of the bridge, the pressure and speed of carrying the bow. In order to express the various sound qualities of the piano, we should also add the players' playing skills such as bowing, fingering and kneading strings.

Production history

It is impossible to find out who invented the violin at the earliest. The modern violin is familiar to people around 1550, which evolved from the popular musical instruments Rebeck and armtillyla. Generally speaking, viol, the predecessor of violin, has no decisive influence on the formation of modern violin in terms of structure, tuning and playing skills. It is generally believed that Milan, Venezia, Brescia and cremona in northern Italy are the cradles of violins. /kloc-In the late 6th century, two famous schools of violin manufacturing appeared in Italy. One is cremona violin making school represented by Amati and his son. The other school is the Brescia Piano School represented by Gasparo of Salo (1540 ~ 1609) and his student G.P. Magney. The violins made in these two schools have their own characteristics. Hundreds of years later, they are still excellent treasures.

1650 ~ 1750 is the golden age of violin making, with many famous violin makers, such as N. Amati and J. Steiner, as well as the most outstanding producers, A. stradivari and G. Genelli. Amati's violin front panel and back panel have large radians and good sound quality. It is used to play chamber music, just like a bright soprano. /kloc-in the late 8th century, after G.B. Viotti's admiration for Stradivari and Viotti's teachers G. Pugnani and N. Paganini's love for Guarneri, the works of these two masters were appreciated and gained great fame. Stradivari and Guarnery have the sound transmission power needed to play concertos in the hall.

/kloc-After the 0/8th century, the dominant position of violin manufacturing shifted from Italy to France. During this period, the shape of the violin has been continuously improved, and greater volume and better sound quality have been achieved. Lv Bo (1758 ~ 1824), a French luthier, took stradivari as a model and integrated the techniques of French and Italian luthiers. At the same time, French F. Tourt (1747 ~1835) carried out major reforms on the length, weight, shape and installation of the bow in about 1785. The development of violin in this period reflects the singing characteristics in the works of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, as well as the great changes in the requirements of bow transportation and other violin performances.

1789- 1799 After the French Revolution, with the decline of the nobility and the royal family, music also moved from the palace to the folk, and symphony orchestras and concert halls appeared to serve the public. In order to adapt to the change of environment, the violin needs to increase its volume. From the end of 18 century to the beginning of 19 century, the neck of the violin became longer and thinner, and it tilted backward: the fingerboard became longer; Bridges and horses have become taller and more radian; The G string has been wrapped with silver thread. The purpose of these changes is to adapt to greater tension. The increase of strings increases the pressure on the piano surface, so the bass beam becomes longer and thicker, and the sound column becomes thicker, thus obtaining a louder and more powerful sound. 1820 or so, L. spohr invented the chin rest, completely liberating his left hand from the role of playing the piano. The setting of the chin rest makes it easier for the left hand to change handles, pinch strings and press strings.

At the end of 18, conservatories of music appeared in Europe, which greatly increased the demand for violins, thus promoting the development of the mechanism piano industry. Milcu in France and Mittenwald in Germany are places where violins are produced in large quantities. J.-B. Viyom of France is a famous figure in piano manufacturing in the19th century.

Viyom hired some workers to make violins under his guidance and sell them in his name. He collected many high-quality pianos lost in private hands from all over the world and gave them to performers, collectors or museums.

In recent years, China enjoys an international reputation in violin manufacturing. The red cotton violin made by Chen of Guangzhou Musical Instrument Factory won the "Gold Medal of Sound Quality" in the 4th American International Violin Making Competition 1980. The violin made by Dai Hongxiang from Beijing Violin Factory won the "Gold Medal of Sound Quality" in the Spoel International Violin Making Competition held in Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany in 1983.

Key points of performance

Violin belongs to singing melody instrument. Therefore, how to make a full and beautiful sound like singing on the violin is the most important problem in violin performance. As far as violin playing technology is concerned, there are the following basic skills.

