Classical Chinese in business

1. Idiom about keeping a job 1: It's easier to take than to stay.

Basic explanation:

1, it is easy to seize the world, but difficult to hold it.

2. The source of Tang Wei's Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong: "Easy to take, hard to keep?"

3. The Biography of Xiong Tingbi in Ming Dynasty, for example: "Tingbi got through the customs, and the next time he was in the right chariot, it was not easy to fight Haizhou."

Two: Be prepared for danger in times of peace.

detailed description

1. explanation: ju: in; Thinking: thinking. Although I am in a safe environment, I also think about the possibility of danger. It means to be prepared for emergencies at any time.

2. From: "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eleven Years": "Be prepared for danger in times of peace, be prepared for danger in times of peace."

Three: Take precautions.

detailed description

1. explanation: get ready: bind tightly. It hasn't rained yet, so tie up the doors and windows first. Metaphor is to prepare in advance.

2. From: The Book of Songs Wind Owl: "If it doesn't rain, it will be rainy."

Fourth: Be prepared for danger in times of peace.

detailed description

1. explanation: ju: in; Thinking: thinking. Although I am in a safe environment, I also think about the possibility of danger. It means to be prepared for emergencies at any time.

2. From: "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eleven Years": "Be prepared for danger in times of peace, be prepared for danger in times of peace."

Five: Be prepared for danger in times of peace.

detailed description

1. Note: Don't forget the danger when you are safe. It means always being careful and vigilant.

2. From: The Book of Changes: "Therefore, a gentleman is safe without forgetting danger, death and ceremony. He is safe and the country can protect himself. "

2. Find some classical Chinese words about doing business, the ancestor of Confucian businessmen, the wise business ancestor, the giant businessman who manages the country, the agricultural wizard Sang Hongyang who is as rich as an enemy, the first richest man in Shen Wansan, the first generation money king of Qiao Zhiyong's red-topped businessman Hu Xueyan, the hardware king Ye Chengzhong, the Shanxi merchants, the Xue brothers, the enlightened wealthy businessmen, and the official exhibition Yuquan, creating a new way, and the salt merchants offer wine to Fan Shikui. There are books about businessmen and business, such as Historical Records.

Books such as Biography of Huo Zhi, Yu Ion, Miscellaneous Notes of Yan Jingjing, Think Tank, etc. all have records of ancient businessmen. Ten secrets of ancient businessmen doing business: knowing the place to win and choosing the place to make money. Sun Tzu's art of war said: those who have the terrain help the soldiers.

Expect the enemy to win, calculate the danger, distance, and go to the general. He who knows this and fights wins, but he who doesn't know this and fights loses.

It can be seen that the terrain is important for combat and it is also necessary for generals to observe. Doing business is like fighting, shopping malls are like fighting, businessmen are like generals with thousands of troops, and wise generals often occupy favorable terrain and eventually win the war.

As a great strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Fan Li knew this well. From a strategist's point of view, he thinks that pottery is an ideal place for goods trade.

So he chose Tao Di as the marketing point. Sure enough, in nineteen years, he became a world-famous woman, and Tao Zhugong's reputation became a household name from ancient times to the present, leaving his name in history. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi, after the State of Qin destroyed the State of Zhao, the immigration policy was implemented. At that time, many people bribed officials, refused to move and asked to stay where they were. Only the wealthy businessman Zhuo asked to move to the remote Wenshan. He took a fancy to the fertile land, rich products, simple folk customs, residents keen on buying and selling, and good business development.

A few years later, Zhuo became a world-famous rich man. This concept of both serving time and choosing a place was accepted by later businessmen.

Yangzhou, Jiangsu, the capital of Huaizuo and the best place for Zhu Xi, is located at the north-south crossroads, with developed transportation, convenient water transportation and frequent cargo exchanges. Its land is rich in tea, salt, silk and silks, and many businessmen come in droves. At that time, businessmen from the Qin Dynasty and Shanxi Province settled here.

The famous Huizhou merchants started from here and dominated the rivers and lakes. Second, buy when it is cheap and sell when it is expensive. Fan Li and Bai Gui, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty, believe that it is cheap to buy expensive; It's expensive when it's expensive.

