Wei Guangtao's main experience

Wei Guangtao (1837 (Ding Younian)-1916) was born in Longhui, Hunan. An important historical figure in politics, military affairs and diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty. Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi were important ministers of the Qing government in 1980s and 1990s.

Wei Guangtao was transferred to the left in his early years. In the early years of Guangxu, he became a Taoist priest, a provincial judge and a political envoy. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), after the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out, he recruited troops to the north, helped Liao resist Japanese aggression together with Governor Dacheng of Hunan, fought fierce battles with the enemy many times in Haicheng and other places, and commanded Niuzhuang Campaign to hit the Japanese hard. After the war, he successively served as Minister of Jiangxi, Governor of Shaanxi, Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, and Governor of Liangjiang. He served as political envoy of Xinjiang province, governor of Xinjiang, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and later served as governor of two rivers, minister of Nanyang and minister of ethnic affairs of the Prime Minister's Office. During his tenure as Governor of Liangjiang, he implemented the construction of Sanjiang Normal School after Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, and was an important figure in Nanjing University's opening Boda Academy in modern Xinjiang.

Chinese name: Wei Guangtao.

Alias: Shilongshan people, Hushan old people

Nationality: China.

Place of birth: Shaoyang, Hunan

Date of birth:1837165438+1October 27th.

Date of death: 19 16 04 17.

Occupation: First Dean of Boda College, Governor of Xinjiang, etc.

Main achievements: an important minister in the late Qing Dynasty, the founder of modern education.

Important figures of Nanjing University open Modern Boda Academy.

Masterpiece: Hushan Old Man's Self-report

The life of the character

In the Qing Dynasty, he was from Jintan Township, Shaoyang County (now Longhui County). Ziwu village. Born in October in the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837). I started as a kitchen worker. Xianfeng six years (1856) joined the Xiang army, attacked Ji 'an from Ceng Guoquan, and managed the old Xiang army camp. Later, he transferred to the left army and went to Shaanxi and Gansu to suppress the Hui uprising. Guangxu was originally appointed as the maintainer of Pingqingjing. During his tenure, he imitated the left military and political measures, built roads and planted trees, and persuaded farmers to teach mulberry, which was quite successful. In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), he was promoted to Gansu provincial judge. Moved to Gansu and Xinjiang in the winter of ten years. Good at financial management, diligent work, military affairs reimbursement and comprehensive verification. Xinjiang has a wide border with neighboring countries, and there are many cases of negotiation with Russia, Britain and other international affairs. With the gradual stability of the political situation, the most difficult thing in official management is the lack of foreign civil servants. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the development of Xinjiang and Northwest China was slow, education was backward, and there were almost no educational and scientific research projects. 189 1 year, Wei Guangtao founded Xinjiang Boda Academy and served as the first president, which created a precedent for modern education in Xinjiang and provided valuable experience for early schools in China.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out in the 20th year of Guangxu, the Huai army was repeatedly defeated, and the DPRK proposed to use the Xiang army. 1 1 month, the Qing court appointed Liu Kunyi, the former governor of Liangjiang and Nanyang of Xiang Army, as an imperial envoy, and Wu Dayou, the governor of Hunan Province, assisted in military affairs, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition and controlled the internal and external armies. Wei Guangtao should go to Liaodong with Wu Dacheng. In the middle of the first month of the 21st year of Guangxu, he led the second sentry of the 8th Battalion of Wuwei Army (said to be the 6th Battalion) to go through customs, and arrived at Grange Station for protection. Then he joined forces with Song Qing, Iktangga and Changshun to launch the fourth counterattack against Haicheng, but failed. On the fourth day of February, the fifth counterattack was launched. The 5th Division of the Japanese Army came out of Huanghuadian in the north of Xiuyan in Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and made a virtual attack on Liaoyang. The 3rd Division of the Japanese Army stationed in Haicheng also broke through from the north. The Qing army fell into its trap by mistake, and Changshun army abandoned the Anshan station on the road and returned to the division to save Liaoyang. The Japanese army took advantage of the virtual occupation of Anshan station and sent the main cavalry to take Niuzhuang directly.

