What changes have taken place in the relationship between ancient China and Xiongnu?

Jia Yi (200 BC-BC 168) lived in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty and experienced four dynasties: Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Lv Hou and Wendi. The society in the early Han Dynasty faced two major contradictions, one was the contradiction between the central government and the vassals, and the other was the contradiction between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu. Jia Yi stood at the strategic height of these two social contradictions and put forward suggestions and propositions to solve these contradictions. In this paper, Jia Yi's strategic thoughts on the Huns are expressed in order to teach them to become good friends.

First, the expansion of Xiongnu forces in the early Han Dynasty and the "pro-marriage" policy in the Han Dynasty

Xiongnu, in the pre-Qin classics, is called Shanrong, stubborn and meat porridge. They live in the northwest border area of China, live a nomadic life, and often harass all ethnic groups in the Central Plains, which are mainly agricultural. During the Warring States period, Qin, Zhao, Yan and other countries built the Great Wall in the border areas to resist the invasion of Xiongnu. "After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Six Kingdoms, the first emperor ordered Meng Tian to take hundreds of thousands of people from the north to attack Hu ("hundreds of thousands of people "-the leader) and take over Henan. Because the river is impassable, all 44 counties are built near the river, which is suitable for relocation and filling. The straight highway, from Jiuyuan to Yunyang, from Lintao to Liaodong-Vandory, is because of the ravines on the hillside. According to Yangshan Northern Holiday Crossing the River "(1) played a certain role in defending the Huns.

The most powerful period of Xiongnu was after Morton's reign. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu said: "Until Morton, Xiongnu was the most powerful." Modu chanyu killed his father and stood on his own two feet in 209 BC, that is, three years before Liu Bang called Hanwang. Mao Dun died in the sixth year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (BC 174) and reigned for 35 years. This period is the period of Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Lv Hou and Wendi, and it is also the period of Jia Yi's life. During this period, the Huns' power expanded greatly, which not only destroyed King Donghu, "attacked Yues in the west, attacked Aries and King Henan in the south", but also took advantage of the dispute between Qin and Han Dynasties and Chu, and China was struggling for the land of Huns. "Those who learned that Meng Tian had seized Xiongnu land because of the restoration of Qin were blocked by the Han customs and then invaded Yan." (2) During this period, the Xiongnu was stronger than ever before. The areas it ruled were generally Xing 'anling in the east, Beihai in the west and rich city in the Yan Dynasty in the south, some of which had crossed the Great Wall. As far as the overall area is concerned, it is larger than the territory of Qin State and the early Western Han Dynasty. Morton's rule in Xiongnu was more consolidated, so Biography of Xiongnu in Historical Records said: "So the princes and ministers of Xiongnu are very obedient, and Morton Khan is a sage. "

After Liu Bang unified the world, he felt the threat of Xiongnu. In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu (20 1 BC), Han Wangxin was sent to Dai and stationed in Mayi to guard against Xiongnu. When the Huns attacked Mayi, Han Wangxin could not resist and surrendered to the Huns. Xiongnu sent troops south to attack Taiyuan and go to Jinyang. Emperor Gaozu felt that the situation was serious and personally led more than 300,000 soldiers to attack the Xiongnu, hoping to give the Xiongnu a major blow. As a result, Emperor Gaozu was besieged by Xiongnu in Deng Bai, Pingcheng. There are four types of tarkan around Emperor Gaozu: West White Horse, East Green Horse, North Black Horse and South Black Horse. Emperor gaozu was besieged for seven days, cut off from the outside world, and his food would run out. Emperor Gaozu used Chen Ping's plan to send someone to Mao Dun to see E Shi as a gift, so he said to him, "The two masters are not trouble-free, but they have now acquired the land of the Han Dynasty, but in the end they only live on the land where they can't live. And Hanwang is deep, only as a sacrifice. " So Khan led his troops away, and the siege of the city of peace was solved. ③