It is emphasized that businessmen should be good at catching business opportunities, seize opportunities and seize the opportunity to buy and sell. The profit of business comes from the difference between buying and selling.

Once you find the right time to buy and sell, you should make a decisive decision like a wild animal. In Wei Wenhou, China people pay attention to farming, while Bai Gui is willing to observe the changes of the times.

When the harvest is good, he buys grain and sells silk paint. When silk came on the market, he bought a lot of silk and sold grain.

He once said: I am as resourceful in business as Yi Yin and Jiang Taigong; In judgment, it is no less than Sun Bin and Wuqi; In law enforcement, it is no less than Shang Yang. Some people's wisdom can't improvise, their courage can't be decisive, their kindness can't be chosen properly, and their stubbornness can't stick to principles.

Therefore, after such a person has learned from me, I will not teach him how to run a business. This passage fully expounds his punctuality and wisdom in grasping the opportunity of buying cheap and selling expensive.

Bai Gui's business principles and experience were praised by later businessmen. He used his own business strategy and carefully managed it, so that his family was exhausted.

Thirdly, from the end, it is known that Gou Jian, the King of Yue who predicted to make money in the Spring and Autumn Period, was ashamed of the death of his country by snow and worked hard all day. When he learned of the drought in Wu, he bought a lot of grain from Wu. In the second year, Wu was short of food, and people's lives were difficult. The hungry people had no food to eat and complained, so the State of Yue took the opportunity to rise up and destroy the State of Wu.

Hard work pays off. The King of Yue eventually became the overlord, ranking among the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Here, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, did a great thing. The wealth he created is not a treasure, but the hegemony of a country and the world. It is a successful example of the political application of the merchant's way.

According to records, a fire broke out in Lin 'an City in Song Dynasty, which damaged fish ponds. A merchant named Pei caught fire in his shop. Instead of putting out the fire, he lured people out of the city with money to buy bamboo tiles, reed rafters and other building materials. After the fire, everything was in a hurry, and building materials were in short supply in the market. At this time, Pei's businessmen took advantage of the situation and made a fortune, earning dozens of times the value of the store and meeting the needs of the market and the people.

Seeing a leopard in a tube, keen observation and accurate judgment are the source of wealth for businessmen, and they are also one of the necessary abilities for businessmen. Fourth, small profits but quick turnover, no one dares to stay expensive. Ji Ran, a pre-Qin business theorist, believed that "expensive is cheap, cheap is expensive" and advocated that "expensive is as cheap as jade"

Sima Qian once said, "Buy for three dollars, buy for five dollars cheaper", that is to say, greedy businessmen can only make a profit of 30%, and businessmen with small profits but quick turnover can make a profit of 50%. According to "Biography of Li Yu", there are three businessmen dealing in the same commodity in the market together. One of them sold at a reduced price, and there were many buyers. They make a lot of money a year, while the other two refuse to sell at a reduced price, resulting in far less profit than the former.

Sean, the counselor of Emperor Gaozu Liu Gang, sold scissors to people during the day and came back to study at night when he was studying in Huangshigong in his early years. Later, he felt that he didn't have enough study time, so he divided the scissors into three classes: upper, middle and lower. The price of first class is unchanged, the middle class is one penny less than the original price and the lower class is two pence less. As a result, it only took half a day, the number of scissors sold was twice as much as usual, the money earned was twice as much as before, and the time spent on study was more than before, so there was a folk proverb: Sean sells scissors-expensive and cheap.

5. Carve red and green, and stay in Yanjing Miscellanies: Shi Jing City Store always talks about the situation, carving red and green, and embroidering golden windows. In some shops, signboards are hung high, and colorful brocade lanterns are lit at the door of every house at night, making the streets look like daytime.

Some shops hang commodity propaganda calligraphy and painting, celebrity calligraphy and painting, which is arty. In order to sublimate the taste of the store and improve the customer's return rate.

There are also some tea shops, restaurants and hotels that specially arrange musical instruments and tell stories to entertain guests. In the noodle restaurant in Hangzhou, Kyoto in the Song Dynasty, as soon as the customer entered the store and sat down, the waiter immediately came over to ask what the customer needed, and the customers all called for instructions.

