20 18 ethnic customs of tour guide examination: Hainan Miao history trilogy

20 18 ethnic customs of tour guide examination: Hainan Miao history trilogy

Miao is one of the indigenous peoples in Hainan Province, with 60,000 people, mainly scattered in the south-central part of Hainan Island. Miao people have gone through a long and arduous road from moving to Hainan to settling down for farming.

Source and surname

Hainan Miao people came from Guangxi as soldiers in the Ming Dynasty, and later settled in Hainan, known as "Miaoli" in history. The Records of Yazhou in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty recorded: "There is another kind of miaoli, and there are hundreds of them. I often move to the east and west of Lebanon ... I go out to do business in the city and never make trouble. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Luohuo was suppressed, and the second cave was held and the camp was built. The Miao soldiers in Guangxi were transferred to defense with crossbows. Later, the camp was abandoned and the descendants were scattered outside the valley. They still use Miao's name and they are still good at using crossbows. " There are similar records in Qiongzhou County Records and Thanksgiving County Records. This shows that Miao people moved to Hainan from Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty.

In addition to being soldiers in Hainan, a considerable number of Miao people come to make a living. There is a widely circulated story among the Miao people in Hainan. The Miao people came from Guangxi and crossed the sea by boat. The first place to live after landing was Huangtian. Huangtian is a basin, which was reclaimed by Miao people in Cheng Liangtian. But when the rulers saw that the Miao people were well-off, they robbed the village and wanted to kill them all. The Miao people had to abandon their homes and flee to the deep mountains and forests.

During the period of 1956, when the Language Working Group of Chinese Academy of Sciences came to Hainan to investigate minority languages, a Guangxi Yao female comrade was able to talk fluently with local Miao people in Hainan in her mother tongue, which was a different scene for a while. According to experts' research, the Miao nationality in Hainan actually originated from Yao nationality, and its language, national self-proclaimed (self-proclaimed "Golden Gate"), costumes and customs (indigo dyeing) are basically the same as those of Shanziyao in Guangxi and Indiyao in Yunnan.

Why do Miao people in Hainan call them "Miao" after they settle in Hainan Island, and they themselves agree with the name "Miao"? At present, there is no clear statement about this situation in academic circles. In my opinion, there are three possibilities for the origin of "Miao": first, Miao Yao was originally a clan in ancient times, with the same ancestry, similar language and customs; Secondly, Shanziyao in Guangxi or Indigo Yao in Yunnan may be generally called Miao in the past, and later renamed Yao; Third, the Yao people have no written language, and some Yao people who moved to Hainan as recorded in the literature are Miao (or Miaoli). If it is really a long time, Yao will become a seedling.

Hainan Miao people have used Miao language for a long time and recognized and accepted this name. According to the national policy of "following the master and surname", Hainan Miao people no longer need to change their national names.

Tenancy and wandering farming

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, feudal politics, economy and culture had penetrated into all parts of Hainan Island, and the feudal mode of production had dominated, and the coastal and mountainous areas were occupied by Han and Li nationalities. It was during this period that the Miao people moved to Hainan, and the new Miao people were regarded as the object. Except for a few wealthy Miao people who exchanged money or cattle and horses for a small amount of land from Chinese and Lebanese landlords as private industries, the vast majority of Miao people basically rented the mountainous areas of Chinese and Lebanese landlords. Miao people are a landless people.

When the Miao people rent mountains to farm, they must first pay the money to the village's Shanjia (equivalent to the village head), and the village's Shanjia will negotiate with the landlords of the Han or Li nationalities to negotiate the rent and then lead them to move in. Shanjia is also responsible for collecting annual rent. Every year in early spring, Miao people demarcate rented mountainous areas, cut down trees and weeds with hook knives, burn them, and sow them with sharp sticks. The farming method is extremely simple and primitive. Because the land is not ploughed and fertilized, it is difficult to maintain soil fertility. Every year, the land will be abandoned, and then new hills will be rented, which has great production mobility and unstable residence. In the case of famine and inability to pay rent, Shanjia had to lead villagers to move to more remote mountainous areas to avoid rent.

Miao people experienced more difficulties than production and life, and they were often brutally suppressed and slaughtered by feudal rulers. In June, 1943, * * * troops tricked the Miao people into going down the mountain in the name of issuing "citizen cards" at a meeting, creating a shocking "Zhong Ping Massacre", and nearly 2,000 Miao compatriots were brutally killed by * * * * * * troops.

Settlement and fixed farming

After the founding of New China, Hainan has entered a new era of national equality, national unity and prosperity of all ethnic groups. The party and the government are very concerned about the production and life of the Miao people. In order to let the Miao people move down from the mountains, the former Hainan Li and Miao autonomous prefectures and counties have set up immigration committees one after another, and the townships with Miao distribution have set up immigration working groups to take charge of Miao immigration. The Government Council of the Central People's Government allocated 200,000 yuan as the expenses of Miao immigrants, and people's governments at all levels helped Miao people to build houses, allocate land, allocate cattle, farm tools and issue loans. In the process of Miao people's relocation and settlement, the Li people showed noble demeanor and brotherly friendship. They actively prepared materials, built new houses for Miao compatriots, and presented more than 50,000 mu of fertile land. After the Miao people settled down, the Li people also taught the Miao people to plow, transplant seedlings and cut rice hand in hand until the Miao people were able to farm completely independently.

From 1952 to 1956, 18800 Miao people moved to the flat land. A large number of Miao new villages have been built in Qiongzhong, Baoting, Ledong and other places, and the Miao people have lived a new life of settlement and farming.