It was a great shame for the Han Dynasty that Emperor Gaozu was trapped in Pingcheng and Deng Bai. Emperor gaozu in Liu Jing asked, Liu Jing said:

"At the beginning of the world, foot soldiers stopped at soldiers and were not armed. Morton killed his father instead, and both his wife and mother have the right, but they can't say righteousness. You can count on it for a long time, and your descendants are my ears! But I'm afraid your majesty can't do it. " He said, "Sincerely, why not! What can I do? "

He said to Yue, "Your Majesty can really give princess royal a wife and give her a generous gift. He knows that a suitable woman will give her a generous gift from Korea, and she will admire her. Her child will be a prince and she will be Khan. who is it? Greedy for money. Your Majesty 18 years old inherited what was left over from the Han Dynasty because the debater was polite. Modu chanyu is here, he is a son-in-law, he is dead, and his grandson is Khan. How dare you hear about his grandson and his father? Soldiers can defeat others without fighting and gradually become ministers. If your majesty can't send princess royal, the imperial clan and the harem to pretend to be princesses, he will know that it is useless to refuse to get close to you. " Gaudi said, "Good!"

I want to send princess royal. ①

This is the famous policy of "affinity" and gift giving in Han Dynasty. When Lv Hou knew about it, she cried day and night. She said she only had a prince and a princess. Why did she marry her only daughter to the Huns? Gaozu listened to Lv Hou, chose the daughter of the imperial clan, and sent Liu Jing to the Xiongnu for an engagement. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu contains: "Khan E Shi, the royal princess of Gao Made Emperor Liu Jingfeng, served Xiongnu with all kinds of rice wine, which was related to Kundi's marriage." This policy lasted for 60 or 70 years after Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi, Jingdi and even the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. For example, in the third year of Huidi (BC 192), the sixth year of Wendi (BC 174), the first year of Jingdi, and the fifth year of Jingdi (BC 156, BC 152), princesses were sent back one after another, and property was given every year.

However, this policy of "kissing" and giving gifts did not achieve the expected purpose, and the Huns continued to invade and harass the south. At that time, Longxi, Beidi, Shang Jun, Yunzhong, Shanggu and Liaodong counties (Lintao in Gansu, Qingyang in Shaanxi, Yulin, Togtoh in Inner Mongolia, Huailai in Hebei and Liaoyang in Liaoning) were often harassed. Wherever tarquin went, he destroyed crops, robbed property, killed officials and people, and stole people, which caused great damage to social economy.

After the death of Emperor Gaozu, Lv Hou came to power. In addition to continuing to invade the south, modu chanyu also wrote a very arrogant letter to Lv Hou, saying:

"Prince Orphan, born in Juze, grew up in Ye Ping. When he counted to the border, he wanted to visit China. Your majesty is independent. I live alone. The two masters are unhappy and have nothing to worry about. They are willing to have everything, and it is easy to have nothing. " (2)

This is a great insult to Lv Hou. Just as the Mirror pointed out that "the writing is extremely obscene", Lv Hou was furious after reading it, and wanted to send troops to attack Modu. Later, due to Ji Bu's suggestion, Lv Hou didn't submit to humiliation and wrote back. The biography of Han Xiongnu contains a letter saying:

"Khan, don't forget the disadvantages of the city. Give it a book. The disadvantages of the city are frightening. After the sun is gone, I am getting old, my teeth are decayed, and I can't walk properly. Listening alone is not enough to pollute myself. If the city is innocent, it should be forgiven. Stole two royal cars and two horses to be the main driver. "

After receiving Morton's letter, he sent an envoy to apologize to Han: "I have never heard of China's courtesy, but your majesty has the honor to forgive me." At the same time, he sent his horse to Lv Hou and signed a marriage contract, but in the sixth year of Lv Hou (BC 182), the Huns invaded Didao and attacked Ayang. A year later, the Huns invaded the above places again and plundered more than 2,000 people.

