Summarize the knowledge points in the first volume of the seventh grade geography, hurry up, I will give high marks. Thank you.

Outline of junior high school geography knowledge review

1. The shape and size of the earth The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles, with an average diameter of 6,371 kilometers.

2. The latitude and latitude are on the globe, and the circle around the globe along the east-west direction is called the latitude. All latitudes are circles, which can be called latitude circle; The length of latitude circle is long and short, with the equator being the longest, gradually shortening towards the poles and finally reaching a point. Weft lines indicate both east and west directions.

the equator is the longest latitude, about 4, kilometers long. It is equal to the distance between the poles and divides the earth into two hemispheres: the south and the north. The equator is the zero latitude on the globe. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code; The latitude south of the equator, called south latitude, is customarily represented by "S".

3. Meridian and Longitude On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude perpendicular is called meridian, also called meridian. All the warps are semicircular; They are all equal in length and indicate the north-south direction.

the zero-degree meridian on the prime meridian globe is called the prime meridian, which is divided into 18 from the east to the west. The 18 in the east belongs to the east longitude, and it is customary to use "E" as the code name, and the 18 in the west belongs to the west longitude, and it is customary to use "W" as the code name.

internationally, it is customary to use warp coils of 2W and 16E as the boundary between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night. The earth keeps rotating around its axis, which is called the rotation of the earth. The direction of the rotation of the earth is from west to east. It takes about 24 hours to rotate once, which is one day. In this way, the phenomenon of alternating day and night is produced.

5. The revolution of the earth and seasonal changes. While the earth rotates, it also revolves around the sun. The direction of the earth's revolution is naturally from west to east, and the time of revolution is one year. The orbital plane of revolution always keeps an angle of 66.5 with the earth axis. Because of the revolution of the earth, there are seasonal changes.

6. Division of five zones The tropics lie between the Tropic of Cancer, where there is direct sunlight in a year, and the ground gets the most solar light and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The tropic of cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The frigid zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, with extreme nights and days. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In the temperate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there is no extreme night and day in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground is less than that in the tropics and more than that in the frigid zone, and the climate changes obviously in four seasons.

7. Scale, legend and notes of the three elements of the map. The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented, and the larger the scale to be selected; On the contrary, the smaller the scale. On the map, it is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east"

8. Calculation method of ground height The vertical distance of a certain place above sea level on the ground is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

9. Contour lines connect points with the same altitude into lines, which is the contour line. Each contour line has a corresponding altitude value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

1. The distribution of the world's land and sea accounts for 71% of the earth's ocean area, while the land area only accounts for 29%. The mainland and its nearby islands together are called continents. All in the northern hemisphere are Europe and North America. Most

people are used to taking the Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus as the dividing line between Europe and Asia. Asia and Africa are divided by Suez Canal. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere and are called America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by oceans.

11. land topography people divide the terrain into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

The altitude of mountainous areas is relatively high, generally more than 5 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. Among them, the most prominent are two huge mountain systems composed of several tall mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayan mountain system across the south-central part of the Eurasian continent; The other is the Cordillera mountain system running through North and South America, which consists of Rocky Mountain, Andes Mountain and other mountains.

The elevation of the plain is low, generally below 2m, and the ground is flat or slightly undulating, so "endless" is often used to describe the flatness of the plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America.

The landforms in Europe and Africa are mainly plains and plateaus respectively; The topography of Asia is more complex, with high terrain in the middle and low surrounding areas, wide plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the mainland.

12. The forces that make the terrain change are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano, earthquake, etc., which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

13. Weather and climatic weather are the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. It's always changing. Climate is the average weather condition in a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

14. Changes in temperature During the day, the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low. The highest temperature on land generally appears after noon (about 14: ); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. In a year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most parts of the world appears in July in the northern hemisphere and January in the southern hemisphere. The monthly average minimum temperature appears in January in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called annual range.

15. Distribution of world temperature: The world temperature gradually drops from low latitude to polar regions; At the same latitude, the sea and land have different temperatures. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. Winter is the opposite. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every 1 meters above sea level, the temperature drops by about .6℃.

16. The general law of precipitation distribution in the world: there is more precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more on the east coast of the mainland; Mid-latitude coastal areas have more precipitation, while inland areas have less precipitation.