An excellent player with a bow can make ever-changing sounds on the violin. As far as bow carrying is concerned, it depends on the different combinations of three factors: bow carrying speed, bow-to-string pressure and bow-to-string contact point. There are many bows in the violin, mainly including: ① Divide bows: one bow plays one tone; 2 even bows: one bow plays multiple tones; Bow tone: the tone is disconnected from the tone; ④ Bow jumping: Bow hair leaves the string. These four kinds of bows are the most basic. In the mid-20th century, continuous bowing, that is, playing many broken sounds on a bow continuously and quickly, was regarded as a stunt, so people called the violin playing art "the art of carrying a bow".

Pitch accuracy

The violinist changes the pitch of the strings by pressing the strings with the fingers of his left hand to shorten the vibration length of the strings. Players can accurately press their fingers to the exact position of the strings under various conditions to achieve good intonation, which is the result of years of practice and is also an essential ability for qualified players. The violinist determines the pitch within human hearing range. Therefore, they all have keen hearing to adjust the pitch. Sometimes, in order to meet the needs of personal performance, players will deliberately pull some notes higher or lower.

Knead strings

Through the vibration of the fingers of the left hand on the strings, the pitch of the sound fluctuates regularly. This action is called kneading the strings. Rubbing strings is an extremely important means of expression in violin playing. Kneading is divided into fingers, wrists and arms. Excellent players should not only master these three methods of kneading strings, but also learn to use different speeds and ranges of kneading strings, and use them in a variety of ways when playing different writers, different works and different phrases. From the application of kneading strings, the audience can clearly distinguish the musical personalities of different players.

Handle position

The position of the left finger on the fingerboard is called the handle position. The handle near the piano head is a low handle, and the one near the bridge is a high handle. Changing from one position to another is called changing the handle. There are many ways to change the handle, such as empty string, same finger, different finger and overtone. When changing the handle, it makes a sliding sound that music doesn't need, which is a manifestation of insufficient skill training. Slippery can make the relationship between sounds varied, especially in combination with changing handles, which is an expressive means of playing.

Two-tone chord

Violin can play two or even three tones at the same time, and can also play four-tone chords alone, which not only enriches the expressive force, but also can be played independently without other instruments. The three-degree, six-degree, eight-degree and ten-degree scale of violin is the basis of playing two tones, and it is also the basic skill that violin players must practice for life. Left-handed vibrato, overtone, plucked string, etc. In violin playing, it is all profound skills.

The development of performance art

/kloc-When the violin first appeared in Italy in the 6th century, it was usually used for dancing, singing or directly playing songs. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/7th century, with the appearance of violin sonatas, the playing techniques also developed. C. farina (about 1600 ~ about 1640) in his creation of 1627, he used two tones, vibrato, vibrato and high position to simulate the sounds of cats, dogs, flutes, drums and guitars. Some performers and composers followed suit; So the music scene at that time was flooded with works simulating the voices of cuckoo, nightingale and rooster. It was not until the second half of17th century that Italian composer and violinist A. corelli put the violin art on the right track.

Italian violin school

Corelli is the founder of the Italian violin school. He proved that the violin is essentially a singing instrument. The sonatas he wrote abandoned the non-musical effects in Allegro movements and focused on creating brilliant and dynamic melodies. His adagio movement is full of singing, which forms a sharp contrast. His singing laid the foundation for the Italian school. A vivaldi is a representative of the Italian school who wrote violin concertos. He was the first person to accompany the violin with a band. His pioneering work made this concerto have symphony and dramatic effects. G. tartini was the most famous violinist in Europe in the18th century and a representative of the Italian school. He wrote 50 variations according to the theme of corelli's works, which greatly developed the bow art of violin. He established the form of an early violin sonata composed of three movements. His masterpiece "The Devil's Trembling" is the pinnacle of violin playing art in18th century.