After the death of Lv Hou, Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, and the Xiongnu invaded and plundered the south continuously. In the third year of Emperor Wendi (BC 177), Xiongnu right Wang Xian invaded, occupied Henan, invaded the county, and killed and plundered the people. Emperor Wen wrote a letter saying:

Han and Xiongnu agreed that Emperor Kun would not invade the border, so it was very thick to send Xiongnu. Today, You Xianwang left his country and will live in Henan.

Very old. Barbarians who traveled to and from the fortress, killed officials and soldiers, and invaded Shang Jun protected the fortress so that they could not live in it. Tomb-raiding is an unreasonable border official's tomb-raiding, nor is it a promise. ①

So Emperor Wendi sent border officials to ride 80,000 chariots to Shang Jun Gaonu, and sent Prime Minister Guan Ying to attack the right king. Seeing the attack of Han soldiers, you fled to the Great Wall.

In the fourth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 176), he wrote a letter to Emperor Wendi about the invasion of Emperor Tianzi, which said: "Han Dynasty officials invaded and insulted the Emperor Tianzi, but the Emperor did not accept it. After hearing this, Lv Hou, the righteous man, found it difficult to support the plan and hated the Han officials, so he broke the contract with the two masters and left Kundi's relatives. " (2) expressing willingness to make up with Korea. After Emperor Wendi got this book, he called ministers to have a meeting to discuss and make friends. Is it better to attack? All the ministers said, "Khan, you have just defeated Yue's family, so you can take advantage of it and not attack it. Besides, it's very convenient to be close to you because Lu Ze is uninhabitable in the land of Xiongnu. " Wendi listened to the opinions of the ministers and continued to kiss each other. Six years ago (BC 174), Emperor Wendi wrote a letter saying: "You said in your letter:" I am willing to lay off the troops, put aside the past, re-establish the previous agreement, make peace with the border people, and the world will be peaceful and happy. " I am very grateful. The ambition of this ancient holy king is also willing to be close as always. ③

There have always been different views on the pros and cons of the "pro-"gift policy in the early Han Dynasty. Chen said in the Historical Draft of Xiongnu that this was a compromise made by the Han Dynasty "for the sake of border peace". 4 Gan Lin said: "The affinity in the early Han Dynasty was a negative policy, a disguised tribute and a forced compromise under the historical conditions at that time." These views are very reasonable.

Second, Jia Yi's thought of "fighting morality"

At that time, many ministers opposed the "pro-Xiongnu" policy in the early Han Dynasty. Downloaded a passage from Uncle Sun Sheng in Historical Records:

"Fang Yi, the big fellow of the universe, is over thirty-five. He was decorated by his daughter for no reason, thinking that the Xiongnu royal family would never laugh again! Husband, Xiongnu, jackal, his father beat him to death with his own hands. Why did he kill him for his wife's father? He had a son in modu chanyu, but when he saw his father die in modu chanyu, he said that my father was not martial, so why could he stand my father alone and my father was outside? Otherwise, I took100000 horses into Mu Sai and said,' Even if I am a grandson, why can't I own land in China? Please stay in the pasture if you are biased towards Kyushu.' Xi word defends it. "

This record is invisible in official history, but many politicians are opposed to marriage. Jia Yi is one of them. There is Jia Yi in the biography of Han Jia Yi. He said angrily in the process of giving advice to the Chinese emperor:

"Today, the huns invaded, disrespectful. They are suffering for the whole world and will die. In the Han Dynasty, gold was collected to serve it. It is the Lord's exercise to levy a decree on Yidi. The son of heaven * * * pays tribute, which is a gift from the liegeman. You are in the front and you are in the back, so you can't solve it. Are you still a state-owned person? "

Jia Yi believes that the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu is like the first foot. Now the first foot is upside down, just like "upside down", which can be tolerated. He expressed great dissatisfaction and indignation at the invasion of the border by Xiongnu. "New Book Xie Xian" said: "Although there are princes with a long history in the West County and the North County, it is not easy to get them back. If it is five feet, it will not be easy. In the middle of the country, it is difficult to enter the grain and grass. Those who refuse to wait dare not lie down, while those who wait lie down, and the Xiongnu's bullying is unknown. Wei Guangde is hard to believe. " (1) in the new book "don't believe" said:

"The ancient justice, east and west, north and south, wherever the boat and car go, wherever they go, they are completely convinced, and then they are the sons of heaven; Dehouyan, Zezhanyan, and then proclaimed himself; Plus beautiful women, and then called the emperor. Today's topic is beautiful, but it can't go out of the Great Wall. Not particularly disrespectful. The edge is restless, and the middle is restless. For example, a tiger will move when it sees it. In the past, Emperor Gaudi served Kyushu in cloth, but now His Majesty posted Kyushu instead of Xiongnu. I think your majesty is not enough, and it backfires. " ②

Faced with such a situation, Jia Yi shouted loudly to completely solve the problem of Xiongnu invading the border. In the third chapter of New Book Xiongnu, he expounded a set of strategic thoughts to subdue Xiongnu nobles. This kind of thought is embodied in "striving for morality", that is, emphasizing "subduing the four foreigners with benevolence and morality, showing the distance with benevolence and knowledge, so that wherever the car goes, wherever the manpower goes, it is all livestock. Who dares to be angry and disobey the emperor's will?" His thought of "fighting morality" includes the following contents:

First, correctly estimate the strength of the enemy and ourselves. Jia Yi estimated that tarkan was around 60,000. If a family of five has cavalry, the Xiongnu household registration is 300,000. This figure is "not as good as that of Shifan County in Han Dynasty", he pointed out: "I secretly learned that Xiongnu was only Qianshi County in Han Dynasty, and was trapped in a small county because of the size of the world, which was a shame for deacons." I think I gave in too much to the Huns. To govern the Xiongnu, it is advisable to "set up officials and govern the Xiongnu" and "shake it up with the skill of flaunting cicadas." What is "the art of Yao Chan"? Xunzi Shi Zhi: "Those who are full of cicadas should know their fire and shake their trees. The fire is unknown, although it vibrates its tree, it is useless. If today's people can understand their virtues, the world will be on fire. " In other words, like catching cicadas with an open flame, we should disintegrate and conquer the Huns with merciful means. In this way, the world is ruled. Jia Yi said, "Your Majesty is willing to listen." "The huns as subjects of the han dynasty, one thousand people into a country. They will be located outside the Great Wall, extending from Longxi to Liaodong, and each of them will divide their forces to guard the border, in case of the change of the Yue people and irrigation, all of which belong to their home counties. Then stop fighting and rest, and kill the soldiers in the world. If the emperor is a wise man, faithful to the outside world and obedient to all directions, then the ambition of a foolish minister will be fast. " Jia Yi said: "I heard that powerful countries strive for wisdom, kings strive for righteousness, and emperors strive for virtue." This is the traditional Confucianism.

Second, if you want to "compete with Khan, the Huns will still be shocked." We won over the Huns and solved the problem of Xiongnu invasion, just like shaking down the branches and leaves of a dead tree. How can we "compete with Khan"? Jia Yi put forward that "build three watches and set five baits."

The so-called "three forms" are "telling the son of heaven with love" about faith, love and goodness. Jia Yi said:

"Your majesty is willing to use my plan, and I am willing to use the letter of the emperor to make the letter of the Xiongnu public. In order to communicate, you must do what you want. I promised people in my dream, but I didn't believe it. Your majesty promised that if the sunrise burns. Therefore, Wen Jun said a word, although there are some micro-distances, his ambition is not in doubt; He who hates Kan is not in danger. If this is a letter, it is impossible. It will be a watch. I also made love to your majesty, which made the Huns think highly of themselves. If they are bearded and arrogant, they think they love the son of heaven, but they are still weak and loving mothers. If this is love, it is a watch. He also talked about your majesty's kindness, which made the Hu people think highly of themselves. If they have good skills and good work, they can do the same. If this is good, it is a watch. The shape of a lover, the skill of a good man, human nature; Faith is a great exercise, and the emperor is just. If you have a real hobby, you will agree. If you die all your life, you will come. This is called three watches. "

