What happened to the movement that spread Greek civilization widely?

Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, once said, "We live around the sea like frogs around a pond". Looking at the map of ancient Greece, we find that ancient Greece really surrounded the whole Aegean Sea. If we count the colonies of ancient Greece, then ancient Greece almost surrounded the whole Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Through the colonial movement, the sphere of influence of the Greeks was extremely expanded. The Greek colonies had a great influence on the ancient Mediterranean world, which was a harbinger of the later "Hellenistic" era. I. Geography, social conditions and colonial conditions of Greece

Colonial activities in ancient Greece began in the 8th century BC. Prior to this, Mycenae civilization was destroyed by the invasion of Dorians, and ancient Greece experienced a dark age of 3 years. At the end of the dark ages, the social economy of ancient Greece developed again, the polis reappeared, and everything was recovering. From the 8th century to the 6th century, the Greek states were in transition from clan tribes to state system, because their prosperity was similar to that of Crete era and Mycenae era, so it was called "archaic era"

Social and economic recovery will inevitably bring about population growth. However, ancient Greece is a country with few mountains and lots of land, and the rapid population growth will inevitably bring great social pressure to Greek States. The contradiction between population and land runs through the whole ancient society. In China, peasant wars often break out because of the contradiction between people and land. In order to solve this problem, the ancient Greeks adopted immigration measures. For example, in the 7th century, there was a severe drought in Tiela Island, and the residents on the island had to choose some of them by lottery to colonize Platia Island in Libya, Africa. In addition, the ancient Greeks were good at doing business, and they often set up commercial stations overseas, which gradually evolved into commercial strongholds and eventually became colonies.

Tao pian exile method

The class differentiation in the "archaic era" accelerated this colonial activity. With the division of classes, nobles were able to control more land, while civilians' land was continuously lost until they went bankrupt and even became debt slaves. Many civilians choose to emigrate overseas in order to avoid being enslaved by nobles. Within the nobility, the party who failed in the political struggle may also be exiled overseas and join the colonial team. For example, in 76 years ago, the illegitimate child of a citizen of Sparta sought a reactionary coup because he could not get equal citizenship. After the failure, he and his followers were forced to emigrate to other religions. In addition, some nobles also set up institutions for trafficking and robbing people overseas in order to transport slaves to China, which also promoted the colonial expansion movement.

The ancient Greek people chose the maritime route for colonization, which had a great relationship with the development of navigation technology in ancient Greece. During the ancient times, great progress was made in Greek shipbuilding and navigation technology. There are 3-paddle ships and 5-paddle ships, and there are also three rows of paddle ships. However, the navigation technology at that time could not cross the Mediterranean, which made the Greek navigation only along the coastline. But the vast Mediterranean is enough to provide a big stage for the Greeks. Second, the Mediterranean world of ancient Greece

The ancient Greek colonies were all built on the Mediterranean coast, and the reason why they were built in coastal areas was to guard against the attacks of local residents. In case of crisis, it is convenient for them to escape by boat. The best settlement is the coastal plain backed by mountains. The Greeks first occupied the land of the aborigines, and then carried out activities such as slave trading, plundering resources, and commercial trade. Therefore, the colonial activities in ancient Greece have already had a very obvious aggressive nature. The local residents were either driven away or enslaved, and only a few of them were integrated into the Greeks.

At the beginning of the establishment of the ancient Greek colony, it was only a vassal of its own state. The colony had to rely on its mother state in all aspects, and its system and customs were basically the same as that of its mother state. If there is an important festival, the colony will send representatives to the home state to participate in sports and other activities. The early colonies were basically agriculture-oriented. They imported weapons, textiles, pottery and other handicrafts from the mother state and surplus grain from the mother state. Other colonies occupied important traffic positions and developed into commercial colonies. They may have developed from early commercial strongholds. These commercial colonies obtained a large amount of materials by doing business with neighboring ethnic groups, and then transported the rest to the mother state. However, after the colony grows, it will also become independent from the mother state and become a separate city-state. It is very likely that the colonial city-state and the mother state are allied or hostile.

There are three main directions of Greek colonization, namely, the northeast, the western Mediterranean and North Africa. In the northeast, mainly the Turkish Strait and the Black Sea. Miletus colonized the northeast in the early days, and they established a series of colonies at the river mouth of the Black Sea, such as Istrus at the mouth of the Danube River, Polistinis at the mouth of the Dnieper River, Olbia at the mouth of the Bouguer River and Tiras at the mouth of the Dniester River. The Miletus Sea first established some colonies in Mar Malakhei in the Turkish Strait, which controlled the traffic between Asia and Europe. Soon, the Dorians began to compete with the Miletus in the Black Sea and the Turkish Strait, and they established strongholds such as Byzantium, Garci, Selinbria and so on. In addition, Ionians, Samos and others established colonies in this generation. By the 5th century, the Greeks had established 9 colonies along the Black Sea coast, most of which were founded by Miletus.

