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Tobacco Breeding Project Plan

Tobacco leaves are the basis for industry development, and varieties are the basis for tobacco production. The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration attaches great importance to tobacco breeding and lists tobacco breeding projects as a major It is a strategic issue to meet the needs of the development of Chinese cigarettes and the sustainable development of China's tobacco production. In order to promote the implementation of the tobacco breeding project and combined with the actual situation of China's tobacco breeding work, this project plan is specially formulated.

1. Tobacco Current status of breeding work

Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the national tobacco breeding work has established a relatively complete breeding scientific research collaboration network, and has carried out basic research on germplasm resources, new variety selection, breeding and promotion, etc. Remarkable results have been achieved.

1. The breeding of new varieties has achieved remarkable results. The national tobacco breeding work adheres to the principle of "four main and four supplementary", and has successively bred and introduced a number of high-quality disease-resistant varieties. It has played an important role in tobacco production. In 2004, the planting area of ??new self-bred flue-cured tobacco varieties such as Yunyan 85, Yunyan 87, and China Tobacco 100 accounted for 58.52% of the total area, an increase of 27.4 percentage points from 2000. Currently, it has passed the National Tobacco Variety Approval Committee There are 53 approved (certified) varieties, including 43 flue-cured tobaccos (31 self-bred and 12 imported); 8 burley tobaccos (5 self-bred and 3 imported); and 2 oriental tobaccos (introduced). Significant improvement This has eliminated the passive situation of China's single tobacco variety and long-term dependence on imported varieties for production.

2. Research on germplasm resources has made significant progress. A lot of work has been done in the collection, identification and utilization of tobacco germplasm resources, and now 4042 germplasm resources have been cataloged and preserved. The botanical traits of various germplasms, disease resistance, stress resistance and quality traits of some germplasms have been identified and genetic characteristics analyzed. 859 core germplasms of the primary library have been established. There are 446 core germplasms in the secondary library, providing rich genetic materials for the breeding of new varieties.

3. The application of biotechnology has initially shown results. Haploid breeding technology has been successfully used in breeding practice. Cell culture pressurized selection, physical and chemical mutagenesis, and somatic cell distant hybrid breeding have also entered the application stage. Molecular biology technology has begun to be applied to genetic breeding research and trait identification and selection. Safety evaluation and detection methods of tobacco genetically modified varieties have been carried out. , achieved phased results.

4. The integration of breeding, breeding and promotion has taken shape. The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration has successively established the China Tobacco Breeding Research (South) Center and the China Tobacco Genetic Breeding Research (North) Center. Together with the China Tobacco Northeast, Southeast, Central South and Southwest Agricultural Experiment Stations, the China Tobacco Burley Experiment Station, and the National Tobacco Cultivation Physiology and Biochemistry Research Base, a relatively complete tobacco breeding scientific research collaboration network and variety regional trial network have been formed; China Tobacco has established Seed Co., Ltd. has established a breeding base for original seeds and improved seeds, implemented unified breeding and seed supply, and initially formed a tobacco seed breeding, propagation and promotion system.

Although China's tobacco breeding work has made significant progress However, there is still a large gap compared with the requirements for the sustainable development of China's tobacco production. The main manifestations are:

1. Basic research needs to be further deepened. First, the system of tobacco germplasm resource research The research and identification of the genetic patterns of some important traits (such as disease resistance, quality, etc.) are not comprehensive and systematic enough. The second is the lack of in-depth discussion of the theory and technology of new variety breeding. The third is the genetic map of tobacco. Research on functional gene positioning, genetic engineering-assisted breeding and other aspects have not yet been involved.

2. Breeding varieties have not yet achieved fundamental breakthroughs. First, the quality traits of domestically bred varieties are not well adapted to the development of Chinese cigarettes. The demand for raw materials; second, there are few local characteristic varieties, and the comprehensive traits of existing local characteristic varieties need to be further improved; third, the disease resistance and adaptability of varieties are not strong, and there is an urgent need for resistance to major diseases such as viral diseases and bacterial wilt. Strengthen.