3. Pursuing Entrepreneurship and Persistence in Classical Chinese Translation During the years, Emperor Taizong often discussed with ministers the difficulties of entrepreneurship and persistence.

One day, he asked Fang and others: "which is more difficult, starting a business or sticking to it?" Fang replied:' When the world was in chaos, there were many heroes everywhere, attacking the city slightly, and the war was fierce. The difficulty of starting a business is obvious. Wei Zhi does not agree with this view. He said: "the monarch conquered the world by destroying the enemy in chaos and winning the support of the people, so it is not too difficult to start a business;" After winning the world, it is easy to be complacent, enjoyable and corrupt, and the decline of the country begins.

Therefore, since ancient times, emperors have always suffered hardships first and enjoyed ease last. Emperor Taizong said:' Ling Xuan and I will decide the world, and we will die all our lives, so we know the difficulty of starting a business.

Kevin·Z and I decide the world, knowing that pride comes from wealth and disaster comes from negligence, so we know the difficulty of keeping our jobs. However, the difficult period of starting a business has passed, and the current difficulty of staying in business is exactly what you must treat with caution! '"。

4. "Entrepreneurship and Persistence" China Ancient Translation Entrepreneurship and Persistence

In the original text, I asked my courtiers, "Which is more difficult, starting a business or staying in business?" Fang Lingxuan said: "At the beginning of Caomei, it is difficult to start a business by wrestling with the hero and then surrendering to the hero!" Wei Zhi said to him: "Since ancient times, the emperor has always been suffering from loss and gain, and it is difficult to persist without comfort!" It says: "Ling Xuan and I have risked the world, died a hundred times, and got a lifetime, so we know that it is not easy to start a business. We are always afraid that wealth will lead to arrogance and extravagance, and disaster will suddenly come, so we know that it is difficult to keep it, but the difficulty of starting a business is gone; When it is difficult to keep, be careful with others. " Ling Xuan and others bowed down and said, "Your Majesty's words are a blessing to the whole world."

(Selected from Purple Tongzhi Ji Jian Tang)

Note 1: refers to Emperor Taizong. 2 grass ignorance; This refers to the founding of the country. 3 and this statement: Speaking of this truth.

Translation:

"During the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong often discussed with ministers the difficulties of starting a business and sticking to it. One day, he asked Fang and others: "which is more difficult, starting a business or sticking to it?" Fang replied:' When the world was in chaos, there were many heroes everywhere, attacking the city slightly, and the war was fierce. The difficulty of starting a business is obvious. Wei Zhi disagrees with this view. He said: "the monarch conquered the world by destroying the enemy in chaos and winning the support of the people, so it is not too difficult to start a business;" After winning the world, it is easy to be complacent, enjoyable and corrupt, and the decline of the country begins. Therefore, since ancient times, emperors have been miserable and lost their comfort. " Taizong said:' Ling Xuan and I decide the world, and we will die all our lives, so we know the difficulty of starting a business. Kevin·Z and I decide the world, knowing that pride comes from wealth and disaster comes from negligence, so we know the difficulty of keeping our jobs. However, the difficult period of starting a business has passed, and the current difficulty of staying in business is exactly what you must treat with caution! " "

5. Yanzi Chunqiu-Jingjuan (Yanzi Chunqiu) Classical Chinese translation

[Original]

It rained for seven days when I was in Gong Jing. Public drinking, day and night. Yan Zi asked someone to send Xiaomi three times, but he didn't agree. The public ordered Bai Qi to patrol the country and let him become a singer. After hearing this, Yan Zi didn't say anything, so he broke up and made an appointment to protect himself. Seeing the public, he said, "It rained for seven days in ten days, and dozens of houses were damaged. There were several hungry people in self-protection. People are old and weak, too cold and too dark. Hunger will not spoil the chaff. We quit, we didn't go. We looked around without warning. And you don't care, you drink day and night to make the country happy. The horse restaurant is full of millet, the dog is full of vegetables, and the three rooms are full of meat. How thick are dogs and horses as concubines? Isn't it a pity that the people protect the people? My hometown is poor without resentment and happiness. Hungry without resentment, happy without a gentleman. Babies follow the officials, leaving the people hungry and cold without saying goodbye, leaving prostitutes without mercy. Giving birth to a child is a big sin. " I bowed to him once again, asked him to leave, and then went out.

