The life of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties?

@ Han Yu, a scholar in the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), was the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Main achievements: When he was in Tang Xianzong, he accompanied Pei Du to pacify the rebellion in Huaixi buffer region. In the post of assistant minister of punishments, he was demoted to Chaozhou for remonstrating Buddhist bones, which angered Xian Zong.

Life: Han Yu was lonely at the age of three. He was brought up by his brother and sister-in-law. I was poor in my early years, but I had the ambition to study the world. Although he is lonely and poor, he studies hard. At the age of twenty, I went to Chang 'an to take the Jinshi exam, but I didn't try it for the third time. After the age of twenty-five, he was the first scholar. After three unsuccessful attempts to learn Hongci, he went to Bianzhou Dongjin and Xuzhou Zhang Jianfeng as shogunate. Later, he returned to Beijing as a doctor from four universities. After the age of 36, he was appointed as the imperial army. Because he wrote a letter about drought and hunger, please reduce taxes and downgrade Yangshan order. Xian zong returned to the north as a doctor of the country, tired of being an official for the right illegitimate son of the prince, but failed. After 50, he first recruited Wu Yuanji from Pei Du, and then transferred to assistant minister of punishments. Because of remonstrance, the Buddha's bones greeted, and Chaozhou's secretariat fell. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon after, he returned to North Korea, where he died at the age of 57. More successful politically. Poetry strives to be novel, bold and imposing. Later, when he was in Mu Zongshi, he was called by imperial academy to offer a drink offering, and he became the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the official department minister.

@ Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), Zi Zihou, a writer in Tang Dynasty, was one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties.

When Liu Zongyuan was born, the Anshi Rebellion had just been settled 10 years. Although the short-lived peace existed for 20 years, the Tang Dynasty had already passed its peaceful and prosperous times and gradually declined. Liu Zongyuan's family is a family with strong cultural atmosphere. At the age of four, his father went south, and his mother Lushi led him to live in Jingxi Manor. Lushi is a Buddhist, intelligent, virtuous, knowledgeable and has a certain cultural accomplishment. She taught young Liu Zongyuan to recite fourteen ancient poems. Lushi is diligent in housekeeping and educating his children. When he fled to the south in his early years, he would rather starve himself than feed his relatives. Later, Liu Zongyuan offended the relegated official, and his mother followed her son to the South Emperor in her later years without complaint. In the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Jin Ryu went to Jiangxi as an official. After that, Liu Zongyuan went on a business trip with his father and traveled all over the vast area from Changsha in the south to Jiujiang in the north. This experience brought Liu Zongyuan into direct contact with the society and increased his knowledge. Since then, he began to participate in social activities and make friends, and as a gifted teenager, Liu Zongyuan attracted people's attention. Soon, he returned to Chang 'an. Liu Zongyuan spent his childhood in Chang 'an. I have heard and felt about the corruption and incompetence of the imperial court and the social crisis and turmoil. When he was nine years old, that is, the second year of Jianzhong in Tang Dezong (78 1), another large-scale separatist war-Jianzhong Rebellion broke out after Anshi Rebellion. Four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Zongyuan came to Xiakou (now Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province) where his father worked to escape the war. However, as Xiakou is a military stronghold, it has become the target of fierce competition between rebels and government troops in Li Xilie. Liu Zongyuan, who was only 12 years old, also experienced the separatist war in the buffer region at this time.

In the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (80 1), Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Lantian Wei, and two years later, he was transferred back to Chang 'an, where he served as the army supervisor in Li Xing. At that time, he was 3 1 year old and was an official with Han Yu. Although his rank is very low, his authority is no less than that of Shi Yu. Since then, he has made more friends with the upper echelons of officialdom, gained a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, and gradually sprouted a desire for reform. Liu Zong and his good friend Liu Yuxi are the core figures of this innovation. They are called "Two Kings Liu Liu". Young Liu Zongyuan had a sharp struggle with eunuchs, aristocratic families and old bureaucrats on the political stage. His innovation and spirit of struggle are very valuable.

