Jingdezhen ceramics ~ ~ development ~ ~ characteristics ~ ~ production technology and other papers. Help!

After a period of time, the washed mud in the process of ceramic molding will be moved to another place with a trowel, and each layer will be regularly trodden with bare feet. Stepping on the mud requires one heel and one foot, and stepping in circles along the edge to the center, which can make the mud dry and wet more evenly. After stepping on a layer, I added another layer on it and gradually piled up. Traditional mud treads have the formula of "chrysanthemum core lotus petals three feet and two shovels". Most porcelain blanks are made on windlass. When making a blank, first throw the clay ball in the center of the pallet, wrap it tightly with a hand dipped in water, slowly lift it up and down, and repeat this for several times to start making a blank. Blanking, Jingdezhen commonly known as painting blank. Drawing a blank requires accurate eyes and steady hands, especially when drawing on both sides, both hands should stay on the arc accurately, and the size and shape of the object should be accurately controlled. With the subtle changes of hands, the shape of the bowl is constantly changing. Hands lead the mud away, and the mud changes at will, giving people a soft and elastic feeling. Drawing is a highly technical job. First of all, we should understand the performance of mud and enlarge the size according to the size and shape of the variety. Because there is about 20 ~ 25% shrinkage from the wet blank to the finished porcelain, it is necessary to enlarge the rough blank when drawing the blank, so that the finished porcelain can meet the specification requirements. After the bowl blank is pulled, it is placed on a long and narrow wooden board, which is called a material board, and then it is placed on the blank rack above the station to dry in the shade until it is half dry and half wet, and then the next process, that is, printing the blank, which is commonly known as "heading" in Jingdezhen, is the operation of shaping the inside of the blank. The blank will shrink and deform to a certain extent during the drying process, and it is difficult to ensure that the parts fully meet the specification requirements by manual drawing, so the blank should be printed and formed on a standard mold with a certain specification. After printing, put the blank on the material plate, move it to the blank drying rack and dry it in the sun. There is also a pool under the clothes rack, which is its ingenuity. Clothes rack and pool are collectively called clothes rack pool, which is an important facility of ancient workshops. The pool and clothes rack go up and down, which makes use of space and reduces the floor space. The water in the pool is basically stored in rainy days. Washing mud requires water, which is convenient and labor-saving. In addition, there is a deeper intention. We know that water will evaporate, and the evaporation will change with the change of temperature and humidity. When the weather is hot and dry, the evaporation of water in the pool is accelerated, which increases the moisture in the upper drying area, that is to say, the microclimate in this area is adjusted, and the drying speed of the blank on the drying rack can be controlled to a certain extent, so that the blank will not dry too fast, so that the shrinkage of the blank will be more uniform, and the cracks of the finished porcelain can be reduced or eliminated when fired at high temperature. The trimming and forming of the outer side of the blank is completed by the blank making process. According to the requirements of the shape and size of the blank, the blank-benefiting master cuts off the redundant part of the blank with different tools. In operation, the shape, curvature and thickness of the blank are controlled by experience and by eyes, hands and ears. According to the different parts and thickness of the blank, the splitting master taps the blank gently with his fingers, and decides where to cut the knife and how much to rotate according to the different sounds. Blanking is the most difficult and technically demanding process in the whole molding operation. Therefore, blank makers generally learn art from childhood, and after more than ten or twenty years of practical exploration, they can become good players. Among the traditional famous porcelain in Jingdezhen, there is a kind of porcelain that is "as thin as a cicada's wing and as light as a cloud", which is called thin-embryo porcelain. Thin-walled porcelain is more difficult to benefit from the green body, especially in the final stage of benefit. It can be said that the victory or defeat is really a little bit, and the success or failure lies in one knife and one breath. If one knife is missing, the blank will be too thick; if one knife is added, the blank will be broken. Even if it is a big breath, it may lead to all previous efforts in vain. Without skillful skills, belief in winning, tenacious perseverance, meticulous spirit and good psychological quality, it is impossible to achieve the key final victory. Therefore, the blank making technology can never be achieved overnight, it is the crystallization of ceramic artists' long-term practice. Tang Ying, a famous pottery supervisor in Qing Dynasty, said: "The thickness of style is related to the quality of the spinner, so the spinner is a key job." In other words, whether a piece of porcelain is well made has a lot to do with the master's craftsmanship. After the blank is cleaned, water is replenished again to remove the dust attached to the blank, and blue and white painting can be started after drying. Blue and white is an underglaze color, and the main color component of blue and white material is cobalt oxide. After the blank is painted with blue and white patterns, a layer of transparent glaze is applied and fired in a kiln at one time. Blue and white materials look gray-black, and after being painted, they will turn into green blue after being fired in the kiln. After painting blue and white, glazing and digging the bottom, the operation of the blank room is completed. From raw material refining to porcelain blank processing, all molding processes are completed in a blank room. In fact, what is completed here is only part of the porcelain making process. According to the Ming Dynasty Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations, "a cup of hard work, seventy second-hand, can be finished." In other words, there are 72 processes to produce a cup. Therefore, in order to