Study Han 467: Biography of Xiongnu (3)

Emperor Wen of Han just succeeded to the throne and continued to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. In BC 177, the right king of Xiongnu entered the land south of the Yellow River.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty wrote a letter saying, "The Han Dynasty concluded a peace treaty with the Xiongnu and became brothers. The Huns promised not to invade the border, so they gave the Huns rich materials. Now, you Xianwang left his country and led an army to capture the land of Henan, which is a great change. They invaded the frontier fortress, killed Han officials and soldiers, and expelled barbarians who invaded counties to defend the frontier fortress, so that they could no longer live in the same place. The Huns killed our border officials in the Han Dynasty and plundered the mainland, which was very cruel and did not conform to the provisions of the treaty. The characteristic is that the border soldiers rode 80,000 men to Gaonu and sent the Prime Minister Guan Ying to lead the army to attack the right king. "

Swimming out of the Great Wall, Emperor Han was driving in Taiyuan. At this time, King Jibei took the opportunity to rebel, and Emperor Wen of Han returned to Li and ordered Guan Ying to retreat and return.

In the second year, Morton wrote to the Han Dynasty, saying, "Heaven sent down Huns, just ask the emperor. In the past, the emperor talked about marriage, which was consistent with the meaning in the letter. Both of them were very happy. Now the Han Dynasty sends border officials to bully Wang Xian on the right. The right-wing Wang Xian didn't ask me for instructions, but listened to the tactics of Louis Hounan and others, and clashed with the Han Dynasty. He deviated from the Covenant of the two monarchs and was far away from the affection between brothers. The emperor blamed us for sending letters twice, and we also wrote back asking for an interview between the two sides, but the special envoy of the Han Dynasty never arrived, which led to discord between the two sides and the neighboring countries did not join. Just because of a small official, it hurt the Covenant between the two sides. I punish you, let him lead an army to attack the people on the western front of Yue State. Thank God, our soldiers are excellent and our horses are strong. In the end, the Vietnamese were completely annihilated, and those who refused to surrender were killed. Later, Loulan, Wusun, Hu Jie and 26 neighboring countries were pacified, and these places now belong to the Huns. People who lead bows in the north have all merged into one family. Now that the north has been pacified, I hope that both Han and Hungary can recuperate their sergeants, feed their horses, write off their previous unhappiness, and restore the original Covenant, so as to stabilize the border people, conform to the friendly relations between Xiongnu and Han Dynasty since ancient times, let the young people thrive, and let the elderly enjoy their old age and enjoy happiness from generation to generation. I don't know what the emperor means. To show sincerity, I wrote a letter to the doctor and presented a camel, two good horses and eight drivers at the same time. If the emperor didn't want the Huns near the frontier fortress, I immediately ordered his officials and people to stay away. If the envoy of the Han Dynasty arrives, I will give an order immediately. "

In mid-June this year, Xiongnu messengers came here to deliver letters. After the letter arrived, Emperor Wendi called the ministers to discuss and decide whether to attack the Xiongnu or pro-Xiongnu. The ministers all said, "Khan has just broken the Yue family and is winning the battle, so he can't attack. What's more, it occupied the land of the Huns, and it was also a swamp brine zone, which was not suitable for us to live in. It is best to be intimate. " Wendi agreed with the ministers.

In BC 174, the Han Dynasty replied to the letter from the Huns, saying, "The emperor asked the Huns how they were. In a letter to me, Yu Shaopai, a doctor of the Langzhong, said:' The right wise king listened to the stratagem of Lu Hounan and others, broke the agreement between the two monarchs, and stayed away from his brothers, resulting in long-term friendship between Hungary and China, and the neighboring countries did not attach themselves. Now, because the petty officials broke the covenant, the right-wing Wang Xian was punished for leading an army to attack Ren Yue in the west, and they were all pacified. I hope that both China and Hungary can let the sergeant rest in peace, let the horse eat enough, end the unhappiness before, and restore the original Covenant, so as to stabilize the border people, conform to the friendly relationship between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty since ancient times, let the young people thrive, and let the old people enjoy their old age and live happily on earth. "I am deeply gratified. This is the will of the Lord since ancient times. Han Dynasty and Xiongnu became brothers, so they gave Khan rich materials. It is often Huns who betray the Covenant and deviate from the affection between brothers. But what happened to the right wise king has happened before. I hope Khan will stop digging into it. If Khan tells his officials clearly as written in the letter that they will no longer betray the Covenant and be honest and trustworthy, I will respectfully do as Khan hoped in the letter. The messenger said that Khan personally led the army to conquer other countries, but he would also suffer from military affairs. I send you gorgeous clothes, gorgeous long fir, brocade robe, jade robe, gold belt, gold cloak, ten embroidery, thirty brocade, forty red silk and forty green silk. A doctor from China was specially sent to pay tribute to Khan. "

Soon after, modu chanyu died, and his son Ji Zhou succeeded to the throne, claiming to be old and single.