The public follows it and can't catch it at the same time, so it's not so interesting to chase Yan Zi's family. Xiaomi is to protect himself, and any equipment is in strangers. Public drive and health (4). When the bus got off Yan Zi, he said, "I am guilty, but the owner has given up and refused to help me. My reservation is not enough. Does the master care about the country and people? May the master be widowed. I ask you to give me the millet wealth of Qi State and entrust it to the people, regardless of the weight, but at the behest of the master. " So I bowed to the road. Yan Zi came back, and he was ordered to patrol to protect himself. Hunger strikers have committees at the end of the month because they have cloth and a continuous foundation at home; Unique home, making food for a certain period of time; Unscrupulous self-protection, with its salary, made enough rain. Give money to those who make the cypress patrol out of self-protection and the family can't resist the rain. Those who patrol for lack of money to protect themselves will be finished in three days. The latter, if you didn't commit this crime.

Going out will damage the meat and withdraw the wine. On the third day, the official told me that the poor had 1.7 million, which took 970,000 minutes and earned 33,000 times. Bad house 2700, gold 3000. The public then withdrew the food, the harp was not opened, and the bells and drums were not old. Yan Zi asked the left and right wings and those who entertained the king with songs and dances to leave.

-Quoted from The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi

[translation]

In Qi Jinggong, it rained for 17 days. Qi Jinggong kept drinking. Yan Zi asked for food for the victims, but his repeated requests were not approved by Qi Jinggong. Qi Jinggong immediately ordered Parker (once said, Parker is a person's name, and Qi Jinggong is a close minister. When "white" is an official name, "qi" means urgency. Tour the country and recruit people who can sing and dance. Yan Zi was very unhappy after hearing this, so he distributed the food in his family to the victims, put the food containers on the side of the road, and walked to see Qi Jinggong. He said, "It rained continuously for 17 days, and dozens of houses in a village were damaged. Several elderly and infirm people in a village have no food to eat. When they are cold, they can't get short clothes to keep out the cold, and when they are hungry, they can't walk and have nowhere to tell. But the king had no mercy on the people, drank day and night, and ordered the whole country to recruit people who could sing and dance, which was endless. The horses in the palace eat the grain in the treasury, the hounds eat the meat of cattle and sheep, and the wives and concubines in the harem are full of meat. Is it too generous to treat wives and concubines? Is it too mean to treat ordinary people? If the people in the village are poor but have nowhere to tell, they will not like the king; If you are hungry and have nowhere to turn for help, you won't like the king. I (Yan Ying) followed the officials around me, leaving the people hungry and cold but nowhere to tell, and letting the king indulge in wine and abandon the people mercilessly. My (Yan Ying) sin is really too great. " Yan Zi knelt down twice, bowed deeply and asked to resign, so he quickly walked out of the palace gate.

Qi Jinggong followed Yan Zi, but was blocked by the muddy road. He couldn't catch up with Yan Zi, so he ordered to chase Yan Zi. When he arrived at Yanzi's house, he didn't catch up. I saw that all the food of Swallow's family had been distributed to the victims, and the food utensils were placed on the roadside. Qi Jinggong drove after him again, chasing Yan Zi on the road. Qi Jinggong got off the bus and followed Yan Zi and said, "I'm guilty. My husband abandoned me and didn't help me. It is not enough for me to please him. Does your husband care about the country and the people? " I hope your husband will be lucky enough to save me. I request that the grain and property of Qi be taken out and distributed to the people. Give more and give less, and whoever is light and heavy should listen to the arrangement of Mr. "So Qi Jinggong paid a visit on the road. Yan Zicai returned to Beijing and ordered him to visit the victims. Those who have seeds and mulberry trees at home but no food get enough food for a month. Families without agriculture and mulberry seeds get enough food for one year; Those who don't save firewood will give them firewood to tide them over the rain. Ordered Bob to inspect the victims and give money to those whose houses collapsed and could not stand the wind and rain. The inspection of those who lack expenses and financial difficulties should be completed within three days. Exceeding the time limit, like not carrying out orders, should be punished.

