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South-to-North Water Diversion vs. Cultural Relics Protection

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2006-11-15 15:04:09 China Jingwei Network

The value of cultural relics in the reservoir area of ??the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is far more than that of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

As the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project water source project, the second phase of the Danjiangkou Reservoir project is about to start. The reporter recently conducted an in-depth investigation with cultural relic experts and found that the value of cultural relics in the middle route reservoir area of ??the South-to-North Water Diversion Project far exceeds that of the Three Gorges reservoir area. Once construction begins, the water level of the Danjiangkou Reservoir will further rise, and the vast area that will soon be submerged is a huge treasure house of cultural relics (the situation of cultural relics in the reservoir area along the middle line of the Danjiangkou Reservoir Project and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project).

According to reports, the construction of the Danjiangkou Reservoir started in 1958 and was completed in 1973. The submerged area covered Danjiangkou City and Yun County in Hubei Province and Xichuan County in Henan Province. In order to meet the construction needs of the middle line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the normal water storage level of the reservoir will be increased from the current 157 meters to 170 meters, and the submerged range will be further expanded.

Wang Hongxing, director of the Hubei Provincial Institute of Archeology, said that the Danjiangkou reservoir area is an area with developed ancient culture. From the 20th century BC to the 10th century AD, China's political center had been located in the Guanzhong and Yiluo regions centered on Xi'an and Luoyang. The connection between this region and East China and South China relied to a large extent on the Han River and Danjiang River. The capital of Chu State during the Warring States Period was also located in this area, so the number and quality of cultural relics unearthed in the reservoir area far exceed those in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

In addition to the excavated and protected dinosaur egg fossils, the Paleolithic "Yunxian people", the large Chu noble cemetery, the Li Tai family cemetery of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin's son, and the Ming Dynasty ancient buildings in Wudang Mountain are famous at home and abroad. In addition to the cultural relics, the investigation and verification of cultural relics in the submerged area of ??the second phase of the reservoir organized by the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission found that there are 38 above-ground cultural relics and 189 underground cultural relics that need to be processed in the two provinces.

However, the current state of protection of this huge treasure house of cultural relics is shocking. In Guanmenyan Village, Xiaochuan County, Junxian Town, on the shore of the reservoir area, reporters saw traces of hundreds of tombs being robbed in an area of ??less than two square kilometers. Fellow researcher Li Taoyuan said: "There are tens of thousands of ancient tombs in Junxian County and Town alone, with the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Han Dynasty and Six Dynasties being particularly concentrated. Due to lack of funds, excavation and protection work has not been fully launched."

Experts appeal that the Danjiangkou Reservoir’s current slump area (an area formed due to seasonal water level differences) contains a large number and large-scale ancient cultural sites and ancient tombs. Due to natural phenomena such as reservoir water erosion, wind erosion and rain, The damage factors required a lot of rescue work. With the launch of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the reservoir area formed by the past phase of the project will become a permanent submerged area. Larger-scale rescue excavation of underground cultural relics and protection and relocation of above-ground cultural relics need to be carried out urgently.

The middle reaches of the Han River have always been a "conduit" for cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China

In recent years, a large number of archaeological discoveries have confirmed that the middle reaches of the Han River began to serve as a "conduit" for cultural exchanges between the north and the south as early as the Neolithic Age. ”, especially after entering the later stages of history such as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the confrontation between the Song and Jin Dynasties, this area became more active as the political dividing line between the northern and southern regimes and the interface between the northern and southern cultures.

Researcher Li Taoyuan from the Hubei Provincial Institute of Archaeology said that as far back as the Paleolithic Age 800,000 years ago, the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area had traces of human activities. After the Neolithic Age, it became a hub for cultural exchanges between the north and the south. "Conduit" is where various local cultures meet and merge. For example, in the reservoir area, the overlapping of the Yangshao culture in the north and the Qujialing culture and Qinglongquan culture in the south is the best proof. Later, in this area, Chinese history began to enter a class society, which lasted until the Tang Dynasty. Luoyang and Xi'an have always been the political centers, and the Danjiang and Hanjiang rivers are the only way to connect Central China with East China and South China. Important cultural relics have been discovered. There are more than 300 places.

