A summary of the first knowledge point required in the history of Qiuren Education Edition

Lesson 1: From the Alliance of Internal and External Services to the Founding of Feudal States

Knowledge Structure:

1. Xia: Public power appears, but clan communes are retained Features.

2. Shang: The political system is an internal and external system, with a strong theocratic flavor.

3. Western Zhou Dynasty: Definition of enfeoffment system:

Purpose: to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty (the rule of slave owners)

Subject: relatives with the same surname

< p>The purpose of the patriarchal system: to consolidate the ruling order formed by the feudal system and resolve the conflicts between nobles over power, property and land inheritance.

Core: eldest son inheritance system

Content: establishing large and small clan systems

Function: conducive to uniting clans, preventing internal disputes, and strengthening royal power

Tools: Ritual and Music System

Lesson 2: Establishment of Centralized System

Knowledge Structure:

1. Unification

(1) Separatist rule by various heroes A. Struggle for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period B. Reform of the Warring States Period: Shang Yang’s Reform of Qin State.

(2) Unification: Time: 221 BC; Character: Yingzheng.

2. Establishment of centralization

(1) Establishment: A. "Emperor System": supremacy of imperial power and succession system of the throne

B. Three Gongs and Nine Ministers System: The three ministers are the prime minister, the imperial censor, and the Taiwei (central government)

C. County system (local)

(2) Measures to strengthen imperial power: formulate the selection and assessment of officials system; formulating strict and strict laws.

(3) Impact: Breaking the feudal system and laying the foundation for a unified dynasty system.

Lesson 3: The struggle between centralization and decentralization

Knowledge structure:

1. In the early Han Dynasty, the prefectures and states were in parallel, which caused the feudal lords to be unable to lose their power, which led to seven The country is in chaos.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took measures to centralize power: establishing China and North Korea, establishing governors, and issuing decrees of favor.

3. The separatist regime of vassal towns and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, local power strengthened and the separatist regime of vassal towns emerged. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, China entered the period of division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were the continuation and continuation of the separatist regime of vassal towns and towns. development; during this period, the southern economy achieved great development; the reforms of Shizong in the later Zhou Dynasty laid the foundation for the end of the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the Northern Song Dynasty.

4. The Song Dynasty strengthened centralization of power

(1) Measures ① Recruit elite soldiers: "Three Yamen", Privy Council, principles;

② Reduce real power: establish Tong Judges and civil servants serve as governors of prefectures and counties;

③Qiangu: Most of the wealth is transported to the capital;

(2) Influence: change the separatist situation of feudal towns and strengthen centralization; < /p>

Disadvantages: causing the consequences of "poverty and weakness".

Lesson 4: The Continuous Strengthening of Autocratic Imperial Power

Knowledge Structure:

1. The establishment and evolution of the Three Provinces and Six Ministries system

( 1) The Sui and Tang Dynasties implemented the system of three provinces and six ministries

(2) The Song Dynasty divided the power of the prime minister: the "Zhongshu Menxia" province (the prime minister's office) was established, the Privy Council was in charge of military affairs, and the "Ji Xiang" was in charge of finance.

(3) Yuan: one-province system (central), provincial system (local)

2. Abolition of the prime minister system: Ming Taizu killed Hu Weiyong and abolished the prime minister; Ming Chengzu Establish a cabinet.

3. The Military Aircraft Department of the Qing Dynasty

(1) Early Qing Dynasty: Cabinet and meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs

(2) Yongzheng established the Military Aircraft Department

A. Characteristics: The minister of military aircraft was not of high rank. He was summoned by the emperor and kneeled down to record the transcript

B. Influence: Improved the administrative efficiency of the Qing Dynasty and the rapid development of autocratic imperial power

1. Characteristics of an autocratic monarchy: The monarch personally possesses and controls the entire state machinery, and everyone within his jurisdiction is absolutely subordinate and subservient to the monarch.

2. The internal logic of the development of China's feudal system: on the one hand, centralization of power continues to strengthen; on the other hand, various power structures and power relationships are gradually concentrated on the emperor, the axis of power. The relationship between the two: Centralization of power and autocratic monarchy complement each other. Centralization of power is the premise and foundation of autocratic monarchy, and autocratic monarchy is the inevitable product of centralization of power. Its purpose is to ensure the authority of the central government and the absolute authority of the monarch from the political system.