/kloc-the violin bow in the middle of the 0/8th century did not have the current radian, but arched outward, which was suitable for playing the works of baroque composers and more suitable for playing the polyphonic violin works of J.S. Bach. By the time of J Haydn and W·A· Mozart, the melody line of music works had more ups and downs, the volume needed stronger stress, and the violin playing skills changed accordingly, which led to the creation of modern violin bows by French Turt in 1785, which developed and improved the transportation of bows. Known as the father of modern violin performance, G.B. Viotti is a representative figure who reflects the development level of violin art during the transition from Baroque period to classicism period. He combined the singing phrases and technical phrases of violin and made full use of the range of E string. Viotti's violin concerto No.22 (A minor, 1797) is still appreciated by many composers. Paganini was a pioneer of neo-romanticism during the decline of Italian school. His Capriccio 24 has always been a model of violin playing skills. His new melody technique, bold tone sandhi, rich semitone series, sharp harmony combination, distinctive rhythm pattern and various speed changes have great influence on later Romantic composers. His capriccio is known as "the encyclopedia of violin skills". Many techniques used by Paganini in playing, such as double overtones, continuous bowing, bowing, special tuning, left-handed plucking skills, double tones and complex chords, and long-distance jumping of left-handed fingers on the fingerboard, etc. , are the secrets of his contemporaries to explore.

German violin school

Before 1650, the German violin playing art basically followed the Italian way. Around 1700 years ago, German composers used more difficult techniques than Italian composers, especially in the use of chords, special tuning methods and some descriptive playing effects. The violin has developed into a highly skilled musical instrument. J.S. Bach's six violin sonatas and suites accompanied by Kubinashi put forward extremely strict requirements for the performers. The violin course written by L Mozart (the father of w·a· Mozart) in 1756 is a summary of the development of German violin. 183 1 year, the famous German violinist Spoel finished his violin course. F Davide (18 10 ~ 1873) was the head of the violin department at the beginning of Leipzig Conservatory of Music 1843. He is a teacher who is good at inspiring and inspiring students. With his efforts, Leipzig Conservatory of Music became a violin learning center in the middle of19th century. David compiled many classical works and contributed to enriching the repertoire. The historical achievement of the famous performer J. Joachim lies in faithfully reproducing the musical connotation of his works with extraordinary playing skills. Bach's six Kubinashi sonatas and suites are recognized by modern violinists as the pinnacle of violin polyphony. His other historical achievement is to train a large number of outstanding students, among whom L Orr, an outstanding violin educator in the early 20th century, is one. It is worth mentioning that the last student of Joachim, A. Weidenburg, fled to China and lived in Shanghai when Nazi Germany persecuted Jews, and taught violin and chamber music at the National Shanghai Conservatory of Music.

Fabian violin school

1782, Viotti came to France for the first time 1. Under his training and influence, the Frenchman Bayeux, Rhodes and Rudolf Rodolphe Kreutzer jointly founded the French violin school. Founded in 1795, the Paris Conservatory of Music has become an institution that young violinists yearn for. At present, almost all violin teaching in the world uses the etudes of violinists such as J.-F. Maras (1782 ~ 1849), Rudolf Rodolphe Kreutzer, Rhodes and P. Gavignet to train students, especially the Forty-two Songs by Rudolf Rodolphe Kreutzer. /kloc-after the mid-9th century, the French school of violin performance had a great influence on the world violin performance art. H. wieniawski, P.de sarasate and F. kreisler were the representatives of this school. Polish violinist wieniawski graduated from the Paris Conservatory of Music. He inherited the playing style of the French school and added romance. French violin school emphasizes gorgeous voice and many wrist movements, which makes it difficult for him to play a continuous bow. Later, he finally found that he could master this method of connecting bows smoothly by using the movements of his whole arm. 1862, wieniawski brought his playing skills to Russia, which laid the foundation for the extensive development of Russian playing school. Born in Spain, Sarasate is one of the outstanding musicians trained by the French Conservatory of Music. His performance is famous for its sweet and pure timbre. He uses a wider range of rubbing methods, with excellent intonation, especially in the high-pitched area, and fluent skills. His songs "Gypsy" and "Carmen Fantasia" are very creative and technically difficult. Austrian kreisler 1887 graduated from the Paris Conservatory of Music. His playing style is natural and unrestrained, he never shows off his skills, moves the bow gracefully, handles the phrases skillfully and is full of rhythm and vitality. Kreisler inherited and developed wieniawski's kneading skills, which made him obtain unparalleled timbre changes. His bow and fingering are very individual.