On the seventh day of February, Wei Guangtao got the news that he would withdraw his troops from Haicheng and return to Niuzhuang. On the morning of the eighth day, 3000 troops fought a fierce battle against the 20 thousand elite of the Japanese army. He commanded the headquarters to lure the enemy deep, and when the Japanese army approached, it fought back violently and was hit hard by the enemy. However, relying on superior forces, the Japanese army broke into the city. Xiang 1 1 Battalion is trapped in the urban area. Fighting in house and street, hand-to-hand combat, hand-to-hand combat, fighting against each other, rivers of blood, Yu and Chen Shengyou were killed, with 2000 casualties. He came and bid for the war, but he got three easy mounts. It was not until midnight that I began to break through from the west and avoided it. After Niuzhuang fell, Liaodong Peninsula fell one after another. After the battle, Wei Guangtao was transferred to Jiangxi. Rebel against the governor of Yunnan and change to the governor of Shaanxi. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. He led the troops and worked hard, but so do dungans governor, governor yungui. In 29 years, he moved to Liangjiang. The following year, Tie Liang marched south, illegally dismissed, and was transferred to the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. After 3 1 year, Tie Liang played again. He was confused and incompetent, so he went AWOL. On-the-job officials are mostly based on their hometown friends, with the largest number in Baoqing, followed by Hunan nationality. At that time, people were quite critical of this.

In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the Revolution of 1911 began. Wei Guangtao was appointed Governor of Huguang by the Qing government. Didn't go to work, died at home.

employment rate

China is the first deployment envoy and the second acting chief executive (governor) after the establishment of Xinjiang Province. He founded Xinjiang Boda Academy and served as the first president. Later, he served as governor of Yunnan-Guizhou and Shaanxi-Gansu provinces, and later served as governor of two rivers, minister of Nanyang and prime minister. 189 1 Established Boda Academy in Xinjiang and served as the first principal, which provided a precedent for early education in Xinjiang.

During his tenure as Governor of Liangjiang, Wei Guangtao implemented the construction of Sanjiang Normal School after Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, and was an important figure in opening modern Boda Academy in Nanjing University. Zeng Guofan is the successor of Xiang army and an important assistant of Zuo. 1905 dismissed from office and returned home. In the fifth year of the Republic of China (1965438+April 200617), he died in Hushan Villa in the eastern suburb of Baoqing on March 15.

representative works

Wei Guangtao is Wei Yuan's grandnephew, who has contributed to the publication of Wei Yuan's Atlas of the Sea and other works. He himself also has masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as "Delineating Xinjiang" (8 volumes) and "Hushan Old Man's Self-report" (family engraving).

Former residence of figures

Wei Guangtao's former residence is located in Shishanwan Village, Simenqian Town, Longhui County. At the north 1.5km of Wei Yuan's former residence. The former residence faces east in the west, and there is a soft Jinshui River with high gold content. It is adjacent to Zhangshu 'ao and Maotouzhai in the west, Lion Mountain, one of the 24 scenic spots in Jintan in the north (there is the remains of Wenchang Pavilion in the Qing Dynasty on the mountain), and Wuzhushan in the south.

The former residence is a wooden structure built during the reign of Qing Qianlong (unknown year), hanging from the top of the mountain, and the windows are beautifully decorated. It is a relatively complete and representative residential complex in Qing Dynasty. The whole courtyard is four-fold, with pavilions on the left and right, and the cornices are upturned. There are brick walls and slotted doors in front of the hospital, and there are 40 houses in the hospital, covering an area of about 4000 square meters. The main part is well protected. 1982 was announced as a county-level cultural relics protection unit by Longhui County. In 2002, it was announced as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit in Hunan Province.

Open Sanjiang

Wei Guangtao: Organizer and implementer of Sanjiang.

In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902 65438+ February 8th), on the 9th day of November, Wei Guangtao was "ordered to transfer the two rivers" (Wei Guangtao: Hushan Old Man), but he didn't go to his post immediately. Zhang Zhidong still represented the two rivers. It was not until the following February (1March 903) that Wei Guangtao took office in Jiangning.