3. The construction of the breeding science and technology team needs to be further strengthened. First, the breeding work cycle is long, the results are slow, and the work is difficult. Front-line personnel who have been engaged in breeding for a long time are not well paid, lack an incentive mechanism, and cannot perform well. Mobilizing the enthusiasm of breeding scientific and technological personnel has affected the stability of the team. Secondly, there is a relative shortage of high-level talents. Thirdly, breeding research forces are scattered, talent exchange and collaboration are insufficient, and human resources need to be further integrated.

4. Workers and farmers Cooperation needs to be further strengthened. First, the breeding scientific researchers and cigarette formulators have not yet established a mechanism for close cooperation between workers and farmers. Second, the cigarette industry pays more attention to the origin of tobacco leaves in the selection of raw materials, but does not pay enough attention to varieties, and lacks clarity on varieties.

Qualitative requirements.

In addition, the tobacco variety approval system, the construction of the breeding and promotion system, and the research on supporting technologies for improved varieties and methods need to be further improved and strengthened.

Second, guiding ideology

Aiming to adapt to the development direction of Chinese cigarettes and the work requirements for the sustainable development of China's tobacco production, it embodies the principle of focusing on independent innovation and combining introduction, cooperation and improvement, and adheres to the principle of "combination of domestic and foreign products, industry The working principle of "integrating internal and external, combining basic research with applied research, and combining scientific research with talent training" adheres to the principle of "conventional breeding as the mainstay, high-tech breeding as the supplement, domestic breeding as the mainstay, introduction as the supplement, and application development as the mainstay." Research is the main task, basic research is the supplement, flue-cured tobacco is the main component, and air-cured tobacco is the supplement. The breeding work requirements of "four main points, four supplements" require innovation in the system, integration of resources, and the formation of a tobacco breeding core with independent intellectual property rights as soon as possible. technology, build a national tobacco breeding technology platform and support system, and provide excellent varieties for the development of Chinese cigarettes and the sustainable development of tobacco leaf production.

3. Work objectives

Take tobacco breeding as a It is a strategic project for scientific and technological progress in the tobacco industry to achieve the goal of "consolidating the breeding foundation, cultivating a batch of varieties, improving three systems, and cultivating a team" in about 10 years.

1 . Consolidate the foundation of breeding. Establish a national platform for sharing tobacco variety selection and germplasm resources, improve the efficiency of breeding selection, and accelerate the process of tobacco variety improvement. Construct a tobacco genetic work framework covering more than 90% and build a high-density genetic map. and physical maps; conduct genetic mapping of important tobacco traits, and clone a batch of functional genes with independent intellectual property rights.

2. Cultivate a batch of varieties. Use five years to select and breed, and improve about 5 varieties that are at high quality. Varieties with particularly outstanding aroma, low harm, disease resistance and other traits; in about 10 years, a number of breakthrough new tobacco varieties will be cultivated to comprehensively improve the overall level of tobacco breeding in our country. At the same time, a number of new tobacco varieties with distinctive local characteristics will be selected and bred Tobacco varieties, enrich the raw material base of Chinese cigarettes, and meet the specific needs of tobacco leaf quality in cigarette formulations.

3. Improve the three systems. Strengthen the construction of a tobacco breeding scientific research collaboration network and give full play to China's tobacco genetic and breeding research ( Northern) Center, China Tobacco Breeding Research (South) Center and the Regional Tobacco Agricultural Experiment Station, improve the breeding scientific research system; strengthen the construction of fine seed breeding bases, give full play to the role of China Tobacco Seed Company, improve the fine seed breeding system; strengthen variety areas Test network construction, give full play to the role of science and technology demonstration bases and standardization demonstration counties, and improve the variety promotion system.

4. Cultivate a team. Strengthen technical training and talent introduction, adopt domestic and foreign recruitment and scientific research cooperation, etc. Form, cultivate outstanding breeding technical talents. Establish a team of breeding research and technology promotion talents who are proficient in business, rich in experience, and solid in style. Through the China Tobacco Genome Project, we will train more than 10 senior technical talents who can master genome research for the tobacco industry. Strive to establish a tobacco breeding scientific research team of about 150 people across the country by the end of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, including about 20 researchers and about 60 associate researchers, forming a core team of Chinese tobacco breeding with a reasonable hierarchy.

