Urgent; Seeking classical Chinese translation: Liu Ji's view on what's going on in the world

Liu Bei often went out to fight when he was away, and Zhuge Liang guarded Chengdu and acted as a political agent. After his death, Liu Chan succeeded him, and he became more proficient in everything. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi came to power one after another, "adhering to Zhuge's rules, but not following them". Therefore, the politics of Shu Han is based on Zhuge Liang's measures. Now Zhuge Liang's policies and measures to govern Shu are described as follows:

During the reign of Ada and Liu Zhang, Yizhou not only failed to solve the contradiction between foreign landlords and indigenous landlords; Even there are contradictions between Liu Zhang himself and his senior officials. Liu Zhang has neither enough strength to control arrogant generals nor the ability to select or reuse outstanding talents. Therefore, his talented officials, such as Zhang Song and Fazheng, planned to welcome Liu Bei into Shu. In this case, as Zhuge Liang said in "Longzhong Dui", "Yizhou wise people think of wise kings."

Liu Bei took advantage of the contradiction of Liu Zhang ruling group to seize Yizhou, and had to make better arrangements for Liu Zhang's old men. "The reflection" volume 32 "Biography of the Ancestors" said:

Dong He, Huang Quan, Li Yan, etc. Awarded by Zhang, Wu Yi, etc. Also married by Zhang, Peng Yang was rejected by Zhang, and Liu Ba was jealous of his past actions. They all stood out and did their best. People with lofty ideals are persuaded by competition.

In this way, the contradictions within the Yizhou landlord ruling group eased and Liu Bei's rule was consolidated. After Zhuge Liang came to power, he paid more attention to netting and using indigenous landlords in Yizhou. Such as "reflection" volume 42 "Dewey Biography" said:

In the second year of Jianxing (224), the prime minister was in charge of Yizhou pastoral, and he chose to meet all the strange people, transform the old morality, take Fu Qin as the special driver, five beams as the meritorious service, and micro as the main book.

These three men are scholars and Confucian scholars, among whom Fu Qin is more talented and eloquent. On the other hand, Dewey is an old and deaf man. After Liu Bei decided to go to Shu, he stayed at home. Zhuge Liang is in power, so we must bring him in. Because of deafness, give him two written conversations; Because of his old age and illness, he could not be an official, so he was given the name of doctor of advice. Why is this? It's just a gesture, indicating that he is opening up political power to Yizhou landlords.

Volume 9 of Huayang Guozhi and Li Shouzhi's "Yu Zhou enters Shu, and Jingchu people are expensive" are true. However, as Shu Han established his capital in Yizhou, Zhuge Liang had to select some talents from local landlords. For example, the reflection volume 4 1 Yang Hongchuan:

At the beginning, Hong was Li's Cao, but Yan had not yet arrived in Qianwei, and Hong was already Shu County. Hong Ying's book was assisted by He Zuo, who was brilliant and made great contributions. He was promoted to the county magistrate and served as the magistrate of Guanghan for several years. Shi Hong is still in Shu County. It is also a useful tool for people to take care of Zhuge Liang when they can.

If we look through the biographies of Shu Zhi, we can see that the local landlords in Yizhou, such as Zhang Yi, Yang Hong, Ma Zhong, Wang Ping, Zhu Fu, Zhang Yi, Zhang Ben, Li Hui, etc., have all achieved important positions, but they are only lower than the prime ministers and generals. One of the important reasons is that Shu Han can compete with Cao Wei with the corner of Yizhou, and there are fewer contradictions within its ruling group.

Zhuge Liang's employment is still centered on himself and the Shuhan regime, and subordinates are not allowed to form factions. Indigenous landlords are always prone to form partisan forces in the local area. Therefore, although Zhuge Liang paid attention to the use of indigenous landlords, he always cultivated his successors only from foreign landlords. Not only Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, who were born in Jingchu, assisted the imperial court one after another because of his inspiration, but also Jiang Wei, a native of Yanzhou, became the last supporter of the Shuhan regime because of his cultivation. This is because they have considerable talent, but also because they are outsiders and have no pro-party relations in Yizhou. However, Zhuge Liang's unity and reuse of indigenous landlords in Yizhou surpassed the previous rulers. Yizhou people, who have been discriminated against politically since the Han Dynasty, are willing to support Zhuge Liang in opening up political power to them. Zhuge Liang went north every year and asked Yizhou for food. He didn't see the opposition of indigenous landlords, but also got their active participation in the military front, which was inseparable from the success of Zhuge Liang's policy of netting indigenous landlords and easing the contradiction between guest and landlord.

In the era of Liu Zhang, the local strongmen in Yizhou could not control themselves and had to indulge. Zhuge Liang Fuzheng, the rule of law, he said:

Liu Zhang was weak. Since then, he has been blessed for many years, bound by grammar, committed himself to the other side, refused to promote virtue and politics, and refused to use force to punish him. The people of Sichuan Province were autocratic and arrogant, and gradually succeeded to the throne. Pets with a position are extremely disabled; Because of this, it is harmful to delay giving kindness and fish at full steam. Today, my prestige is based on the law, and the law is to repay kindness. If you are limited to the rank of Lord, you will know honor, honor and grace, and there will be knots from top to bottom. In order to govern, Yusi wrote (1).