17. Seasonal variation of precipitation in rainy areas all year round: there is a lot of precipitation in every month near the equator, such as Singapore; Annual rainless areas: there is little monthly precipitation in inland areas and polar regions, such as Cairo, Egypt; Rainy area in summer: on the east coast of the mainland near 3~~4 north latitude, it is rainy in summer and rainy in winter, such as Beijing, China; Rainy area in winter: on the west coast of the mainland near 3~~4 latitude, it is rainy in winter and rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy; Perennial humid area: in the west coast of the mainland at 4~~6 north latitude, the area affected by the westerly wind blowing from the ocean all year round is humid every month with moderate rainfall, such as London, England.

18. Main climate types and distribution in the world

1. Main tropical climate types

1. Tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, and there are obvious dry seasons and rainy seasons in a year.

3. The tropical monsoon climate is most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry and rainy seasons, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.

4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This kind of climate has little precipitation, is hot and dry all year round, and there are large deserts on the ground.

2. Main climatic types of temperate zone

1. Temperate and subtropical monsoon climate are distributed in the eastern part of Asia. It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. It is roughly bounded by the isotherm of the average temperature of ℃ in January, with temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south.

2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, with the most distribution along the Mediterranean coast, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

3. The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with hot Leng Xia in winter, great temperature change, less precipitation and concentrated in summer.

4. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, with the widest distribution in western Europe, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small.

19. Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc., which are valuable to human beings, are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; One is non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that can be regenerated or recycled in a short time; Non-renewable resources refer to resources that can't be produced after being used up in human history.

2. Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and building land.

21. The distribution of land resources. The temperate humid plain is flat and warm, suitable for developing agriculture, and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the sub-cold zone with cold and wet climate and the hot and rainy tropical zone. The grassland area in tropical and temperate semi-arid areas is vast, which is the main distribution area of animal husbandry in the world.

22. the distribution of water resources on the earth. there are three main forms of water on the earth: ocean water, land water and atmospheric water. There are many forms of terrestrial water, such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is ocean water. Among the fresh water resources, glaciers store the most water, and now people use a lot of fresh water resources, mainly river water, lake water (freshwater lake water) and part of groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: saving and rational use of water and reducing the waste of water resources; Preventing and controlling water pollution; Afforestation to prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

23. The forest in the main dispatching room of nature has the functions of regulating atmospheric composition, purifying air, containing water, increasing air humidity, preventing wind and protecting fields, and preserving water and soil. Therefore, people call the forest "the general adjustment room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, mainly coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Most of the global forest resources are distributed in the northern hemisphere.

1.1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east and Europa: the place where the sun sets in the west

The continental parts of Asia and Europe are integrated to form the Eurasian continent. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean on three sides, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait on the east. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, with Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asia's topography dominated by plateaus and mountains has three characteristics: 1. The topography is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with high average elevation;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height is very different. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Topographic differences:

Asia and Europe

The continent with the lowest altitude in the world has a high average altitude

The relatively high altitude fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the disparity between the heights is small

The main topographic plateaus and mountain plains are high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed in the south and north

The Asian climate is complex and diverse: the continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most of the rivers originate from the plateau and mountains in the middle, and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

Inflow area is vast

Population and countries in Asia: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2, accounting for about 6% of the world's total population. Most countries with a population of over 1 million in the world are in Asia

1.2. Africa

The continent with the largest number of countries: "africa" is "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, which spans the north and south of the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau area and is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in northern Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

the area of African savanna is the largest in all continents.

climate characteristics: high temperature; Wide arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Abundant resources: Africa is known as the "rich continent" because of its vast territory and rich products.

The reserves and output of diamond, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America: "New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

Different natural environments in the north and south: North America has a relatively high average altitude and a large undulating terrain, and the terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: a tall mountain system in the west, a vast plain in the middle and a low highland in the east. Immigration and Economy:

Chapter II Understanding the Region

2.1 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and most of Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indo-China Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers in China. The mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 2, islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is known as the "earthquake country"

Topographic features of the region River features

The mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula alternate from north to south

The Malay Archipelago is rugged, short and swift.

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and it is an important hub of world maritime transportation and air transportation.

Rich minerals: the important producing areas of tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, oil palm and coconut in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the densely populated areas in the world.

the population is concentrated in the alluvial plain of big rivers,