Take the Qinglongquan ruins and the Dasi ruins both discovered in Yun County as examples. The cultural relics unearthed from these two locations have the same characteristics: the earliest bottom layer is from 6000 to 7000 years ago. The Yangshao Culture belongs to the cultural characteristics of the Central Plains region; the middle layer is the Qujialing Culture, which dates from 4800 to 5500 years ago, and belongs to the original cultural characteristics of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; and the upper layer is the Shijiahe Culture around 4500 years ago, which is also The last primitive culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Li Taoyuan analyzed that the intersection of this group of cultures in the middle reaches of the Han River was actually a collision of the Yellow River Basin culture and the Yangtze River Basin culture, proving that at least 6,000 to 7,000 years ago, the Yellow River Basin The ancestors began to enter this area. Later, an emerging culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was very developed. In Hubei and Hunan provinces alone, there are 9 ancient city sites with Qujialing cultural characteristics. This also shows that as early as 5,000 years ago, the cultural development of the Yangtze River Basin had a history of surpassing that of the Yellow River Basin. Because the construction level of the Qujialing Cultural City Site is relatively high, for example, the Shijiahe Ancient City in Tianmen City, Hubei Province covers an area of ??1.2 million square meters, which is unbeatable in the country during the same period. It is precisely because of this transcendence that Qujialing culture penetrated into this area.

A large number of ancient tombs are in urgent need of rescue excavation

When the reporter recently followed archaeological experts to a hillside in Group 6 of Guanmenyan Village, Junxian Town, Danjiangkou City, Hubei Province, they discovered that the locals called A pile of new soil was added near the "Tomb of King Liang". After asking, we found out that this was a random inspection of underground cultural relics by the town cultural station before afforestation.

In order to further improve the ecological environment in the reservoir area of ??the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, since June last year, Junxian and Town have gradually carried out the work of returning farmland to forest on the mountains facing the river. Since there are particularly rich underground ancient tombs in Guanmenyan Village, Bamiao Village, Shuangshu Village and other mountain villages, there are more than a thousand tombs in the Beitaishan Temple Cemetery alone. The town cultural station dug out a 200,000-meter-long tomb in more than 1,000 acres of land in advance. Caozi's investigation revealed that there are more than 200 ancient tombs with signs. This time, the town cultural station dug a 300,000-meter-long trench in more than 1,000 acres of land, and more than 20 tombs were discovered near the tomb of King Liang alone. Due to the continuous rain since the beginning of summer, the investigation work had to be suspended.

According to reports, once it is discovered during the inspection that tree planting will have an impact on the tombs, the work will be stopped immediately, and the areas where there will be no impact will be backfilled with soil after tree planting for protection. However, because there are too many tombs in this area, tens of thousands of them, the local town government called on the superior cultural relics department to carry out rescue excavations as soon as possible before the water level rose to ensure that the conversion of farmland to forest can be carried out smoothly.

The protection plan for the Yuzhen Palace in Wudang Mountains needs to be determined urgently

After the implementation of the middle line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Yuzhen Palace in Wudang Mountains will be completely submerged. Guan Xin, head of the Hubei Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, said that the cultural relics department has initially formulated two plans for Yuzhen Palace: on-site protection and relocation and reconstruction. However, both options have their own pros and cons, and it remains to be determined which one to adopt.

According to reports, Yuzhen Palace was built by Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty for Zhang Sanfeng. It is an important unit of the "World Cultural Heritage" Wudang Mountain Ancient Building Group and has a high level of significance for the study of the history, culture, and politics of that time. value. There are 33 existing buildings, which have better maintained the architectural style of the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, with a construction area of ??1,459 square meters and an area of ??more than 50,000 square meters.

The altitude of Yuzhen Palace is more than 160 meters, just below the water level of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. If it is relocated, it will be the largest single building relocation project in China, with an estimated capital of up to 100 million. For this reason, some experts proposed a plan for on-site protection, that is, building a dam outside Yuzhen Palace. Zhao Benxin, deputy director of the Wudang Mountain Cultural Relics and Religion Bureau, believes that the altitude of Yuzhen Palace is similar to the water level, and the amount of embankment construction is small and takes a short time, which can save money. Moreover, the current site of Yuzhen Palace is adjacent to Fenghuang Mountain to the north and Fenghuang Mountain to the south. For Jiulong Mountain, the overall building is highly harmonious with the surrounding environment. In-situ protection can help preserve the authenticity of Yuzhen Palace and the integrity of the overall layout of the ancient building complex in Wudang Mountain. In addition, the construction of dams will also help protect many ancient buildings and ruins near Yuzhen Palace.

However, some experts believe that a one-time relocation is more reasonable. Yang Xue'an, deputy director of the Danjiangkou Municipal Museum, said that if a cofferdam is built to protect the wooden structure in place, the wooden structure will be exposed to moisture in low-lying areas all year round, which will definitely accelerate the erosion of the wooden structure. Even if a water pump is used to pump water, it must be maintained for a long time, which will also involve staffing and cost issues. All in all, the cost of in-situ conservation is no less than that of relocation and reconstruction.

Experts call for the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project to be launched soon. Yuzhen Palace is the only rescue cultural relic that has not yet formulated a protection plan. Which protection plan to adopt is an urgent issue.