With the downfall of Shunzong, Xian Zong came to power, and the innovation failed, the reformists such as "Two Kings Liu Liu" were immediately demoted. In August, Xianzong ascended the throne, and in September, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Shaozhou (now Shaoyang City, Hunan Province). Before he got halfway, he was demoted to Sima in Yongzhou (now Yongzhou City, Hunan Province). This time, seven people were demoted to Sima at the same time, so history called this incident "two kings and eight Sima events." The fall of Yongzhou 10 year was a major turning point in Liu Zongyuan's life. When he was in Beijing, he directly engaged in innovative activities. After arriving in Yongzhou, his struggle turned to the ideological and cultural field. Ten years in Yongzhou is a decade in which he continued to struggle. He has extensively studied some important issues in philosophy, politics, history and literature since ancient times, and has written articles and books. Most of his masterpieces, such as Feudalism, Mandarin, Zhao Tian and Six Daoism, were completed in Yongzhou. Liu Zongyuan died in Liuzhou in the 14th year of Tang Yuanhe (AD 8 19). The following year, the coffin was transported back to Yuan Qifeng, Wannian County, Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi Province).

@ Ouyang Xiu lost his father at the age of four and grew up with his uncle in Suizhou, Hubei. When he was young, his family was poor and had no money. His mother Zheng painted the land and taught him to read. Ouyang Xiu loved reading since he was a child, and often went to the Li family in the south of the city to borrow books and copy. He is talented and studious, and often recites books before copying them. Teenagers, like adults, write poems and essays in complicated ways. Seeing the hope of family rejuvenation, his uncle once said to Ouyang Xiu's mother, "It's really strange that my sister-in-law doesn't care about her poor family and her children! Not only do you start with a gate, but you will be famous in the world one day. " At the age of ten, Ouyang Xiu learned six volumes from Li Jiade's Collected Works of Mr. Changli in the Tang Dynasty, which he loved very much and laid the seeds for the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty in the future. Renzong Tiansheng eight years (1030), Jinshi. The following year, he was appointed as an official of Xijing (now Luoyang) and became a close friend of Mei He, exchanging poems with each other. In the first year of Jing You (1034), he called the Bachelor's College as Xuandelang and filled in the library for collation. In three years, Fan Zhongyan criticized current politics in the last chapter and was demoted to Raozhou. Ouyang Xiu defended him and was demoted to the county magistrate of Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei). In the first year of Kangding (1040), Ouyang Xiu was recalled to Beijing, and was replaced by Guan Ge for collating and editing the Chongwen general catalogue, which was later called the suggestion court. Li Qing three years (1043), was appointed as the right judge, the imperial edict. Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi and others carried out the "Qingli New Deal", and Ouyang Xiu participated in the innovation and put forward the idea of reforming official administration, military affairs and tribute law. In five years, Fan, Han and Fu were successively demoted, and Ouyang Xiu wrote a letter, claiming to be demoted as the magistrate of Chuzhou (now Chuzhou, Anhui). Later, it was changed to Yangzhou, Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) and Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan). In the first year of you (1049), he returned to Korea and successively served as a bachelor of Hanlin and a historian. In August of the first year of He Zhi (1054), he studied the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the History of the Five Dynasties with Song Qi. In February of the second year of Jiayou (1057), Ouyang Xiu presided over the Jinshi examination as an academician, advocated plain writing style, and admitted Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and others, which had a great influence on the transformation of writing style in the Northern Song Dynasty. In June of the third year of Jiayou, Ouyang Xiu became a bachelor of Hanlin and a bachelor of Longtuge. Five years, thanks to the Committee. The following year, he was appointed to participate in political affairs. Later, he successively served as the minister of punishments and the minister of war. For two years (1065), the above post request is not allowed. In the following two or three years, he resigned many times because of being slandered by Jiang and others, but he was not allowed. In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), Wang Anshi implemented the new law. Ouyang xiu criticized the young crops law and did not implement it. In the past three years, except for the post of Ambassador to the South Campus of Pacific Insurance Company, he insisted on not accepting it and changed Zhizhou to Cai Zhou (now runan county, Henan Province). This year, it was renamed "Liu Yi Boulder". In June of four years, he resigned as the Prince of Shao Shi. Juzhou (now Anhui Province). On July 23rd (1September 22nd, 072), Ouyang Xiu died at home. Ouyang Xiu Cemetery is located in Ouyang Temple Village, Xixindian Town, xinzheng city. The park has a beautiful environment, with hills in the north and gullies and streams in the south. The cemetery is solemn, with many stone tablets and towering cypresses. After the rain, the sun shines brightly and the fog rises like misty rain. The scenery is spectacular, so it has the reputation of "misty rain in Europe" and is one of the eight ancient scenes in Xinzheng.