improve production efficiency, ancient porcelain workers made a detailed division of labor in each process, and everyone only did one process. On the basis of detailed division of labor, they also cooperated in production, which made Jingdezhen porcelain industry enter the stage of workshop handicraft industry from the Ming Dynasty, which is one of the important characteristics of Jingdezhen porcelain industry in the Ming Dynasty. Among the ruins of porcelain kilns in the past dynasties, the kiln site in Yuan Dynasty presented to people with a brand-new look. The cushion cake for porcelain burning in the site is bigger and thinner than that in the Song Dynasty, which shows that its firing technology has changed greatly. The glaze color in the site has increased, announcing the end of monochromatic glaze. At the same time, many new shapes have appeared, such as folding bowls, various Gao Zubei, large plates with a diameter of nearly 40 cm, large pots and bottles with a height of more than 40 cm, and so on. Brand-new decorative techniques have appeared, such as blue and white, underglaze red, underglaze color, etc ... Its rich themes and exquisite patterns have never been seen before in kiln sites. All these make us feel strongly that the Yuan Dynasty is an era with the greatest changes and the most remarkable progress in Jingdezhen porcelain. According to the archaeological investigation and cultural relics survey of Jingdezhen Institute of Ceramic Archaeology, there are Zhushan, Hutian, Luomaqiao, Daijianong, Guanyinge, Zhongdukou, Zengjianong, Tangxia, Yinkengwu, Yaoli, Liyang and Li Yao in the Yuan Dynasty, among which Hutian, Luomaqiao and Zhushan are the most typical. Hutian site is a kiln site that has been fired for a long time since the Five Dynasties and the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The site starts from Zhang Jiadi in the east, reaches Yueguang Mountain in the west, Qishan Mountain in the south and the north bank of the south river, with a protection area of 400,000 square meters. Hu Tianyao's Yuan Dynasty remains are mainly distributed in Wu Yuling, Longshantou, Lion Mountain, the banks of Nanhe River and around the exhibition hall of Hu Tianyao's ruins. Unearthed cultural relics include kiln site relics, workshop relics, wells, drainage ditches, etc. The unearthed objects are mainly egg white glazed porcelain, as well as black glazed porcelain and some blue and white glazed porcelain. There are bowls, plates, lamps, dishes, cans, Gao Zubei, military seats, water purification bowls and animal sculptures. Decoration is mainly based on printing and carving, and flowers are picked occasionally. Decorations include dragon pattern, fish algae, lotus pond mandarin duck, tidal water, peony, chrysanthemum, lotus flower, peach blossom, gardenia, melon vine, flower and fruit, lion rolling hydrangea and so on. There is also a folding bowl with "Shu Fu" engraved on it. 1980 The kiln site of Luomaqiao in Yuan Dynasty was found in Hong Guang Porcelain Factory, Zhongshan South Road, Jingdezhen City. Archaeologists excavated in Jingdezhen, with an excavation area of nearly 700 square meters, which is 1 from the ground. Yuan dynasty relics unearthed 7 meters away. Blue-and-white glazed porcelain was unearthed in the accumulation layer of the Yuan Dynasty, as well as a small amount of egg white glazed porcelain, underglaze red porcelain and overglaze colored porcelain, as well as small bowls piled with brown tires and blue and white. Blue and white glazes include ear bottles, gourd-shaped notes, foot plates, Gao Zubei, octagonal cups, dragon patterns, figures, etc. Among them, there are many kinds of ear bottles, such as celestial bottles, gourd bottles, flat bottles, etc., which are decorated with S-shaped ears, round ears, animal-shaped ears and ichthyosaur-shaped ears respectively. Except for the gourd-shaped small note decorated with underglaze brown, the other decorative techniques are engraved, and the decorative patterns include plum, peach, flowers and birds, auspicious animals and beaded beads. In-glaze red wares include lotus leaf-shaped jar lids, jade pot spring bottles and small bottle fragments painted with deer patterns. Only a small bowl painted with lotus flowers or chrysanthemums can see red and green. There are many kinds of blue and white porcelain, besides common bowls and plates, there are also persuasion plates, ear cups, cards, lid boxes, bird food cans, double-tied small cans, big-mouthed cans, first-store cans, ear bottles, long-necked bottles, plum bottles, jade pot spring bottles and other shapes. Decorations include chrysanthemum, peony, plum blossom, ganoderma lucidum, grapes, banana leaves, dragons, deer, peacocks, fish algae, character stories and so on. In addition, some writing utensils have been unearthed here. Zhushan site is in the center of the city, covered by modern buildings. 1In May, 988, an underground cable was laid in the urban area of Jingdezhen, and Jingdezhen Institute of Ceramic Archaeology found a batch of grotesque porcelain fragments on the scenic road (the northern end of the former site of the Imperial Factory in Ming and Qing Dynasties), including blue and white porcelain in Jilan, golden porcelain in Jilan, peacock green, golden porcelain on peacock green and egg white glazed porcelain. Its shapes are drum-shaped covered cans, straight-mouth cans, barrel-shaped covered cans, large covered boxes and so on. , which is decorated with dragon patterns with double horns and five claws, deformed lotus petals, miscellaneous treasures, cross pestle peony and so on. The number of dragon patterns with double horns and five claws is the largest, accounting for more than 90% of the total. According to the laws prohibiting people from using the dragon pattern with two horns and five claws in yuan dynasty history and the laws prohibiting people from using gold paint and gilding in the Yuan Dynasty, we can know that this relic must be the exclusive thing of the Yuan Dynasty emperor and should be the product of the Yuanguan Kiln-Fuliang Magnetic Bureau. The artifacts unearthed in this site are all rare vessel shapes, especially the large lid box, which is 32 cm in diameter. A cylinder protrudes from the center of the box, forming a wide and deep channel between the cylinder and the container wall. The table top of the column is not glazed, and the passage between the column and the wall is coated with white glaze. There are several kinds of external walls, such as gilding, bronzing, white flowers and blue and white flowers. "