The protection scope of the "Yunxian People" site has been redefined

Zhou Xingming, director of the Yunxian Museum in Hubei Province, and the person in charge of the Qingqu Town Government recently signed a "military order" They have written their respective names, and from now on they will perform their respective responsibilities according to the redefined protection scope of the "Yunxian People" site. This is also a cultural relic protection measure taken to cooperate with the upcoming South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project.

According to reports, the site is located on Xuetang Liangzi on the west side of the Quyuan River in Mituosi Village, Qingqu Town, Yunxian County. In 1989 and 1990, two "Yunxian Man" bodies dating back about 800,000 years ago were unearthed. "The skull fossil caused a sensation all over the world. In 1992, it was identified as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit, and the protection scope and construction control zone were announced. Due to its great and unique value in academic scientific research and cultural relics, it was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit in June last year. But now, the protection scope announced in 1992 can no longer meet the needs of protection management. To this end, the Yun County cultural relics department, together with provincial experts, conducted an investigation into the current status of the site in May this year, redefined the protection scope of the site, and abolished the original scope.

The core protected area is centered on the unearthed skull fossil site, 210 meters to the east, 330 meters to the west, 180 meters to the south, and 50 meters to the north, totaling 124,200 square meters. The central protected area is an extension of the core protected area. Centered on the site where skull fossils were unearthed, it goes east, north, and west to village roads, and south to the Han River, covering an area of ??about 200,000 square meters (including core area). The construction control zone extends from the surroundings of the central protection zone to Quyuan River in the east, Shuigou in the west, Hanjiang River in the south, and Baijiagou in the north. The area you can see when standing on the beam of the school is an environmental protection zone.

The original topography and landforms must be maintained in the core area and central protection zone. Earth extraction, construction and other activities that damage the stratum are strictly prohibited. The approval of residential land is frozen, and the conversion of farmland to forest is gradually implemented. Arrangements with Protect unrelated projects. Maintain the existing pattern within the construction control zone and environmental protection zone, strictly control the development of villages, strictly prohibit any construction projects unrelated to protection, and implement the conversion of farmland to forest and mountain closure projects.

The new site of Dacheng Hall, the only preserved Fuxue Palace in Hubei Province, was selected

Dacheng Hall, located in Yunxian County, is the only preserved Fuxue Palace in Hubei Province and the only one in the country. The most complete preserved wooden structure Confucian school outside the Confucius Temple in Qufu. After the implementation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project, it will be below the water level. Zhou Xingming, director of Yun County Museum, told reporters that the cultural relics department will implement overall relocation and protection of it, and the new site has been selected in Gengjiaya next to Yanjiang Avenue in Chengguan Town, Yun County.

Dacheng Hall is now located in Yunyang Automobile Modification Factory, Xiling Street, Chengguan Town. It was formerly known as "Yunxiang County School". As a government school, it dates back 525 years, and its building itself has a history of 444 years. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, students from Yunyang, Jingxiang, southern Shaanxi, and western Henan gathered in Dacheng Hall for scientific examinations. Its building and more than 10 monuments dedicated to the restoration of the academy are precious physical materials for studying the educational history of Yunyang during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The original Academy was a huge building complex, covering an area of ??20,000 square meters. The only remaining main hall is the Dacheng Hall.

According to experts, the entire Dacheng Hall covers an area of ??more than 600 square meters, with gray tiles, carved beams and painted buildings. It is solemn, elegant, simple and simple, setting off the solemn atmosphere of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Although it has been eroded by wind and rain for hundreds of years and rebuilt 12 times during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it still maintains a unique architectural style. Its structure, stress, craftsmanship, shape, creativity, and materials all show the superb craftsmanship of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Architectural art level. There are still stone tablets and some west gates and walls repaired in the Qing Dynasty near the main hall. Dacheng Hall is not only the only evidence that Yunyang Mansion has existed for 250 years, but also evidence that Yunyang is the political, cultural, and economic center of the three border areas of Hubei, Henan, and Shaanxi. It is very important for studying the politics, economy, history, and culture of Yunyang during the Ming and Qing dynasties. , customs, architectural art, etc. all have important historical data value, and are also extremely valuable for studying the current situation of national education during this period.

The selected new site of Dacheng Hall is not far from the original site, has similar topography and is close to the road and water. Moreover, the new site is located at a higher level with a broad view. There are no residential buildings or modern high-rise buildings around, making it convenient for relocation and future sightseeing. Guan Xin, the head of the Hubei Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, said that the first phase of the project will relocate and rebuild the Dacheng Hall. Later, the front hall, the back hall, the two verandas of the main hall, and the Confucian Zhai, Confucian Hall, Dining Hall, Long Corridor, and Study Hall will also be rebuilt. The palace records, stele gallery, etc. truly reproduce the palace buildings that were built during the Ming and Qing dynasties. (Dai Jinsong, Fang Ning, Hao Tongqian)

(Xinhua News Agency, July 10, 2002)