In the history of violin playing, there is the name of Fabian school, because the two schools are not far apart in the formation time, and they are both influenced by Viotti. Beriau, the founder of the Belgian violin school, studied under Viotti and Beriau also studied at the Paris Conservatory of Music. He combined Paganini's brilliant skills with French elegant style, thus modernizing the French classical playing school. Beriau is not a direct disciple of the French school, he can break through the tradition and create a new romantic Fabian society. H. vieuxtemps, a student in Beriau, had a great influence on the Belgian school. His great contribution in the history of violin performance is to play the role of violin solo in symphony. His Violin Concerto No.4 (in D minor, about 1850) is a creative work, which H Berlioz called a magnificent symphony of violin solo. Yi Sayi is a student of Vienna University. His performance is passionate and full of energy, majestic and beautiful, and full of poetry. He uses more intense kneading. Fabian School has many talents and far-reaching influence. Its representatives include J Tibao and Y Mei Niuyin, who are still active in the world music world.

Russian and Soviet violin schools

Orr's nearly 50-year teaching career at St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music made him a famous violin professor in the early 20th century. World-class violinists such as J. Heifetz, M. ellman, N. milstein and E. Zin Barister all came from his school. Orr gives full play to students' potential ability according to their specific conditions. His book "My Teaching Method of Violin Playing" expounds his teaching ideas and aesthetic views such as music first and technology second. Different times have different music and so on. Orr played an important role in the formation of Russian violin schools. But before Orr, vieuxtemps and wieniawski had been teaching and playing in Russia for a long time. It can be said that the Russian school was formed naturally and historically on the basis of the Fabian school, rather than the creation and achievement of someone. Heifetz is a student of St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music. He has passionate feelings, steely control, amazing technology and strong personality. His quick kneading, expressive sliding, strong bowing and faster music processing are all natural manifestations of his strong musical personality.

After the founding of the Soviet Socialist Republic, пс Stolyarski of Odessa Conservatory of Music, аи Jampolsky and кг Mostras of Moscow Conservatory of Music inherited and developed Orr's career and formed the Soviet violin school. In 1933, Stolyasky founded the first music school for gifted children in the Soviet Union and became one of the founders of the Soviet school. He advocates comprehensive technical and artistic training for children from an early age. His student oistrakh is one of the most outstanding violinists in contemporary times. He perfectly combines superb playing skills with a deep understanding of music. He also actively plays modern music. Mostras's "The Tone of the Violin", the rhythm training of the violinist and the strength in violin performance are all very valuable. His student i. galamian became a famous American teacher. Polschi inherited and developed Orr's teaching principles and attached importance to cultivating students' sense of music and all-round development. Extremely pure voice, accurate intonation, superb skills, noble style and meticulous and profound treatment of music are the characteristics of this teaching system. His nephew Jampolsky is the author of Introduction to Fingering of the Violin. Another student in Jampolsky, Yang Kelevich, inherited and developed the teacher's teaching principles, and was good at thoroughly analyzing students' talents, thus developing their playing skills and personality. Lin Yueji, a famous violin teacher in China and an associate professor at the Central Conservatory of Music, was a student of Yang Keljevic. Hu Kun, a student of Lin Yueji, won the prize in the sibelius International Violin Competition. I stern, a famous American violinist, should also be mentioned. He has deep roots with Russian school and is influenced by Fabian Society. He is good at learning from others, creating a unique style and becoming a contemporary first-class performer. He visited China twice to perform and give lectures, and gave many lessons to young violinists in China.

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