Old ChanYuJi porridge just ascended the throne, the Chinese emperor once again sent the imperial concubine to marry ChanYuWei E Shi, and sent eunuchs and Yan people to escort the princess. The Bank of China said it didn't want to go, but Emperor Wen forced it. The Bank of China said, "If I have to go, it will be a great disaster in the Han Dynasty." When the Bank of China talked about Huns, it immediately surrendered to Khan, who was very lucky for him.

At first, Huns often got cotton and food from the Han Dynasty. The Bank of China said to Shan Yu: "The combined population of Xiongnu is not as good as that of a county in the Han Dynasty. You are strong because your food and clothing are different from those of the Han Dynasty, and you don't have to rely on the supply of the Han Dynasty. Now we just change our customs and like things from the Han Dynasty. If the things sent by the Han dynasty reach two tenths of all the materials, the Huns will soon be sinicized. The cotton we got in the Han Dynasty, if deliberately put on and galloped in the grass spines, will immediately crack and rot, which shows that Hanfu is not as perfect as autumn. After getting the food of the Han Dynasty, throw it away to show that there is no cheese to eat. " The theory of Bank of China teaches Khan how to record the things around him, so as to count and evaluate the number of people, livestock and things in this department.

The letter sent to Khan by the Han Dynasty was written on a wooden slip of one foot and one inch. At the beginning, it says, "The emperor asked Huns if Khan was safe", and in the middle, it says, "Donated goods". The Bank of China said that Khan gave the wooden slips of the Han Dynasty a foot and two inches long, and the seals were longer and bigger than those of the Han Dynasty. At the beginning, he proudly wrote, "Hun Khan, who was released on the birthday of heaven and earth, asked how Emperor Xian of Han was doing", and in the middle, he wrote the words such as donating items.

The messenger of the Han Dynasty said to the Huns: "The custom of the Huns is to look down on the elderly." The Bank of China asked the envoys of the Han Dynasty: "The customs of the Han Dynasty, young people who joined the army to join the frontier defense, didn't their elderly parents save warm clothes and greasy food that they didn't want to wear for their children?" The messenger of the Han Dynasty replied, "Yes."

The Bank of China said: "The Huns obviously focus on attack, and the old, the weak and the sick can't participate in the war, so they focus on healthy diet for self-defense. So that father and son can protect each other for a long time. How can it be said that the Huns look down on the old man? " The messenger of the Han Dynasty said: "Xiongnu father and son sleep together. After his father died, his son married his mother; When one brother dies, the other brothers marry his wife. Xiongnu has no crown and no ceremony. "

The Bank of China said, "Huns live in a custom that people eat the meat of livestock, drink its milk and wear its skin;" Livestock eat grass and drink water, and move with time. That's why we practice riding and shooting when things are urgent, and there are no entertainment projects at ordinary times. For simplicity, this is a mild constraint. The simplicity of the monarch and the minister, the politics of a country, runs like one person. After the death of father and son, some people marry to prevent caste loss. Therefore, although the marriage system of Xiongnu is chaotic, it can always keep the clan unchanged. Now China doesn't marry his father and brother's wife on the surface, but his relatives gradually alienate each other and kill each other, so that he changed his name. This is the case. What's more, the disadvantages of propriety and righteousness are precisely here. There is resentment between superiors and subordinates, and the house is built too luxuriously, which will definitely affect the people's strength. People worked hard to farm and plant mulberry to have enough food and clothing, and built battlements for self-defense. Therefore, people in China can't go out to fight in an emergency. Generally, they work hard all the year round. Oh, dear! China people who live in mud houses, please don't talk too much. It's annoying to talk all day. Tell me first, what are the practical uses of those crowns? "

From then on, the envoys of the Han Dynasty wanted to argue, and China Bank immediately interrupted them, saying, "The envoys of the Han Dynasty should not talk much, just explain the cotton and rice noodles that the Han Dynasty gave to the Huns. We must ensure that the quality and quantity are perfect. Why do you talk so much nonsense? Besides, if the materials sent are perfect, everything will stop; If not, then wait and see. As long as the crops are ripe in autumn, we will send cavalry to step on them. " The theory of the Bank of China always taught Khan to choose a favorable time and place to attack the Han Dynasty.

In BC 166, Xiongnu Khan led140,000 cavalry to invade Chaona and Xiaoguan, killing Sun Weiang, the capital of the north, plundering a large number of livestock and materials from the people and attacking Pengyang all the way. Xiongnu sent cavalry to burn down the palace of the Han Dynasty, and some cavalry attacked the Ganquan Palace in Yongcheng.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty appointed lieutenant Zhou She and doctor Zhang Wu as generals, and sent 1000 cavalry and100000 cavalry to guard against Xiongnu invasion. Then worship Chang Hou Lu Qing as the general, Wei Kuai as the general of the Northern Emperor, Zao as the general of Longxi, Dongyang Xiangru as the general, Cheng Hou Dongchi as the former general, and send a large group of chariot cavalry to attack the Huns.