On February 22nd (1March 20th, 903), Zhang Zhidong and Wei Guangtao handed over the customs seal and Wang Mingqi. Later, the two governors took photos with relevant officials, including officials from Liangjiang Academic Affairs Office and Sanjiang Normal School. Six days later, Wei Guangtao went to Xiajiang Kaobang to take the screening test of Zunjing School. However, due to Wei Guangtao's "need to visit Sanjiang Normal School", he was ordered to drive back to the shaft after writing the questions. (Guangxu 29th March 11th "Shen Bao". ) This is Wei Guangtao's first visit to Sanjiang.

In the 30th year of Guangxu (1 September, 9041), Wei Guangtao was appointed as the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. He served as governor of the two rivers for nearly a year and a half. This is a crucial period for the establishment and opening up of the Three Rivers. For the founding strategy and principles of Sanjiang Normal School, Wei Guangtao can be described as "following the rules" and has not changed much. Wei Guangtao actively organized and implemented the complicated preparatory work before the establishment and formal enrollment of Sanjiang School, which was methodical and effective. Therefore, he is also one of the important figures who founded Sanjiang Normal School.

(1) Continue teaching. Sanjiang recruited China for the first time, but only 20 people were admitted, which failed to reach the full quota. Therefore, Wei Guangtao ordered the Liangjiang Academic Affairs Office to issue an imperial edict, instructing all states and counties to sponsor again, and gathered in Jiangning at the end of April. "Take the exam again, so it is fair and just." (Guangxu 29th March 28th "Shen Bao". In fact, there was also a recruitment on June and September 2 1 day, and 50 people including Lei Heng were admitted for three consecutive exams. Together with the 20 people admitted by Zhang Zhidong during his tenure, there are 70 students.

(2) Appoint the chief Chinese teacher. Sanjiang Language General Education originally planned to hire Fan Kentang, a juren from Tongzhou. Because Fan had another job, Wei Guangtao hired Wu Yi, a Hunan Jinshi, who was appointed by Liangjiang Academic Affairs Office. (In the 29th year of Guangxu, Ta Kung Pao was published on May 2nd and 6th. )

(3) Start school another day and "exchange knowledge" between China and Japan. 1In June, 903, 1 1 Japanese teachers hired by Sanjiang, including Kenjiro Kikuchi, all arrived in Ningpo. On June 19, Yang Jingui, general manager of Sanjiang Normal School, held the "Working Conference on Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language". In addition to clarifying that Japanese teaching and Japanese teaching undertake their own courses, it is also determined that Chinese and Japanese teaching and learning are called "schoolmates" each other. On June 25th, Sanjiang Normal School started. Since there is no enrollment this year, the so-called "opening school", that is, "Chinese and foreign teaching", helps each other and exchanges knowledge. That is, Japanese teachers study China language, literature and Confucian classics under the guidance of China; Teacher China learns Japanese, physics and chemistry, pictures and so on from Japanese teachers. Its purpose is as stated in Zhang Zhidong's "Folding and Founding Sanjiang Normal School": "After one year, the school made China learn oriental languages, oriental characters, physics and chemistry, pictures and so on. And oriental language teaching can also teach students in Chinese, so it is safe to ask questions. " At this time, if normal students are enrolled, translation is not necessarily resorted to in teaching, which can avoid misunderstanding and save time. It should be said that this is a very creative idea, but due to the language barrier, the one-year "knowledge exchange" between China and Japan did not achieve the expected results.