3. The process of centralization is roughly reflected in:

(1) In terms of finance, "a hole is made" and attributed to the central government

(2) Deprivation Local personnel power, officials come from the emperor.

(3) Judicially, the law is promulgated by the emperor and the law is controlled by the state.

(4) In the military, "strong trunks and weak branches", the central government deploys the national army at a macro level, and the emperor has overall military power

(5) In the ideological field, the implementation of "do not decide what is right or wrong" "Cultural absolutism.

4. The strengthening of the monarchy is highlighted by the weakening of the power of the prime minister and the establishment of effective power transfer and decentralization mechanisms by the king.

Qin and Han Dynasties: Three-Gong System

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Three-Province System, which divided the power of the prime minister into three, reflecting the strengthening of imperial power

Song Dynasty: weakened the real power of the prime minister (three provinces) The chief has no real power)

Ming Dynasty: Ming Taizu abolished Zhongshu Province and dismissed the prime minister without setting up a prime minister; Ming Chengzu established a cabinet

The Qing Dynasty also established a military aircraft department

5 . Central and local institutions from Qin to Qing Dynasty

Characteristics of central institutions in dynasties Central institutions and local institutions

Qin inherited and created the Sangong and Jiuqing prefectures and counties system

The Han and Han Dynasties inherited the Qin system China and North Korea (three gongs and nine ministers), counties and states in parallel

The Sui and Tang Dynasties inherited the past and opened up the future, and made some innovations. Three provinces, six ministries, Daozhou, counties and three levels

The Song Dynasty further strengthened the second government, three divisions, Luzhou and county The third level

The Song Dynasty further strengthened the second government, three divisions, Luzhou and county level three

The Yuan Dynasty had a new development of one province and two houses to run the provincial system

The Ming Dynasty unprecedentedly strengthened the abolition of The prime minister and the establishment of cabinets in provinces and counties

At its peak in the Qing Dynasty, the military department was established in provinces and counties

6. Evaluating the centralized system of absolutism

Centralization and autocratic monarchy The entire country was under the unified leadership of the emperor, who had absolute authority and supreme power. As American Professor Fairbank pointed out: In such a dictatorial society, the emperor integrated the functions of church and state. He was a military and spiritual leader, a model of behavior and the master of justice. His omnipotence encompasses all the major functions of the state, including its respect for all mankind. He is "one of the best in the world" and a handsome flag in front of the social and political palace.

(1) Positive role

It plays a role in maintaining national unity, social stability, resisting foreign aggression, organizing water conservancy projects, developing social economy, preventing separatism and separatism, and strengthening ethnic exchanges. play a positive role.

(2) Negative effects

The political oppression and economic exploitation of the people are very cruel; it has led to ideological confinement and cultural despotism, which has inhibited the use and development of science and technology; in order to compete for imperial power , fathers and sons, brothers, monarchs and ministers, and ministers did not hesitate to fight each other; the autocratic power of eunuchs and the interference of foreign relatives in politics were accompaniments of the monarchy’s autocratic rule; after the emergence of the budding capitalism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it also restricted the development of the budding capitalism and delayed the feudal system of disintegration. At that time, many Western countries established bourgeois political systems through bourgeois revolutions and reforms, which effectively promoted social progress and the development of productive forces. From then on, the pace of development of Chinese society began to lag far behind that of the West, thus laying the foundation for being passively beaten in the future.

Unit 2: The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome

To study this unit, you must grasp two clues, one is the evolution of the political system of Greece and Rome; the other is the evolution of Roman law Formulation and evolution. Focus on three important knowledge points: first, the Aegean civilization and the ancient Greek city-state system; second, the democratic politics of the Athens city-state; third, the political system and law of ancient Rome.

Third, we must form a concept: the source of Western political civilization lies in ancient Greece and Rome. Whether it is the democracy of ancient Greece, the peace system and the principal system of ancient Rome, whether it is the legal system they created or the political wisdom of philosophers, they have provided valuable reference experience for future generations.