Colonies in the Black Sea and the Turkish Strait

Colonies in the western Mediterranean are mainly distributed along the Italian peninsula, Sicily, Corsica, Spain and France. Southern Italy has fertile land, relatively flat terrain, rich resources and very warm climate, so it has become a paradise for the Greeks to colonize. The first two city-states to colonize the western Mediterranean were Harkis and Eretria in Evia, and then Corinth and Sparta joined in. The Greeks immigrated to southern Italy on a large scale, and later they were called "Great Greece". Sicily is also a large, beautiful and rich place. In 734 BC, Cargos established the earliest colony in Sicily, Naxos, and then the colony in Sicily was established quickly. In the 6th century, the Fossians of Ionia set up the Massilia (Marseille) on the southern coast of France, and gradually became the commercial center of the western Mediterranean. Later, the Fossians continued to the west and established colonies such as Alana on the east coast of Spain.

Sicily

The colonization of the western Mediterranean by the Greeks was met with the competition from the Phoenicians, so most of them were concentrated on the southern coast of Europe. Colonies along the coast of Sicily and Spain were often attacked by Phoenicians. In 535 BC, Carthage and Etruscan jointly wiped out the fleet of the Pokayans, and since then, the influence of the Greeks in the western Mediterranean has gradually declined. Due to the resistance of Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Egyptians, Greek colonization in North Africa was very limited. 65 years ago, ancient Egypt was in decline, so the Miletus established a colony at the mouth of the Nile River, Nokrati, which gradually became the colonial center of North Africa. Later, it developed into Alexandria. Before 63, the Dorians established the colony Plani on the African coast in western Egypt, which became the agricultural base of Greece in North Africa.

Colony distribution in the western Mediterranean

According to statistics, Greece established about 4 colonies in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. There are so many colonies that the northern Mediterranean has almost become the "Greek world". From the perspective of Greece itself, Greece is only a small country with more than 1, square kilometers, and from the whole scope, Greece is a big world including the Mediterranean Sea. Third, the impact of colonial expansion

The colonial expansion of the Greeks greatly expanded the scope of Greek activities, expanded the scope of influence of Greek civilization, and also brought great influence to Greece's economy and culture. First of all, colonial expansion accelerated the development of navigation and promoted the prosperity of Greek industry and commerce. Colonial activities provided raw materials such as grain, timber, minerals and furs for Greece, which not only provided the Greeks with basic survival resources, but also provided accumulation for the development of industry and commerce. In the 7th century BC, Greece began to introduce minting currency because of the promotion of commercial development.

The colonial expansion has strengthened the connection between ancient Greece and the Mediterranean world, and accelerated the introduction of the advanced achievements of ancient Egypt and the two rivers civilization into Greece. For example, Nokrati, a colony established by Greece in Egypt, became a window for the communication between ancient Greeks and Egyptian civilization, which made the medicine, architecture, geometry, astronomy and religion of Egypt continuously introduced into Greece and accelerated the revival of Greek civilization.

Cultural exchanges have broadened the horizons of the Greeks. The History of the Persian War written by Herodotus, the first historian in Greece, is one of the greatest historical masterpieces in Greek history. This work covers not only Greece, but also the whole Mediterranean world, showing the national life of 2 countries and regions, and is known as "the first worldwide social and cultural history". The geography of ancient Greece was very developed, which was related to its colonial activities. Eratosthenes, the father of geography, first proposed to draw the world and countries with latitude and longitude grids, and another great Sipakush proposed to divide the earth into five zones.

While Greece absorbed the achievements of advanced ancient civilizations, the ancient Greek civilization also spread to other parts of the Mediterranean. For example, in the Italian peninsula, influenced by the ancient Greek civilization, the "Greater Greece" area appeared, and Pythagoras founded the "Pythagorean School" here, which promoted the progress of Greek mathematics. Eleatic school, which appeared in southern Italy in the 6th century, became one of the main Greek philosophies. Sicily became the main area of Greek activities, and many famous Greek cultural figures were born in Sicily, such as empedocles. The spread of Greek civilization in Italy is one of the reasons for the rise of Rome. The communication between the Greeks and the surrounding ethnic groups brought advanced culture to the backward ethnic groups, accelerated the disintegration of their clans and promoted the progress of civilization.