(4) The construction of the church was basically completed. The site of Sanjiang Academy was selected by Zhang Zhidong in front of the Arctic Pavilion, and the architectural planning was decided by Hu Jun, president of Hubei Normal University, referring to the blueprint of Imperial University in Tokyo. Since June 1903 and 19, "kennel construction" has been supervised by Cha Zongren, a magistrate. (Guangxu 29th year, Ta Kung Pao, May 7th, May 19th. ) At the urging of Wei Guangtao, the project is progressing smoothly. By the month of 1904 and 1, the "Wuyang Building" had been built and the situation was extremely open. 1904, the Japanese East Asian Literature Association also reported that "half of the 540 large teaching buildings and staff residences planned by Sanjiang Normal School have been completed and will be completed in February next year". (Editor-in-Chief, Institute of East Asian Culture: History of East Asian Literary Association, p. 366, quoted from Su Yunfeng: Sanjiang Normal School: the predecessor of Nanjing University, p. 149. )1August, 904, Wei Guangtao sent personnel to investigate the Sanjiang church building project, and found that the project supervisor Cha Zongren was dereliction of duty and immediately took remedial measures. In September and 10 this year, all the projects were completed. Chinese and Japanese teaching in Sanjiang has been moved to your new church in the North Pole. Wei Guangtao was also transferred to the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. Therefore, Sanjiang, a huge construction project, was started and basically completed during Wei Guangtao's term of office.

(5) Cancel the establishment of Sanjiang Normal School. Wei Guangtao's other important contribution to the construction of the Three Rivers is to effectively ensure the huge expenditure of building the Three Rivers. Zhang Zhidong had long planned for the expenses of running Sanjiang: the funds for purchasing land and building churches were raised by Jiangning Francisco; Its perennial school funding is first allocated by Jiangning Francisco, and then it will raise more than 40 thousand taels every year. Anhui Province and Jiangxi Province "subsidize Long Yin 100 yuan per person per year, plus a little subsidy". At the same time, Jiangning Yuan Yin Bureau will have a surplus in 2008, all of which will be used for school funds. (Zhang Zhidong: The establishment of Zhesanjiang Normal School, Complete Works of Zhang Xianggong, 58 volumes, pp. 15 ~ 16. ) Zhang Zhidong's fundraising ideas and principles are all implemented by Wei Guangtao one by one. In addition, the cost of building a church has increased again and again. Therefore, raising funds has become the most difficult and crucial thing at the beginning of Sanjiang's venture. After Wei Guangtao took office, he first rectified the salt policy, "increasing the annual income to more than two million; Likin, copper coins, and an increase of two or three million ",after the governor's financial resources expanded, Wei Guangtao first" allocated funds to set up Sanjiang Normal School ",which ensured the timely payment of Sino-Japanese teaching fees in Sanjiang, and the construction project was exempted from financial constraints. Wei Guangtao's "Discount on the Founding Funds of Jiangnan Sanjiang Normal School" proposes that Sanjiang school buildings can be "added" and "built separately" in batches according to enrollment. "It has been verified that * * * needs more than 98,500 taels of Cao Ping's silver, and it is planned to donate more than 58,000 taels of treasurer's silver in Jiangning, and all of them will be allocated. The company will raise another fund for the shortage" (cited)) This shows that Wei Guangtao has spared no effort to raise funds for Sanjiang. In his later years, he wrote a brief account of the old man in Hushan, and proudly listed "setting aside funds to establish Sanjiang Normal School" as his top priority as the head of the two rivers.

(6) Formulate the articles of association of Sanjiang Normal School. From March 28th to May 24th in Guangxu 30th year (1904 May 13 to July 7th), Yang Jingui, general manager of Sanjiang Normal School, met with Wei Guangtao, governor of Liangjiang five times. According to Taiwan Province scholar Su Yunfeng's research, such frequent visits should be related to the formulation of the articles of association of Sanjiang Normal School and related affairs. (Su Yunfeng: Appendix I: Articles of Association of Sanjiang Normal School, the predecessor of Nanjing University, p. 175 ~ 196. The original of the Articles of Association exists in Japan, and Su Yunfeng obtained a copy from Yabo Yinshan, a professor in the Department of Business of Tokyo University in Japan, through 1986. ) Hu Jun is responsible for drafting the articles of association. The articles of association are "Articles of Association of Teachers' Association of Primary Schools", which consists of fifteen chapters, respectively stipulating the general significance of the establishment of the school, examination rules, subject courses, responsibilities of members, rules and regulations on lecture halls, dormitories, playgrounds, etiquette, rewards and punishments, holidays and graduation services, and school bans. It is self-evident that the significance of making such a charter before the formal enrollment of the school begins.