At the age of 19, he married his wife Shi Cheng. At the age of 27, he was determined to study hard. After studying hard for more than ten years, he has made great progress in his studies. In the first year of Injong Jiayou (1056), Su Shi and Su Zhe were introduced to Bianjing, and Ouyang Xiu, a bachelor of Hanlin, was called. Ouyang Xiu admired his works, such as Power, Balance and Tactics, and thought that they could be comparable to Jia Yi and Liu Xiang, so he recommended them to the court. At that time, officials and scholars rushed to tell stories, and the literary name flourished. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), the second son tied the list in the exam and caused a sensation in Beijing. In the third year of Jiayou (1058), Renzong called him to the Sheren Hospital to take the exam, but he refused to reply on the grounds of illness. In the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), he was recommended by Han Qi as the secretary of the provincial school, and later became the master book of Wen 'an County in Bazhou. He also ordered Yao Bi, the county magistrate of Xiangcheng (now Henan) in Chen Zhou, to write a hundred volumes of dharma books for fellow initiates. Soon after writing, he died and was posthumously awarded as Guanglu Temple Cheng.

In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi, who was 2 1 year old, left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu with an article "On Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment", but mistakenly won the second place among the top students in high school. In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", and got the third grade, which is "the first in a hundred years". Judge Fengxiang, who was awarded the book of Dali Judge. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis in the Northern Song Dynasty began to appear, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity. At this time, Zongshen acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty. On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people. He disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general. Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places. His outstanding achievements have won the hearts of the people. This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case. Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing literati during the Mao period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped. After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he led his family to cultivate a slope in the east of the city and make up for his livelihood by farming. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man". In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1084), Su Shi left Huangzhou and went to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away. Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. I was promoted to Mr. Sheren in the previous dynasty, and then to Mr. Sheren in Zhongshu three months later, so I was promoted to imperial academy. As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou after a long absence 16 to serve as the prefect. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway". Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon, Yingzhou was released because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again and was demoted again. After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Zhou Shuan for permanent resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. Fu Yuan was pardoned for three years (111), returned to Lang Feng, and died in Changzhou. At the age of 64