Qi Jinggong left the palace, cut down on meat and cancelled the party. Within three days, the patrol officer completed the task and reported the situation: poor victims 17000 people, distributed 970000 points of grain and firewood 13000; Damaged 2,700 houses and distributed 3,000 yuan in disaster relief. Qi Jinggong then went back to the palace, reduced his diet, and did not play the harp or beat the bell and drum. Yan Zi ordered the maids and concubines around Qi Jinggong, as well as those who entertained Qi Jinggong with singing and dancing, to be sent back.

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Brief records of four databases

6. Please translate the following classical Chinese translation: "During the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong often discussed with ministers the difficulty of starting a business and staying in business.

One day, he asked Fang and others: "which is more difficult, starting a business or sticking to it?" Fang replied:' When the world was in chaos, there were many heroes everywhere, attacking the city slightly, and the war was fierce. The difficulty of starting a business is obvious. Wei Zhi does not agree with this view. He said: "the monarch conquered the world by destroying the enemy in chaos and winning the support of the people, so it is not too difficult to start a business;" After winning the world, it is easy to be complacent, enjoyable and corrupt, and the decline of the country begins.

Therefore, since ancient times, emperors have always suffered hardships first and enjoyed ease last. Emperor Taizong said:' Ling Xuan and I will decide the world, and we will die all our lives, so we know the difficulty of starting a business.

Kevin·Z and I decide the world, knowing that pride comes from wealth and disaster comes from negligence, so we know the difficulty of keeping our jobs. However, the difficult period of starting a business has passed, and the current difficulty of staying in business is exactly what you must treat with caution! '"。

7. The three schools of classical Chinese are all divided into the field of wisdom.

Zhao Xiangzi painted Zhi Bo's head as a wine glass. Yurang, the minister of Zhi Bo, wanted to avenge him, but he cheated as a criminal, carrying a dagger and wiping the toilet in his stomach.

Xiangzi wanted the toilet, so he won the jade. About to kill him, Xiangzi said, "Zhi Bo died without a queen, and this man wants revenge. What an upright man! I want to avoid it. "

Is to give up Yurang painted himself as a beggar, swallowed charcoal and begged in the city, but his wife didn't know it.

When he met his friend, his friend knew him and wept for him, saying, "If you are a talented son, you will be lucky if you serve Zhao Meng. Children do whatever they want, regardless of evil? Why bother? Is it difficult to seek revenge? " I let said, "no! When he was appointed minister, he asked to kill him. It was really hesitant.

What I did was extremely ugly. However, because of this, those who will be ashamed of future generations will also have two hearts. "

Xiangzi came out and Yu rang fell under the bridge. When Xiangzi got to the bridge, he was frightened by the horse, so he went to look for it, got the jade and killed it.

Xiangzi did not stand for Bolu, and there were five children who refused to fall behind. Feng Bolu's son became the acting king, died early, and made his son Huan the queen of Zhao.

Xiangzi died, and a year later his brother Huan Zi stood on his own feet. Zhao's people said, "Huan is not an idea."

It was * * * who killed his son and came to meet Huan again in order to offer his son. I gave birth to my son to be fierce.

Huan Zi's grandson Weiss supported Hou Wen. Han Kang gave birth to Woods, and Woods gave birth to piety for Hou Jing.

(You Yinpei's note) In classical Chinese, there are many polysemy phenomena: the same word is a meaning in this sentence and a meaning in another sentence. Generally speaking, there is a certain connection between the meanings of polysemy.

Polysemy is formed by extension, metaphor and borrowing of the original meaning, so we should understand and master its extended meaning, figurative meaning and borrowed meaning from the original meaning. There are two understandings of the original meaning of words: a. About the origin of words, that is, the original meaning of words.

For example, the original meaning of "walking" is "leaving" and the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon". B as far as the application of words is concerned, the common meaning is regarded as the original meaning of words, which is also called the basic meaning.

For example, the common meaning of "soldier" is "soldier" and so on. The extended meaning is developed from the basic meaning, which has similar, relative or related meanings.

For example, the original meaning of "punishment" is "criminal law", and its basic meaning also includes punishment for prisoners. Later, this meaning developed into the meaning of "punishment" (all of them were "Chen She family" who punished their long-term officials). Figurative meaning is the meaning fixed by the figurative usage of words, and some figurative meanings come from the original meaning and basic meaning of words.