(7) formal admission. 1In July, 904, Yang Jingui, general manager of Sanjiang Normal School, informed the counties under the jurisdiction of Liangjiang that Sanjiang Normal School would hold the entrance examination in September of 15 and 16. (June 16th, 30th year of Guangxu, Ta Kung Pao. Due to the limited number of candidates who came as scheduled, only 120 people were admitted. Another recruitment was in June 5438+ 10, and 180 people were admitted, including 300 people. Students are divided into 32 three-year undergraduate courses, 187 two-year accelerated courses and 8 1 one-year accelerated courses. 165438+1October 26th (October 20th, 30th year of Guangxu reign), students formally entered the school. (October 19th, November 16th, 30th year of Guangxu, Ta Kung Pao. )

Sanjiang Normal University began to prepare from 1902. 1903 opened in March and began to hire teachers and build schools; 1June 903 19 School, which taught "knowledge exchange" between China and Japan for one year; By June 1904, 1 1, the school officially enrolled students, and it took more than two years to complete its establishment. This was the highest institution of learning in Jiangsu at that time, "comparable to Imperial University" (reported by Wentong Branch of Japan East Asian Association) and "Arrow of Chinese Normal University".

related news

On April 5, 2006, in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the editor-in-chief of Wang Wei accompanied the Wei clan association in Longhui, Hunan Province to visit Wei Guangtao's tomb, and found that the original magnificent Wei Guangtao's tomb was seriously damaged.

Wei Guangtao, alias Wei Wuzhuang, whose name is Guang Tai, is called Yehushan Old Man. Jintan, Simenkou Town, Longhui County, Hunan Province. He was an important historical figure in politics, military affairs and diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty. He is the first deployment envoy and the second acting chief executive (governor) of China after the establishment of Xinjiang Province. Later, he served as governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Shaanxi, and later served as governor of two rivers, minister of Nanyang and prime minister. He, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi were important ministers of the Qing government in 1980s and 1990s, successors of Zeng Guofan and Xiang Jun, and important assistants of Zuo. 1905 returning home for the aged. According to legend, at that time, in order to reward Wei Guangtao's achievements, the emperor chartered him to choose any place for retirement. On his southern tour, the Emperor found a Lotus Hill in the agricultural suburb of Baoqingfu (now Xinshao County, Hunan Province), which is more than 0/00 kilometers away from Wei Guangtao's hometown, and gave it to Wei Guangtao. Wei Guangtao spent his old age here and was buried in Lotus Hill given by the emperor. At that time, the cemetery was built with gates and huabiao, which were guarded by special personnel.

In 2003, Wei Guangtao Cemetery was listed as a municipal cultural relics protection unit by Shaoyang Municipal Government. Inscription: Wei Guangtao (1837- 19 16), a famous Russian and Japanese soldier, was born in Shaoyang, Hunan Province (now from Jintan, Simenqian Town, Longhui County) and served as the governor of Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan, Huguang and Liangjiang. His tomb is at 198. Scope of protection: the main tombstone extends 50 meters to the upper part of the mountain, and the left and right merit columns and the tomb-guarding courtyard extend 20 meters to the periphery.

It is understood that there are more than 500 descendants of Wei Guangtao, who are distributed all over the world. Among them, there are many outstanding people, such as Wei Rongjue, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, a famous doctor of acoustics, a professor of acoustics and a doctoral supervisor (Wei Guangtao Sun). This website appeals to Wei Guangtao's descendants and their Wei clan relatives to pay attention to the serious damage to Wei Guangtao's tomb, unite and donate money to attract the government's attention, clean up Wei Guangtao's tomb reserve and restore its original appearance.

According to common sense, it is impossible to bury a new grave above the grave, let alone a mass grave in the reserve. What's more, Wei Guangtao's tomb is facing a grave (there is a saying in the countryside called pressure), which is absolutely impossible.