Lesson 5 Aegean Civilization and Ancient Greek City-State System

Knowledge Structure:

(1) Aegean Civilization

1. Cretan civilization: palace architecture, hieroglyphs

2. Mycenaean civilization: palaces, acropolis, royal tombs, Linear B, martial arts

(2) Darkness Era: 300 years

(3) City-state era

1. Definition of city-state: 8th to 6th century BC, a state form

2. City-state Colonization

Reasons: Mountainous and island country, many people but little land; developed navigation industry

Impact: Promote development, broaden horizons, and lay the foundation for creating your own unique civilization

Characteristics of city-states: small country with few people, long-term autonomy for each state

Political type: aristocracy, democracy (the most popular)

Lesson 6 Democratic Politics of the City-State of Athens< /p>

Knowledge structure:

1. Development process

Monarchy: lifelong system, hereditary system

Aristocracy: tenure system of collective leadership , Electoral system

Democracy: Solon's reforms in 594 BC put Athens politics on the track of democracy; Cleisthenes' reforms were established.

2. Characteristics: People’s sovereignty and governance by turns (characteristics are reflected through the establishment of institutions such as the Citizens’ Assembly, the Council of Five Hundred and the People’s Court)

3. Evaluation: It created a series of democratic operation methods, which were conducive to the development of people's subjective initiative and talents, and accumulated valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations. But it is only a democracy for male citizens. Foreign immigrants, slaves, citizens of other countries and women do not enjoy democratic rights, which affects the ability of this group of members to develop themselves. It is both a catalyst for great civilization and a machine of violence that society cannot underestimate.

Lesson 7: Political System and Law of Ancient Rome

Knowledge Structure:

1. Development of Political System

1. ** *Harmony System

(1) Noble *** Harmony System: It consists of three levels of institutions: the Consul, the Senate, and the Citizens’ Assembly

(2) The setting of tribunes: supervision Government, safeguarding the interests of the common people

2. Monarchy

(1) Heads of State: established by Octavian in 27 BC

(2) Monarchy: In the 3rd century AD, Diocletian

2. Legal system

1. "The Law of the Twelve Tables"

Background: The Japanese War Period The result of a long struggle by the common people

Contents: Basically a compilation of customary laws that safeguarded the interests of the nobility.

Evaluation: It did not bring much benefit to the common people, but it was still a victory for the common people; the nobles could no longer interpret customary law as they had in the past; it was always the basic law of Rome.

2. "Justinian Civil Law Congress"

Composed of: "Justinian Code", "Justinian Jurisprudence", "Justinian Doctrine Collection" "Justinian's new edicts, the most influential of which is the "Justinian Code"

Evaluation of Roman law: Starting with the "Twelve Tables of Bronze", "Justinian Roman law, summarized in the Encyclopedia of Civil Law, is the ancient law with the richest content, the most complete system, and the most extensive influence on future generations in the history of the world.

Unit 3: The Establishment of the Modern Western Capitalist Regime

When studying this unit, you must grasp a clue: from the opening of new shipping routes to the Industrial Revolution, from Britain to Germany, in the bourgeois revolution or After the reform, bourgeois political rule marked by the establishment of parliament was established. Grasp the four key points: the first is the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy; the second is the birth of the 1787 Constitution of the United States and the establishment of the federal government; the third is the establishment of the French French Revolution; the fourth is the completion of German unification and the establishment of bourgeois rule. ,develop. Understand an important point: Although the degree of democratic political development in Britain, France, the United States and Germany is different, they all have formally established a representative system with parliament as the core, and the power of parliament is constantly developing.

Lesson 8 Progressive Institutional Innovation (The Establishment and Development of the British Constitutional Monarchy)

Knowledge Structure:

1. The Establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy

1. "Magna Carta": Sets limits for royal power

2. "Bill of Rights"

Background: "Glorious Revolution" of 1688

Content: Parliamentary sovereignty was established, and the king’s power was clearly limited by Parliament

Influence: Britain established a constitutional monarchy (from rule of man to rule of law)

2. The formation of the responsible cabinet system

1. In 1721, Robert Walpo became the first Prime Minister

2. All members of the cabinet are collectively responsible for government affairs

3. The two-party system gradually Formed, the prime minister and cabinet are elected from the majority party

3. Democratic trend: The Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832 expanded the scope of elections to ensure the stability of bourgeois democracy and the rapid development of the capitalist economy.

