The Historical Evolution of Chile

The original inhabitants of Chile were Indians, who were in the transition stage from matrilineal clan to paternal clan in the16th century. Among them, the Ulu people in the north, the Kongsa people in the middle and the Araucan people are mainly engaged in agricultural production and fishing, and some have been able to make bronze and gold and silver utensils; The Ona people and the Agam people in the south live by fishing and hunting. 1In the 1930s, after the Spanish colonist Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru, he sent his partner Almagro to invade Chile in 1535. Attacked by Indians, he fled back to Peru on 1538. 1540, Pizarro sent valdivia to invade Chile again, and successively established Santiago, Concepcion, valdivia and other towns, and Chile became a Spanish colony. Since then, the Indians have continued to fight, and the old Kans in the middle have long controlled the territory south of the Biobio River. Chile was originally under the jurisdiction of the governor of Peru. 1778, the Spanish royal family established the Chilean governor and procuratorate as the highest ruling body in Chile. During the colonial period, Chile's economy was dominated by agriculture, producing wheat and corn, and animal husbandry also occupied an important position. Spanish colonists occupied a large area of land, implemented the system of entrusted guardianship, and forced Indians to engage in agricultural labor or refine precious metals. They plundered wealth by various means, causing serious disasters to the local people. The Chilean people held many uprisings in 165 1, 1655, 1723, 1766 and 1780.

181September18, the indigenous white people in San Diego overthrew the colonial regime and established an independent government. 18 14 10 in June, the governor of Peru sent troops to restore colonial rule. Chilean National Volunteers, led by ohiggins, crossed the Andes and joined the army of San Martin. 18 17, this army marched into Chile under the command of San Martin, and defeated the Spanish colonial army in Chacabuco on February 12. In the same year, ohiggins was elected as the supreme consul of Chile. 1818 February 12 ohiggins officially declared Chile's independence and established a republic. After Chile's independence, the regime was in the hands of local white landlords. The Auschwitz government has taken some progressive measures, such as abolishing aristocratic titles, allowing the spread of Protestantism, developing public schools and encouraging foreign trade. Causing dissatisfaction among the landlord class and the Catholic church. 1823 ohiggins was forced to resign and went into exile in Peru. Since then, due to the struggle between different political factions, the country was once in turmoil. 183 1 The Conservative Party came to power. 1833 enacted the constitution, gave the president great power, took Catholicism as the state religion, consolidated the rule of the big landlord class, and began a relatively stable political situation for the next 30 years.

During this period, the Conservative government encouraged immigrants from European countries to occupy Indian land. The development of Atacama and Kekimbo copper mines has made Chile an important copper producer in the world. Exports of minerals and grains have increased, and education has also developed. At the same time, a large amount of British and American capital invested in saltpeter, copper mines and railways. From 1836 to 1839, Chile launched a war against Bolivia-Peru Federation (Santa Cruz, A).

65438+In the forties and fifties of the 20th century, the Liberal Party became stronger with the support of liberal landlords and mining capitalists. 1861~1891the period when the liberal party was in power. The government tried its best to weaken the Catholic forces and develop the saltpeter area in Atacama Desert. And improved traffic. Anglo-American capital further invaded and took control of railways and major production departments. From 1865 to 1866, Chile allied itself with Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia to wage war against Spain. In the Pacific War in South America, Chile annexed Tarapaca and Arica provinces in Peru and Antofagasta region in Bolivia. 189 1 year, naval officer J. Monte launched a civil war and seized power. Since then, the landlord class has joined hands with big importers and exporters to control the government through Congress, and started the so-called "Congress * * * and Period" (189 1 ~ 1920). During this period, Chile's economy has developed. 1920, Alex Sandri Palma, the candidate of the Freedom Alliance, was elected president. 1925 Convened a constitutional convention to formulate a new constitution, which stipulated that voters should directly elect the president, separate church from state, levy progressive taxes, and the government has the right to expropriate private property. The labor movement is developing day by day. 1922, the Social Labor Party changed its name to * * * Production Party and joined * * * Production International. After Alexander Sandri Palma was re-elected as president in 1932, the anti-democratic tendency intensified and fascist forces became increasingly rampant. From 65438 to 0936, Radical Party, Producer Party, Socialist Party, Democratic Party and Trade Union formed the People's Front. The Radical Party came to power with the support of the People's Front, Zelda (1938 ~ 1942), Rios Morales (1942 ~ 1946) and Gonzá lez Vidra (1946). The first two governments vigorously set up schools, set up "production development companies", developed national industries, lent loans to farmers and developed foreign trade. At the same time, the proletariat has grown. In the parliamentary election of 194 1 year, 18 workers' representatives were elected to the parliament.

At the beginning of World War II, Chile remained neutral. 1945 declared war on the axis countries. Gonzá lez videla recruited leftists into the cabinet in the early days of his administration. From 1947, the policy turned right, and from 1948, the Law on Defending Democracy was promulgated. From 65438 to 0952, after Carlos Ibáez del Campo was elected president, he continued to follow the United States in diplomacy.

1958, the liberal party and the conservative party supported the election of J. Alecsandri-Rodriguez as president. 1960, an earthquake of magnitude 8.9 occurred in Chile, which caused devastating damage to Chile. 1964, after eduardo frei montalva, the leader of the Christian Democratic Party, was elected president, he was forced by the people to "Chileanize" the American copper company (that is, the joint venture company); At the same time, part of the landlord's land was expropriated and distributed to farmers. Between 1994 and 2000, Christian Democrat eduardo frei was elected president. Social Democrat ricardo lagos escobar was elected president in 2000. On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2006, Michelle Bachelet, a former defense minister and single mother, won the general election and was elected as the first female president in the country's history.

20 10 65438+ 10/01,Chile officially signed the agreement to join the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, becoming the third1member of the organization and the first country in South America to join the organization.

20 10 65438+ 10/7, Sebastián Pi?era, the candidate of the Chilean opposition Coalition "Alliance for Change", was elected President of Chile with 52% of the votes, becoming the first right-wing party president in Chile in 52 years.