4. Main tasks

(1) Basic research

1. Research on the evaluation and utilization of tobacco germplasm resources and germplasm innovation. The first is the germplasm preservation system. Carry out the research on tobacco germplasm resources. Systematic inspection, collection, sorting, cataloging and preservation; monitoring and evaluation of resource conservation status; carrying out seed propagation and renewal and resource library maintenance. The second is the identification and evaluation system. Based on tobacco core germplasm, strengthen important traits (such as quality, excellent traits, Systematic identification of major disease resistance, etc.) and research on genetic mechanisms and gene mapping to improve the tobacco core germplasm bank. The third is the germplasm innovation system. Physical and chemical mutagenesis, biotechnology sexual hybridization technology and other means are used to create variations and screen Innovative germplasm that meets the goals; focus on strengthening research on molecular marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency and accuracy of germplasm innovation. The fourth is a resource sharing system. Establish a total tobacco germplasm database, a core germplasm database and other databases, and establish a tobacco variety database. Quality resource sharing platform.

2. Research on trait inheritance and development rules. Accelerate the application of modern biotechnology combined with conventional breeding methods to enrich common tobacco resistance genes and specific quality genes; research Genetic characteristics of tobacco's important agronomic traits, quality characteristics, resistance ability and other traits, and variety improvement at the genetic level; protoplast clonal mutation

Basic research on cell engineering breeding such as the heterogeneity mechanism and the genetic rules of somatic hybrid progeny; research on the genetic rules of resistance, quality and other important traits; study the molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility in tobacco, and explore the biological basis of hybrid vigor, etc.< /p>

3. Tobacco Genome Project. First, gene sequencing and map construction. Obtain all genes covering more than 80% of the tobacco genome and establish a gene expression framework map and database. It is important to analyze and identify tobacco quality, resistance, etc. Functional genes, clone the corresponding full-length genes, and establish a genetic linkage map. The second is the construction of a genome working framework map. Construct a working framework map of tobacco genes covering more than 90%, and construct a high-density genetic map and physical map. Conduct important tobacco traits. Gene positioning and cloning of functional genes with independent intellectual property rights provide technical support for tobacco breeding and other scientific and technological work.

(2) Variety selection

1. High aroma, low hazard new products Variety selection. Biotechnology and conventional technology are combined, and the results obtained from germplasm resources and genetic map analysis are used to optimize breeding procedures and improve breeding efficiency. About 5 varieties with high value are selected and improved, and new varieties are produced in High aroma and low harm traits are particularly outstanding, and other traits are better than currently promoted varieties. A number of high-quality tobacco varieties have been cultivated to meet the needs of Chinese cigarettes, and the new varieties have made major breakthroughs in high aroma and low harm.

2. Breeding of high-quality new varieties that are resistant to viral diseases. Using conventional breeding and biotechnology, we can achieve control of PVY (potato virus Y), CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) and TMV (tobacco common mosaic virus) according to the types of viral diseases in different production areas. Breakthroughs in monoclonal or dual resistance to viral diseases such as leaf virus), and the breeding of 2-3 new viral disease resistant varieties with intermediate resistance or above. The quality of the new varieties reaches or is better than that of the main varieties in production. The new varieties are resistant to one or more A variety of tobacco virus diseases, resistance to medium resistance or above, and resistance to more than one root disease or leaf disease.

3. Breeding of high-quality new varieties with stress resistance (cold resistance, drought resistance). Combined with China According to the characteristics of different tobacco production areas and different climatic conditions, we have carried out the breeding of cold-resistant, drought-resistant and high-quality new flue-cured tobacco varieties. We have selected 2-3 high-quality cold-resistant or drought-resistant new flue-cured tobacco varieties for promotion and planting in China's tobacco areas. They are cold-resistant, The drought adaptability is close to or exceeds that of the control varieties, the internal chemical composition is coordinated, the quality meets the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves, and the yield is within the suitable range of flue-cured tobacco.