Khan returned after staying in the fortress for more than a month, and the Han army immediately returned to the army after expelling the Huns from the fortress, failing to kill the enemy. Huns are even more arrogant, invading the frontier fortress every year, killing many people and livestock materials plundered by Lu, especially in Yunzhong and Liaodong County, with more than 10,000 people. The Han Dynasty was worried about this and sent messengers to deliver letters to Xiongnu. Khan also sent his minions to deliver letters to the Han Dynasty, and the two sides resumed diplomatic relations.

In BC 162, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty sent an envoy to Xiongnu, saying, "The emperor asked the Xiongnu to be safe. Khan sent a family to live in Kequ, and Lang, Zhong, Han and Liao gave me two horses, which I accepted respectfully. The first emperor system of this dynasty: to the north of the Great Wall is the country of pulling bows, ordered by Khan; Inside the Great Wall is a crowned room, which I manage. Only in this way can all the people farm and hunt, have no worries about food and clothing, keep their father and son together, live in peace with each other, and be free from violence. Now it is said that evil people covet the plundered interests, betray their faith, forget the fate of all ethnic groups and alienate the friendly relations between the two monarchs. Of course, these things have happened before The letter said:' The two countries have become close friends, and the two hosts are very happy. They can rest their troops and feed their horses, and they will always be happy and start a happy and peaceful situation again.' I'm happy about that. Saints make progress every day and become a new person, so that the old can rest and the young can thrive and protect their lives. Shan Yu and I both follow this road, showing goodwill to the people, passing it on from generation to generation, and giving it endlessly. No one in the world is inconvenient. The Han Dynasty and Xiongnu were neighboring countries with equal strength. Xiongnu is located in the north of China, where the climate is cold and the murderous look drops early. So, I ordered officials to give Khan a certain amount of sorghum, gold silk, silk cotton and other materials. Now that the world is safe and people are bustling, Shan Yu is the parent of everyone in the world. I remember the past things, all trivial things, and the adviser made mistakes, which are not worth alienating the Han and Hungarian brothers. It is said that the sky will not cover any side, and the earth can't bear it. Shan Yu and I should abandon the original details, take the main road together, and let bygones be bygones, so that the two peoples can feel like a family for a long time. Good people, from fish to turtles, from birds to birds, crawl around on the ground, all kinds of things, do not avoid danger, so don't stop when you come. This is the road to heaven. I don't care about the past: I lifted the arrest order for Han Chinese who fled to Xiongnu, and I don't want to mention anything about Zhang Ni and others. I heard that the ancient emperors would strictly abide by the agreement and never break it. Only by attaching importance to the Covenant can the world be safe. After marriage, the Han dynasty will not be the first to break the contract. Please be honest. "

After Khan reached an agreement with the Han Dynasty and decided on the marriage, Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty issued an imperial edict to the Imperial Imperial Imperial Imperial Court, saying, "Khan of Xiongnu sent me a letter saying that the marriage has been decided. Our fugitives are not enough to increase and expand our land. Xiongnu will not enter the fortress again, nor will Han Dynasty. They will be killed, which violates the Covenant. Only in this way can we get married for a long time, and there will be no worries in the future, which is good for both sides. I have promised to come down and hereby announce it to the world for everyone to understand. "

In BC 160, Lao Shangji Zhou Khan died, and his son, the military minister, became Khan. After the Minister of Military Affairs succeeded to the throne, Emperor Wendi married the Huns again, and the Bank of China said that it would continue to serve the Minister of Military Affairs Khan.

Four years after the military minister Khan ascended the throne, the Huns once again refused to kiss the Han Dynasty and sent 30,000 cavalry to invade Shang Jun and Yun Yun on a large scale, killing and plundering many people and losing ground. In the Han Dynasty, three generals, including Zhang Wu, were stationed in the north. In the land of Gou Zhu Dynasty, Zhao Guotun was stationed in the tiger's mouth, guarding the border and guarding against the invasion of Xiongnu. In addition, there are three generals stationed in Liu Xi, the west of Chang 'an, the west gate of Weibei and Bashang to guard against the Huns.

Tarquin invaded the border of Dai Di, and the bonfire went straight to Ganquan Palace and Chang 'an. A few months later, the Han army rushed to the border, the Huns left the frontier fortress, and the Han army retreated. More than a year later, Emperor Wendi died and Emperor Jingdi succeeded to the throne. Zhao Wang and Liu Sui secretly sent people to collude with the Huns. When the Seven Kingdoms of Wu Chu rebelled, they tried to unite with Zhao, conspired to enter the frontier fortress surrounded by the Han army, defeated Zhao, and the Xiongnu soldiers stopped their military operations.

From then on, Emperor Han Jing once again kissed the Huns and exchanged visits with them, just as before. Send supplies to the Huns and relatives of the princess. In the era of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the Huns only invaded by small forces, and there was no big invasion.

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? Written on March 16, 2022 (February 14 in the Gregorian calendar).

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