Zhuge Liang's policy towards strongmen is mainly to distinguish rewards and punishments, to limit his evil deeds with punishment and to open up a political outlet for him with rewards. As long as they are willing to serve the Han Shu regime faithfully, they can get official positions. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's rule of law policy has not only received the effect of restricting strongmen, but also achieved the effect of using strongmen. At the same time, it also made Shu Han politically clear to some extent. Chen shou called the bright rule of Shu:

Strict science and education, rewards and punishments must be believed. No evil is unpunished, and no good is not revealed. As for officials, rape is not allowed, and people are willing to fall. The Tao does not pick up the remains, the strong does not invade the weak, and the weathering is also awesome.

Others have similar statements, but they are all over-described. Because in the feudal era ruled by the landlord class, it is impossible to make politics so fair and reasonable. For example, Fazheng kills people at will, and Zhuge Liang connives at Li Yan's corruption. Zhuge Liang's control over officials is always strict, and his administration is fair, which is naturally beneficial to the people.

In addition, Zhuge Liang's measures to reduce official positions and streamline institutions are also conducive to reducing the burden on the people.

Zhuge Liang's rule of Shu is a combination of criminal law and morality. He can set an example. His quality and style as well as his ability are respected and admired by people. First of all, Liang works hard. For example, Liang Zhuan quoted Wei Chunqiu as saying, "Zhuge Gong was fined more than twenty days and nights, and he saw himself." The History of the Three Kingdoms (volume 45) and Biography of Yang cited Xiangyang Ji as the main book, and Yong Yang said that he was "sweating all day since school". Zhuge Liang's diligent and meticulous handling of government affairs can make it difficult for subordinates to cheat and neglect their duties; Second, we can understand the situation and handle government affairs better in time. Second, keep your body clean. For example, "Ming Chuan" said: "The master is from the outside, and the master says ... I am serving outside, and I have no other scheduling. I take food and clothing with me, pay attention to officials, and I am not desperate, and I am long in size. If on the day I die, I don't want to make more money inside and win money outside, so as to be negative to your majesty. " And pawn, as it says. "Third, the style is acceptable. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" Volume 43 "Zhang Yi's Ancestral Family":' The public reward is far away, the punishment is not near, the knight can't get it for nothing, and the punishment is inevitable. The reason why this sage and fool forgot his body is also. "Biography of Liang" quoted: "Liang and his younger brother Jin wrote:' Joe (the second son of Jin, who came out of Liang) should have been returned to Chengdu, and now all the generals' children have passed on, so he thinks that he should share weal and woe. Today, Joe has made 500 or 600 soldiers and sent them to the valley with his children. Fourth, free from flattery, such as the biography of the reflection of Li Yan, volume 40, which quotes "Ming Ji":

Yan Yan wrote to persuade Liang to accept Jiu Xi and become the King of Qi. Liang Jieshu said, "I have known you for a long time, but I can't understand you anymore!" " ..... My corporal in the East was misused by the first emperor. He was a very important minister and gave me tens of billions. Today, the thief failed, and the confidant didn't answer, so he rushed to Qin Jin and took a high position, which was unkind and unjust. "

Fifth, coachable, with an open mind, such as "The Reflection" Volume 39 "Dong Hechuan" contains:

After dawn, he became the prime minister and taught the crowd: "The husband of the Ministry, who gathers all the thoughts, is loyal and benefits." If it is too far away, it is difficult to violate it, and it will be lost. If you get what you want, you will get what you want. Get pearl jade. However, people's hearts will not be exhausted, but Xu Yuan is not confused. Dong Youzai has been in the department for seven years and there is nothing wrong with it. As for the ten rebellions, I'll tell you. If you can admire Yuan Zhi's 11th, young slaughter diligence and loyalty to the country, you may not be so smart. "Then he said," In the early days, I established diplomatic relations with his drought-striken fields, and I heard many stories about gains and losses. Later, I established diplomatic relations with Yuan Zhang, and I was diligent in teaching. More than a former counselor, he did it every word, and then engaged in it, with several remonstrances; Although the posture is dark and I can't understand it, it is enough to show that I don't doubt the truth about these four sons. "

Zhuge Liang's quality and style, as mentioned above, undoubtedly produced a very good role and influence in politics.

Under Zhuge Liang's rule, his politics was not only better than that of Liu Zhang, but also better than that of Wei and Wu in the same period. Because of this, after Chen Wu sent Zhang Wen back to Shu, he praised the Shu government greatly, which caused Sun Quan's jealousy. At that time, Ye Liu and Jia Xu, the sages of Wei, also said that Zhuge Liang was good at governing the country. In Biography of Liang, Chen Shou repeatedly praised Zhuge Liang's achievements in governing Shu as flawless, but Chen Shou did not say so to Wei Wudi. After Zhuge Liang's death, the people of Shu Han missed him for decades. Both Chen Shou and Zhun Yuan said that they miss Zhao Gong as much as people in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang was praised by people and had reached such a high level at that time. If bright political measures can't satisfy the wishes and interests of some people, how can it be possible? As for Zhuge Liang's economic achievements, there are also many important achievements, which will be talked about when discussing Shu's economy.

In short, Zhuge Liang has both ability and political integrity, and his achievements in governing Sichuan are rare in history. His political actions, of course, represent the interests of the landlord class, but they are also beneficial to the people of Shu to some extent, and some places can be used for reference by future generations. So we say: Zhuge Liang was indeed an outstanding politician in ancient China.