For example, the original meaning and basic meaning of "nest" is "the place where birds, animals and insects live", and the metaphorical meaning derived from this meaning is "the place where bad people live". In Boyaqin, the more people who meet dogs, the more humane they meet. The dog wagged its tail first and said, "I'm good at hunting. I'll share it with you." )

"The more people like it, the more rewards.

Eat pork and be polite. The dog got a grand ceremony, and its voice became louder and louder.

Arrogance), if you kill a wild animal, you will do your best.

Or laugh at the Yue people and say, "Animals eat and drink, but dogs do. Do you treat dogs as ridicule? " The more I realize, the more self-reliant I am because I share meat. The dog got angry, bit its head, broke its collar and walked away.

A husband and his family have a dog, but he competes with the dog for food. Geometry is invincible! The passer-by met a dog on Lushui. The dog lowered its head, wagged its tail and said in human language, "I'm good at hunting. I'll share it with you." The Vietnamese people were very happy and went home with their dogs.

Feed it sorghum and meat and treat it as a human being. Dogs are treated and become more and more arrogant, and all the wild animals they hunt will be eaten.

Someone laughed at the Vietnamese and said, "You feed him, and the dog eats all the wild animals he catches. What are dogs for? " The more people wake up, the more meat they give to dogs and the more they give themselves. The dog got angry, bit his head, bit off his neck and legs, and ran away.

Raising dogs as family members, but (then) competing with dogs for food, how can we not fail! Moral: satirize those evil villains who are eloquent, secretive, insatiable, vicious and cruel: don't tolerate the wicked and evil forces. When you can't stand it, it's inevitable to ask for it.

This so-called breeding a tiger is also a problem. There is a northerner who is justifying a fault and has never seen a water chestnut since he was born.

Later, he went to the south to be an official, and (once) everyone sat on the table and ate water chestnuts. The man put his shell in his mouth. Someone reminded him: "Water chestnut should be shelled."

He tried to hide his shortcomings and said, "It's not that I don't know how to shell, but I want to use it to clear away heat!" " "People asked him," Are there any water chestnuts in the north? "He said," there is no land behind the mountain! "It is better to learn and lose yourself than not to read ten volumes, ignore the elders and despise the same column. Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

Chen Bozhi's Book (Excerpt) In the late spring of March, the grass grows in the south of the Yangtze River, and the peanut trees are mixed. Seeing the flag and drum of the old country, I feel that I was born in a domain, which is not embarrassing at all! Therefore, Lian Gong's Thoughts on Zhao Jiang and Woods' Tears on the West River are also human feelings.

Is the general heartless? If you want to learn the rules early, you will be blessed. I was born in the north, but I don't know that Ling is an official in the south.

Fill the seat with diamonds and block the entrance. Or: "Ling must shell."

Someone defended his shortcomings and said, "I must know." Those who close their shells want to clear away heat. "

The questioner said, "Is there this in the north?" ? "He replied," the hill behind the hill in front, which is not land? " ? " Self-study is not as good as no scholar, and seeking benefits for the ears. When people read ten books, they are tall, arrogant and contemptuous.

People are sick as enemies and evil as owls. Learning is better than not learning well.

Wang Chong studied in Wang Chong's office, and he will learn from Shangyu people. First, he has no city in Wei County. When you are lonely, the village is called filial piety.

Later, there should be the capital, imperial academy and teachers to help Ban Biao. Be good at explaining, not following the rules.

My family is poor and there are no books. I often travel around Luoyang, reading the books I sell, and I can recite them when I see them, so I know many people's handwriting. Duke Zhuang went hunting in Qi Zhuanggong, and a bug raised its foot to fight with its wheel.

Ask Yu Yu: "What kind of bug is this?" He said: "This so-called mantis is also. It's also an ant. I don't know after I know it. I despise my enemy. "

Duke Zhuang said, "This man is brave for the world!" Get back in the car and avoid it. Wuqi met an old friend yesterday and stopped eating.

Old friend's day: "promise." Wu Qi said, "I'll wait for you to have dinner together." . "

My old friend didn't come in the evening, and Wu Qi didn't eat, waiting for him. Tomorrow is very early.