Jia Yi's "faith" is "words must be done, and actions must be fruitful"; The so-called "love" is to love the appearance of "Hu Ren" (Xiongnu); And "good" is like its superb skills. He said: "the shape of a lover, the skill of a good man, the way of a person", that is, the performance of "benevolence." Among the faithfulness, love and goodness, "faithfulness is a great exercise" is the expression of the emperor's loyalty. It can be seen that the basic idea running through the "three forms" is the Confucian "war virtue"

Jia Yi's Five Baits; One is to decorate its eyes with brilliant flowers. This is the so-called "Xiongnu couple, whose parents have embroidered clothes, and those who lack clothes and brocade, ride five horses for a silver car, carve lacquer, ride four horses, carry a green cover, ride from the number, and take the imperial ginseng." It's easy to get in and out, but it's not light. So that the surrendered Huns always get this and give them an ear. Everyone in a country is eager to tell each other what they hear and see, and everyone is lucky, thinking that I can get this, too, which will ruin my eyes. "The second is to spoil his mouth with beauty, that is, the so-called" Xiongnu envoy ".If there is a big drop, people will gather and there will be a call for food. "The food is four or five times as rich, the food is delicious, the meat is very sour, and the square in front is a few feet. You can sit alone, and the number of people who want to see the conference is very solid. People who are given pleasure eat with a smile and taste what they like and have never tasted before. Let newcomers enjoy it all the time. When people in a country hear and see, they will admire each other. What people are jealous of, they will win with me and ruin their mouths. " The third is that music and dance spoil its purpose, which is the so-called "outstanding person of the fallen". If the emissary comes, people from all over the world will be invited. In order to summon their knowledge, those who want to watch the conference semifinals should not be banned. There are twenty or thirty people who make women black and white, embroider clothes, wait in the hall, or lose weight, or are embarrassed to cook for them. On the stage, Yuefu delights in falsehood, playing flute and drum (elder brother calls), and dancers do it from time to time. Beat drums and dance with dolls. In the past, this was a brilliant piece of music. After visiting Xu Qiang hand in hand, more than 10 people were assisted by women, which made future generations feel gratified. Everyone wants to tell each other what they hear and see in a country, and everyone is embarrassed, afraid that they will come later and hurt their ears. "Fourth, it is to reward its belly with wealth, that is, the so-called' who will fall, your majesty will be lucky to call, and if so, it will be about. "Your majesty will be very rich from time to time. You will have a high hall, a good kitchen, a grand palace in Beijing, horses in the stables, cars in the warehouse, handmaiden, babies and animals. At this time, he made great contributions, named Hook, and enjoyed Hu Shi. Thanks to the official help, he made this animal live in Beijing with joy and passed it on to his old king as a family ear. Huns fall in love, and everyone is afraid that they will destroy their abdomen later. " Fifth, be kind to the Hu nobles and their children to destroy their hearts. The so-called "surrenders, there is always luck in the world, and then they are admitted to the law." Husband and wife are hard to kiss. If you love a baby and a noble son, you will be lucky to invite a large number of people. So, you have a good time embroidering clothes, and you will follow when you go out, but you will stay in the house. At the dinner table, you can enjoy the conference semifinals and be a guest. The warrior of Lux is close to the waiter, and Hu's baby is close to the waiter. Hu Guiren can accompany the wine. Fortunately, he is very cultured, so he paid for a wine lamp, sometimes a doll. Embroidered clothes will be produced for leisure and will be given to guests when they are free. Fortunately, I was lucky enough to slap, beat and tease Hu's baby. Give it to me, get dressed, have free time and be yourself, which is a blessing. From the beginning, Hu Ying was in front or behind, Hu Guiren served wine, dressed in clothes, distinguished people stood in front, and several people lived in the ear. People who hear and see in a country have their own needs, and everyone is embarrassed for fear that they will ruin their hearts later. "