@ Su Zhe (1039 ~112), whose real name is Ying Bin, was an essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Together with his father Su Xun and his brother Su Shi, they are called "Three Sus", ranking among the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Meizhou Meishan (now Sichuan) people. In the second year of Emperor Injong's reign (1057), he joined Su Shi as a scholar. Soon after, he returned to mourning because of the loss of his mother. After six years in Jiayou, he also worked with Su Shi in middle school. At that time, he was not appointed as an official because of "begging for support" and has been an official in Daming House since then. In the third year of Xining (1070), he wrote a letter to Zongshen, urging the new law to remain unchanged, and wrote a letter to Wang Anshi, criticizing the new law fiercely. In the fifth year of Xining (1072), he entered Henan as an official. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), his brother Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned for writing a poem "slandering the imperial court". He wrote to ask for atonement for his brother with his official position, but he was not involved, was demoted and sentenced to Yunzhou salt and wine tax. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, the old party was in power, and was recalled as a secretary, a provincial school book lang and a right secretary, promoted to a living lang, and transferred to the position of a Chinese book clerk and assistant minister of the household department. For four years (1089), Zhezong Yuanyou was authorized as an official minister and sent to Qidan. He is also the heir to the empire. In the sixth year of Yuan You, he worshipped Shang Shu You Cheng, became an assistant minister at the beginning, and took charge of state affairs. In the eighth year of Yuan You, philosophers were pro-political, and the new school came back to power. During Shao Shengyuan's reign (1094), he wrote against current politics and was demoted as an official. He knew Ruzhou and Yuanzhou, was responsible for granting special permission to Huazhou and resettling Leizhou, and was later demoted to Zhou Xun and other places. After worshiping Ning for three years (1 104), Su Zhe settled in Yingchuan, lived in seclusion in the countryside, built a room called "Yi Lao Zhai", and named it "Welcome guests and care for the elderly". He took reading and writing as his occupation and sat in meditation. After his death, he studied for a bachelor's degree in Ming Taizu Temple and decided to bury him. Su Zhe's life knowledge was deeply influenced by his father and brother, mainly Confucianism, and he admired Mencius most and visited hundreds of schools. He is good at political theory and historical theory. In political theory, he talks about world events. For example, the new theory (1) says that "in today's world, great events are uneasy, chaotic but not dangerous, while Yoshioka is crude and does not lift them, and there is no mutation but chronic illness". Analyzing the political situation at that time can hit the nail on the head. Huang Jing said, "In this world, don't be in a hurry to have no money", and it also hit the nail on the head. Historical theory, like Father and Brother, is aimed at the disadvantages of the times and serves the present. "The Six Kingdoms" comments that Qi, Chu, Yan and Zhao can't support Korea and Wei in the past and unite against Qin, which implies that there were enemies before the Northern Song Dynasty, and then there were decadent realities. Comparing Liu Bei and Liu Bang, The History of the Three Kingdoms commented that Liu Bei was "short in wisdom but not brave" and "I don't know because he failed to win", which also implied a lesson from the past. Su Zhe also has his own views on ancient prose. In the book "Senior Official Han Taiwei", he said: "Writers are in the shape of Qi. However, writing can't be learned, and qi can be raised. " It is believed that "nourishing qi" lies in inner cultivation, but more importantly, it depends on broad life experience. Therefore, Sima Qian was praised as "traveling around the world, visiting famous mountains and rivers, and making friends with Yanzhao, so his prose was sparse and quite strange." His writing style is Wang Yang's and full of elegance. For example, the story of Huangzhou Kuaizai Pavilion is a collection of scenery, narration, lyricism and discussion in one furnace, which is permeated with injustice in the vast ocean and clearly reflects the style of the author's prose. Su Zhe's fu is also well written. For example, "Zhu Mo Fu" praised the painter Wen Tong's "Mo Zhu", and wrote the modality of bamboo carefully and realistically, full of poetry. Su Zhe tried to catch up with Su Shi in poetry, and there are many existing poems, but compared with Su Shi, his thoughts and talents are inferior. Most of his early poems were trivial matters of life, singing about things and writing scenery, especially with Su Shi. The style is unpretentious and the literary talent is not good. After retiring to Yingchuan in his later years, he learned more about farmers' life and wrote poems such as Autumn Harvest, which deeply reflected real life. Writing personal life feelings, artistic achievements are also more than in the early days, such as "Nan Zhai Zhu": "Living in a dusty room, my wife is at leisure. Go to the south window to repair bamboo, as if you saw the old western hills. " The artistic conception is leisurely and the taste is long. Su Zhe has his own ideas about poetry. His Five Diseases in Poetry criticized Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Han Yu and Meng Jiao on the basis of ideological content. For example, Li Bai's "flashy" and "people in the Tang Dynasty didn't understand poetry" were representative in the Song Dynasty.

@ Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086) is named Fu Jie. Born in the Mid-Levels in his later years, he was nicknamed Badger Lang, and was named Jing Guogong, who was known as the king in the world. Born in Linchuan (now Shangchi Village, dongxiang county City, Jiangxi Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty, Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the criminal officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has twice served as a reformer and promoted the new law. Xi Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike and died in Zhongshan, posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu).

@ Ceng Gong

Ceng Gong (10 19— 1083) was born in Nanfeng (now Jiangxi). Known by the world as "Mr. Nanfeng", a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, and one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Song Jiayou became a scholar in the second year (1057). When I was a child, Ceng Gong and his brother Zeng Ye studied hard together, and they showed good talent from an early age. His younger brother Zeng Zhao called him "born alert, not like a teenager" in "A Journey to My Dead Brother", and he had a superior memory, "reading tens of thousands of words and blurting it out". In the second year of Jiayou (1057), at the age of 39, he was admitted as a scholar and was appointed as the Taiping Judicial Army, from which he embarked on his career. The following year, Feng recalled to Beijing, edited and collated books in the history museum, moved the museum to collate, and recruited collating talents. In the second year of Xining (1069), he served as the governor of Qi, Xiang, Hong, Fu, Ming and Bo, and was quite famous. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he moved to Cangzhou and passed the capital. When Zongshen summoned him, he proposed that economy was the key to financial management, which was quite appreciated by Zongshen, and he left three classes to serve. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, Zongshen was good at historiography, so he appointed the History Museum to compile the Outline of the Five Dynasties, but failed. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, he worshipped Zhongshu Sheren. He died in Jiangning House the following year. When operating Buddhism, we pursue "Wen Ding".