The origin of my hometown dialect

Sichuan dialect is the general name of all Chinese dialects in Sichuan province, and there are three major Chinese dialects. First, Sichuan Mandarin, commonly known as Sichuan dialect; Second, Cantonese, which belongs to Hakka dialect, is generally called Tukan dialect. Thirdly, Yongzhou dialect, which belongs to Hunan dialect, is generally called Laohuguang dialect. In short, there are three kinds of Sichuan Chinese dialects in Sichuan Province, namely Sichuan dialect, Hakka dialect and Hunan dialect. The formation of these three dialects has gone through a historical process.

I. Immigrants in the Late Yuan and Early Ming Dynasties

The ancient Bashu area was closely related to Chu and Qin because of geographical proximity, politics, economy and culture. In terms of language, it is similar to Chu and Qin. For example, the language of Zhizhong area in Shaanxi Province is similar to that of "between Liang and Yi" in Sichuan Province, and eastern Sichuan is adjacent to Chu State, so there are many Chu people in Bashu. During the May 4th Chaos in China, the Huang Chao Uprising, and the nomadic invasion to the south, some foreigners moved to Sichuan and merged with the locals in language. Hu Zhaoxi, a professor at Sichuan University, studied 58 genealogies of Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an many years ago. Before the Qing Dynasty 1 18 households entered Sichuan, including 85 households in Huguang. During the decades of wars in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Huguang villagers and some Anhui and Shaanxi soldiers and civilians stayed in Sichuan, bringing their hometown dialects. With the development of generations of population, there are many people from Hubei, and Chu dialect has a great influence, which laid the foundation for the formation of Sichuan Mandarin based on Hubei dialect after immigrants entered Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty.

Second, immigrants in the early Qing Dynasty and the formation of Sichuan dialect.

In the early Qing Dynasty, there were two kinds of immigrants called by the imperial court and spontaneous immigrants from the people, which lasted for more than 100 years. The court's call for "emigrating to Sichuan" is mandatory and time-limited. As the folklore says, I will definitely go to Sichuan. At the beginning of immigration, people were forced to enter Sichuan in droves. Folk spontaneous migration is difficult to survive because of natural and man-made disasters of origin. They heard that western Sichuan is a good place to live, so they moved to Sichuan with their families. This spontaneous migration continued until the last years of Qianlong. No matter whether the official calls for immigrants or the folk spontaneous immigrants, they all have the characteristics of regional concentration and strong group. After entering Sichuan and leaving work, the phenomenon of living in the same family and living in groups is very prominent, so they still retain their mother tongue and local accent for quite some time.

In the early Qing Dynasty, most immigrants came to Sichuan from Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Shaanxi and other places, among which Hubei was the largest. As the dialectologists said, as early as 600 years ago, Mandarin dialects infiltrated into Sichuan from the east and north. By the early Qing Dynasty, a large number of immigrants, mainly from Huguang (especially Hubei), had entered Sichuan and lived with the original Sichuanese. After a historical process, a Sichuan Mandarin system based on Hubei dialect was formed, commonly known as Sichuanese. The representative of Sichuan dialect is Chengdu dialect, which means that Sichuan Putonghua is based on Chengdu dialect. Sichuan Mandarin has a wide area, covering the whole of Sichuan, such as Wang Yang Sea.

Most of the Hakkas in Sichuan moved from Guangdong during the reign of Kanggan. After entering Sichuan, they left their jobs all over Sichuan, where there are more than 30 Hakka settlements. As the ancestors of Hakkas are Han people in the ancient Central Plains of China, there have been five great migrations in history, and the Hakkas who entered Sichuan in the fourth great migration moved from northern and eastern Guangdong. They kept the language handed down by their ancestors, and formed a Hakka "dialect island" (equivalent to Sichuan Mandarin in the sea of Wang Yang) in more than 30 Hakka settlements in Sichuan, with a population of over one million. Although Hakkas have emigrated to Sichuan for more than 200 years, the Hakka dialect of the elderly is consistent with that of northern and eastern Guangdong. However, with the development of Sichuan's economy and transportation, the Hakka dialect island will become smaller and smaller in the future.

The Xiang dialect in Sichuan is due to the fact that during the reign of Kang Yong in Qing Dynasty, the villagers in Huguang Xiang dialect area moved to Sichuan and settled in the hilly areas and remote mountainous areas in the middle and upper reaches of Tuojiang River, so the language has been preserved to this day. Immigrants from Huguang Xiang dialect area mainly come from Yongzhou and Baoqing, and there are also immigrants from Changsha. This kind of Hunan dialect, represented by Yongzhou dialect, is called "Yongzhou dialect", also known as "Laohuguang dialect". The population is about 900,000. After long-term interaction with Sichuan residents, Chaozhou-speaking immigrants who settled in urban and rural areas with relatively developed economy and convenient transportation have merged into Sichuan Mandarin in the sea of Wang Yang, but failed to preserve the complete Xiang dialect. However, these descendants of immigrants who have been integrated into Hunan dialect have redundancy or variation in their original place in their Sichuan dialect.