Jia Yi's "five baits", that is, fish bait, all belong to the content of generous remuneration, that is, to the Huns, try to satisfy their material desires and spiritual enjoyment through various means, so as to achieve "holding their ears, eyes, mouth and abdomen, ... and attracting their hearts, so that they can not get peace." Jia Yi believes that as long as the "three shapes" and "five baits" are implemented, the Huns can be won over, Khan can be isolated, and then surrender. This is a high strategic thinking. He said:

"Therefore, the three tables are oracles, and the five baits are clear, and the Huns will be suspicious; I couldn't sleep, I couldn't eat, and I squatted in the corner of the vault with a sword and a bow, looking around, thinking I had got revenge. His ministers, although they want to stay, are behind the tiger; It is natural for people to ask for nothing, and they are also afraid. His noble opinion is simple. He is still a tiger and a wolf. The south belongs to Han, but it is still weak to admire the loving mother. Its public opinion must be an official, but it can still be punished and hateful; If you want to go to the south, you will still flow downwards. I will make Khan an envoy without ministers, without the protection of the people, and my husband will not strangle his evil. Please return to your majesty's righteousness! This is called Doude. "

The content of "fighting morality" mentioned by Jia Yi is the thought of "ruling by virtue" and "ruling by courtesy" advocated by Confucianism.

Third, Jia Yi is confident in his strategy of "showing cicada skills", "three styles" and "five baits". He volunteered to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and was willing to come to realize this plan in person. He said, "Your Majesty is interested. Why don't you find a special envoy to deal with this matter? Ren replaced the position of the ancient little prince, but dared to defend it. Taking the minister as the official of the country and the Xiongnu as the teacher, thanks to the minister's luck, Hugh Tufan slipped up within half a year; Between holidays, Hugh wears grass on his neck and knees. Please return to your majesty's righteousness and seek only good fortune. Then I will return to the official of the country and give me Fukuda Lu. I will no longer be a late court, and my loyalty will be fast. " (1) Jia Yi is concerned about his country and people, and his loyalty to Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty burns on paper.

In the past, people often called Jia Yi's "three styles" and "five baits" strategies pedantic. Ban Gu said in "Han Shujia's Biography": "If you want to try to return to China, you should give five baits and three tables of iron sweat, and your skills are solid and sparse." Lu Xun compared Jia Yi's and Chao Cuo's different views on Xiongnu in the Outline of China Literature History, saying: "However, compared with their views on Xiongnu, it can be seen that Jia Sheng's words are quite extensive and cannot be compared with Chao Cuo's profound knowledge." However, some people in history have positively affirmed Jia Yi's ideas. For example, in Song Dynasty, when Cheng Yi read about it, he said, "Jia Yi said he had five baits. At that time, he laughed at them. The court is doing it today, so he has a lot of time to rest. " (3) Zhu also agreed with Cheng Yi, who said, "Cheng Yi said that North Korea is using this technology. The Khitan was obviously bought by gold and silk. The same is true of Jin Lu today. " (4) In Zhu Cheng's view, Jia Yi's theory of "three shapes and five baits" is a means of appeasement against Xiongnu, which should not be used. Some scholars believe that "this means is also a common means of inducing surrender in war." ⑤ Its essence is to meet the needs of Huns for all kinds of material interests and spiritual enjoyment under the banner of "faith", "love" and "goodness", so as to divide and disintegrate their hearts and conquer Huns by peaceful means. This was a far-sighted strategic thought at that time.