Lesson 9 New System on the North American Continent (New System in the United States)

Knowledge Structure:

1. The Formulation of the Federal Constitution

< p>Background: The shortcomings of loose interstate alliances are exposed

Formulation: The Philadelphia Constitutional Convention in 1787 formulated the 1787 Constitution

Principles: The principle of centralization; the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances; democracy Principles

Development: The first 10 amendments to the Constitution were formulated in 1789

2. Consolidation of federalism

1. After the promulgation of the Federal Constitution in 1787, The United States has established a federal state and its political system is a bourgeois presidential dictatorship, but the concept of state rights is still very active.

2. After the Civil War, the amendments to the U.S. Constitution further affirmed the supremacy of federal laws and the unity of the country, consolidating the unity of the federation.

3. The formation and development of the two-party system

1. The two-party system has become an important part of the American system of decentralized checks and balances;

2. The two parties in the United States have Its completely different historical traditions and basic masses;

3. The two parties control the political elections in American life.

Lesson 10 The Difficult Journey to Peace

Knowledge Structure:

1. The Establishment of Japan

2. The establishment of the First French Republic: In September 1792, the National Assembly declared France to be a French Republic

2. The tortuous development of the political system

1. In 1804, Napoleon established the First French Empire

2. In 1848, the Second French Republic was established

3. In 1852, Louis Bonaparte established the Second French Empire Empire

3. The final establishment of the French Republic and the political system:

In January 1875, the Constitution of the Third French Republic established France as a French Republic, marking the With the final establishment of French democracy and political system.

Lesson 11 The road to the unification of the nation-state (the road to the unification of Germany)

Knowledge structure:

1. The unification of the German country:

1. The background of unification: The development of German capitalist economy has integrated the economies of various parts of Germany

2. The method of unification: dynastic war

3. The symbol of unification : The establishment of the German Empire in 1871

4. The significance of unification: to end the separatist situation, promote the development of the capitalist economy, and put Germany on the path of capitalist development

2. The German Empire Rule

1. The Constitution of the German Empire with a strong autocracy was officially promulgated

2. The rule of the German Empire: with a strong autocracy and militarism

3. "The Communist Republic Without Pacifists"

1. After World War I, the German Empire fell

2. In August 1919, The establishment of the Weimar Republic (the Soviet Union without pacifists)

3. The fascist dictatorship was established in Germany in the 1930s

Fourth Unit: Internal and external troubles and the rise of the Chinese nation

To study this unit, you must grasp two basic clues: starting with the Opium War. Foreign capitalist aggression against China has deepened step by step, and China is facing a serious national crisis. With the invasion of foreign capitalism, forces from all walks of life in China launched a series of struggles, and the Chinese nation rose up. Five key points: the Opium War and the Second Opium War; the Taiping Rebellion; the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War and the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China; the Revolution of 1911; and the May Fourth Patriotic Movement. Understand two viewpoints: those who fall behind will be beaten; the Chinese people are unyielding and the final victory must belong to China.

Lesson 13 The Opium War

Knowledge structure:

1. The Opium War

1. Reason: June 1840, Britain The war was launched under the pretext of destroying opium in Humen, with the purpose of opening up the Chinese market

2. History: In 1842, China was defeated and signed the first unequal treaty, the Treaty of Nanjing

3 .Impact: China’s territory and sovereignty are incomplete; China is forced to become a product sales market and raw material origin for capitalist countries; China has entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. The Second Opium War

In 1856, Britain and France jointly launched a war to expand their interests in China, and China was forced to sign the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing

3. Changes in the Qing government

1. Power structure: There are the Prime Minister's Office, the General Taxation Department, and the Tongwen Hall.

2. Thoughts: Officials such as Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, etc. appeared to learn from the foreigners' skills to control the new trend of the barbarians; Yi Xin, Zhang Zhidong and others initiated the Westernization Movement to learn from advanced Western science and technology.

Lesson 14 Taiping Rebellion

Knowledge structure:

1. The rise of the movement

1. Background: Man-made disaster (foreign invaders) and the Qing government caused great suffering to the people), natural disasters (natural disasters)

2. Preparation: Hong Xiuquan founded the God-worshiping Church (association)

3. Beginning: 1851 Jintian Uprising

2. The heyday of the Taiping Rebellion

Events during the heyday:

1. Settling the capital in Tianjing (formally establishing the political power to confront the Qing government)

2. The Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition (military heyday)

3. "Chinese Land Acquisition System"

Purpose: Establishing the Four-Tong Society

Evaluation: Progress nature (expressing the ideal pursuit of the peasant masses - a strong desire to abolish feudal (landlord class) land ownership); limitations (it has never been truly implemented because there is no stable environment.