4. Breeding of new varieties with high quality and high yield. Combined with the ecological conditions of the tobacco area , the breeding quality is equivalent to or better than the current control varieties K326, NC89, the yield exceeds the control varieties by more than 10%, and has good economic benefits.

5. Breeding of local characteristic varieties. Combined with tobacco areas Ecological conditions, give full play to the advantages of widely varying ecological environments in China's tobacco production areas, and cultivate a number of new varieties with distinctive local characteristics. Strengthen the improvement of existing characteristic varieties, and improve comprehensive traits on the basis of highlighting the style of local characteristic varieties.

6. Tobacco male sterility and hybrid vigor utilization. Utilize tobacco male sterile lines to select one generation of hybrids to better play the role of hybrid vigor; gradually cultivate popularized and selected varieties into male sterile varieties Varieties, protect the intellectual property rights of varieties.

7. Variety introduction and domestication. Carry out extensive international cooperation, actively introduce new foreign varieties, and conduct experiments, demonstrations, and improve supporting technologies.

(3) Promotion of improved varieties

Make full use of the variety regional trial network and high-quality tobacco production technology demonstration bases, strengthen research on supporting technologies for improved varieties and methods, and accelerate the promotion and application of new tobacco varieties. Strengthen tobacco seed processing, storage, and germination. Research on coating and other aspects, do a good job in research and application of tobacco variety zoning, and do a good job in variety planting zoning layout to meet the requirements of different ecological conditions for varieties.

V. Implementation plan

< p>(1) Laying the foundation stage (2005-2008)

Carry out relevant basic research and new variety breeding, initially establish a tobacco germplasm resource sharing platform, improve the tobacco breeding scientific research network, and implement China Tobacco Genome Project, establish a national tobacco genetic research base, and establish an open key laboratory for tobacco breeding.

(2) Deepening and improvement stage (2009-2010)

Deepen the foundation Research and breed new varieties, select and improve about 5 varieties with particularly outstanding characteristics such as high aroma, low harm, disease resistance, etc., and conduct local characteristic variety selection. Establish and improve the tobacco seed breeding and promotion system and tobacco germplasm Resource sharing platform.

(3) Achieve breakthrough stage (2011-2015)

Cultivation of a number of breakthrough new tobacco varieties to comprehensively improve the overall level of tobacco breeding in our country. Select and breed a number of breakthrough new tobacco varieties with distinctive local characteristics Distinctive tobacco varieties meet the needs of Chinese cigarettes for diversity and personalization of raw materials.

VI. Measures and requirements

(1) Strengthen organizational leadership

1. Establish a strategic engineering leading group. The leading group is headed by the Director of the National Tobacco Monopoly, and the deputy director in charge of science and technology, labor, finance, and tobacco is the deputy leader. Leaders of relevant departments shall serve as team members.

2. The Strategic Engineering Leading Group has a Strategic Engineering Office, which is composed of personnel from relevant functional departments of the National Bureau and is responsible for organization, coordination and daily work.

(2) Implement project-based management

1. Strengthen the management of breeding projects. Basic research on tobacco breeding and variety selection are managed in the form of scientific research projects; the establishment of a germplasm resource sharing platform is based on scientific and technological projects management; the China Tobacco Genome Project is implemented and managed by the National Tobacco Gene Research Base.

2. Adopt a project responsibility system and implement a project-driven strategy. Major scientific research projects in breeding projects adopt open bidding, recruitment, and review Determine the undertaking unit and project leader through other methods. The project leader determines the composition of the scientific research personnel of the project team, formulates and implements the project work plan and annual plan, and is responsible for the use of scientific research funds. The project undertaking unit creates favorable conditions for project implementation.

(3) Establish a scientific and effective incentive mechanism

1. Strengthen the incentive mechanism.

Establish a post-subsidy system. For varieties with a certain application area and good social benefits Provide future subsidies.

Strengthen rewards. For varieties that pass provincial or national approval, the corresponding reward level of the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration's Science and Technology Progress Award will be awarded depending on the size of the promotion area.