Third, the idea of "fighting morality" and "people-oriented"

Jia Yi's general plan of governing the country is benevolent government. The core of benevolent government thought is people-oriented, and only adhering to "people-oriented" is the "major policy" of the country. The importance of the people in political and social life is summarized at the beginning of the new book, major policies:

When it comes to politics, the people are all in favor. The country thinks so, the monarch thinks so, and so do officials. The old country regarded the people as security, the monarch regarded the people as power, and the official regarded the people as dignity. This means that the people all support this. When you hear it in politics, people work for their lives. The country thinks life, the monarch thinks life, and the official thinks life. In the old country, the people were the survival, the monarch was blind to the people, and the official was virtuous to the people. This means that people are all for their lives. When you hear it politically, the people all contribute. The old country thought merit, the monarch thought merit, and the official thought merit. The country is proud of the people, the monarch is strong with the people, and the official is capable with the people. This means that all people have contributed to this. If you hear about it politically, the people will do their best. The old country thinks strong, the monarch thinks strong, and the official thinks strong. Therefore, if the husband wins the war, the people want to win; If you attack it, people will want it; Let it live, and the people will survive. Therefore, lead the people and keep them, and the people don't want to survive, they can't survive; Therefore, leading the people to attack, if the people don't want it, they won't get it; Therefore, leading the people to fight, if the people don't want to win, they can't win. So its folk music meets its enemy, and then it can't stop. The enemy will be terrible and the war will be won. If the husband and the people are afraid of it, they will go and the war will be defeated. Therefore, the fortunes of the husband are not in the sky, but also in the literati. ..... people's ambition is indispensable.

In Great Politics, apart from this concentrated discussion, the importance of the people has been talked about many times, such as: "Therefore, the husband and the people are stupid, and they cannot be deceived." Therefore, since ancient times, those who are enemies of the people will be late and violate, and the people will win. ""husband and people, only you have it, and I help you manage it. Therefore, if a husband is a minister, he will take enriching the people as his work and taking the poor as his sin. Therefore, those who know the sages are wise and those who love the people are loyal. " "Husband and man, eternal inheritance, also cannot be bullied. Anyone who lives in a superior position and is simple and bitter to the people is a fool; It is wisdom to respect scholars and care for the people. " "Therefore, husband and people, home also, people to be feared. Therefore, husbands and people are too strong to be suitable (enemies). " "Those who are enemies of the people, the people will win." "So the husband and the people, the tree of the country, the foundation of the governors, cannot be neglected. "Wait a minute. ①

Here, Jia Yi uses the concepts of "birth", "fate", "merit" and "strength" to illustrate the position and role of the people in history. He believes that "foundation" is fundamental and the people are the foundation of the country; "Life" is life, and people are the life of the country; "Merit" is efficacy. To improve the efficiency of governing the country, we must rely on the people; "Power" is power, and the people are the power of the country. He clearly explained a truth, that is, the people are the foundation of the country, so the people can restrict the fate of the country and decide the rise and fall of the country.

Because the people are the foundation of the country, the monarch must love the people, saying that "for the monarch, respect the scholars and love the people to the end" and "morality is higher than fraternity." (2) Jia Yi listed many historical stories in the pre-Qin period in his New Book, such as Yucheng and Lianyu, in order to show that people who practiced the rule of virtue and cared for the people won the support of the people and their rule was consolidated; On the contrary, those who betray their faith and harm the people will come to a shameful end. Only by insisting on loving, caring and enjoying the people can the monarch get reliable defenders.

To love the people, we must benefit the people, give them visible benefits and interests, and satisfy their material interests. Jia Yi quoted Di Ku as saying in "On the Language of Repairing Politics": "Politics is superior to Boli people." He also quoted Dayu as saying, "If people have no food, then I can make it work." Success is not good for the people, I can advise you. "How can we benefit the people? The most important thing is to enrich the people. He quoted Zhou Chengwang's words in Politics under the Rectification: "I have heard that saints are on the throne, making the people rich and live long. "Only by making the people rich can the status of the monarch be consolidated.

The above-mentioned Jia Yi's "fighting morality" against the Huns is based on the people-oriented thought. His "showing off cicada skills", "three shapes" and "five baits" focused on wooing Huns, giving them material benefits and spiritual enjoyment, treating them like Han people, separating them from Khan, and isolating Khan, so as to pacify the border and develop production. Jia Yi, more than two thousand years ago, has such a high strategic thought, which is commendable. We should learn from it, learn from it and inherit it.