The most important thing is Absolute egalitarianism violates the laws of historical development, is a utopia, and cannot be implemented at all).

3. The Decline of the Kingdom of Heaven

1. The Tianjing Incident (from prosperity to decline)

2. Rebuilding the leadership core

3 .Fall of Tianjing (in 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed)

4. The impact of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: It was a peasant revolutionary war against the Qing Dynasty (feudalism) and aggression (invasion).

⑴ It swept away the dynastic order, attacked the old Gangchang Mingjiao, and shook the political foundation of the Qing Dynasty's rule; ⑵ It expressed the ideal pursuit of the peasant masses and proposed the first system of developing capitalism in modern China The "New Chapter of Zhizheng", a social reform plan of a certain nature; (3) dealt a heavy blow to the power of foreign invaders.

Lesson 15: From the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War to the Eight-Power Allied Forces' Invasion of China

Knowledge structure:

1. The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War and the deepening of the national crisis

1. The reasons for the outbreak of the war

2. The outbreak and its course

3. The impact

4. The deepening of the national crisis

Imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China. All classes in China carried out patriotic salvation movements in their own way, including the military reforms of the Qing government, the reform movement of patriotic intellectuals, the Revolution of 1911 launched by bourgeois revolutionaries, and the Boxer Rebellion of the peasant class. Movement

2. The Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Allied Forces' invasion of China

1. The Boxer Rebellion (Reason for its rise: Imperialism invaded China and the national crisis was serious. Influence:)

< p>2. The Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China (time, purpose, impact)

Lesson 16 Revolution of 1911

Knowledge structure:

1. The bourgeois revolutionary movement The rise and development

1. The background of the rise

2. The establishment of the Xingzhonghui and the Tongmenghui

3. The debate between the revolutionaries and the constitutionalists

4. Launching an armed uprising

2. The Wuchang Uprising and its impact on the country

1. The establishment of the Wuchang Shouyi and the Hubei Military Government

2. The development of the national revolutionary situation

3. The establishment of the Republic of China and the end of the imperial system

1. The establishment of the Republic of China and the promulgation of the "Provisional Constitution"

2. Yuan Shikai stole the results of the Revolution of 1911

3. The historical significance of the Revolution of 1911

Lesson 17 May 4th Movement

Knowledge structure:

1. Reasons for the outbreak of the movement (international, domestic) and triggers

2. Process (two stages, the main movement center in the early and late stages)

3. Significance (5) Four Spirits)

Unit 5

Grasp a basic clue: the emergence and development of Marxism. Both the Paris Commune, the Russian October Revolution and China's New Democratic Revolution are closely related to Marxist theory, and in turn they are in the process of practice. Confirmed, enriched and developed Marxism. Four key points are highlighted: first, the historical conditions, basic theories and significance of the birth of Marxism; second, the special historical conditions for the establishment of the Paris Commune, the nature of the regime, causes of failure and lessons learned; third, the historical conditions, major events and the outbreak of the Russian October Revolution. Historical significance; fourth, the historical conditions, content and significance of the founding of the Communist Party of China; the formation process of the revolutionary united front and the anti-Japanese national united front; the victory of the People's Liberation War and the establishment and significance of the People's Republic of China; the Agrarian Revolution. Understand an important point: while Marxism guides the revolutionary practice of various countries, it also confirms, enriches and develops itself through the practice of various countries.

Lesson 19 The Birth of Marxism

Knowledge structure:

1. Historical conditions for the birth of Marxism

2. The birth of Marxism Symbol: The publication of the Communist Manifesto

1. The main contents of the "Communist Manifesto"

2. The significance of the birth of Marxism: becoming an international working class struggle Sharp ideological weapons promote the vigorous development of the labor movement.

3. Paris Commune

1. The background of the establishment of the Commune

2. The nature of the Commune’s power

Lesson 20 Russian October Socialist revolution

Knowledge structure:

1. Reasons for the outbreak of the October Revolution

2. Prelude to the revolution

1.2 October Revolution (Results, Nature)

2. April Outline

3. The Process of October Revolution

1. Beginning

2. Results

4. The historical significance of the establishment of the first socialist country