Guarantee the income of breeders. Guarantee the basic income of scientific researchers, and reward scientific researchers who have made outstanding contributions to tobacco breeding.

2. Establish a tobacco variety protection system.

Develop the "New Tobacco Varieties" "Protection and Management Measures", clarify the content, ownership and transfer policies of new tobacco varieties, establish incentive measures for new tobacco varieties, and effectively protect the rights and interests of new tobacco variety breeding units and individuals.

(4) Promote new tobacco varieties Two-level approval system for varieties

The varieties promoted nationwide are subject to a one-level approval system, and the National Variety Approval Committee is responsible for approval.

Some major tobacco-producing provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Shandong ) implements two-level approval, and a provincial approval professional group composed of about 7 members of the National Tobacco Variety Approval Committee and about 5 professionals engaged in tobacco variety work in the province is responsible for provincial variety approval.

(五 ) Increase funding investment in tobacco breeding projects

1. Broaden investment channels. Provide adequate funding guarantees for breeding projects, increase funding investment from the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, and encourage provincial and municipal companies at all levels and key The financial investment of cigarette companies.

2. Increase the support for upstream research and development of seed industrialization. Adopt a series of policies such as appropriately increasing seed prices, seed companies buying out the rights to use varieties, and implementing post-promotion subsidies for varieties. , feed back breeding units, and increase support for upstream research and development.

(6) Integrate scientific and technological resources

1. Integrate human resources.

China Tobacco Genetics The Breeding Research (North) Center takes the lead in organizing the construction of the germplasm resource platform, with the full participation of the China Tobacco Breeding Research (South) Center, relevant experimental stations and scientific research units; the tobacco genome project implements the chief scientist responsibility system, and the director of the National Tobacco Gene Research Base serves as the genome The chief scientist of the plan is responsible for the implementation of the genome project. The chief scientists are recruited from domestic and foreign countries and from inside and outside the industry.

Adhere to the principle of "complementary advantages and maximum sharing of benefits" and guide multi-disciplinary and multi-department work both inside and outside the industry. The scientific and technological forces actively carry out collaborative research. Through the establishment of open key laboratories, mutual part-time jobs, training, etc., cooperation and exchanges are strengthened and joint research is carried out.

Establishing tobacco breeding scientific research exchanges with Zimbabwe, the United States, Brazil and other countries and collaborative relationships, encourage domestic and foreign breeding experts to engage in tobacco breeding research in the form of guest research, visiting scholars, cooperative research, etc.

2. Integrate germplasm resources.

Establish germplasm resource*

**Sharing platform. The resources collected within the industry are subject to the method of "unified preservation, unified management, and unified update". The resources collected outside the industry are implemented in the method of "voluntary participation, ***construction and sharing", and the establishment of a national China Tobacco Germplasm Resource Bank of the Tobacco Monopoly Administration.

Establish a germplasm resource exchange mechanism. Strengthen cooperative research on germplasm resource innovation with relevant foreign units and conduct exchanges of second and third types of germplasm resources and parents. , Broaden the genetic background for selecting parents.

3. Integrate technical resources.

Strengthen the construction of tobacco breeding scientific research network. Focus on supporting the China Tobacco Genetic Breeding Research (Northern) Center, China Tobacco The Breeding Research (South) Center, the construction of the China Tobacco Burley Experimental Station and the China Tobacco Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, and Central-South Experimental Stations will improve the tobacco breeding scientific research collaboration network led by the two centers. Establish Northeast, Huanghuai and , a variety regional trial network in the four major tobacco regions in the southwest and southeast, and establish a regional variety trial and variety identification and evaluation network in divided areas.

Establish a national tobacco gene research base. The base carries out the positioning of functional genes, Research on tobacco functional genes with cloning, genetic transformation and utilization as the main content; Carry out research on the breeding of new tobacco varieties with modern molecular biology technology as the main method; Carry out research with gene cloning and expression, and the production and development of high value-added products as the main goals Research on tobacco applied bioengineering and comprehensive utilization of tobacco. The base adheres to the principles of "union, competition, openness, and exchange" and implements a director responsibility system, an academic committee evaluation system, and a scientific and technological personnel recruitment system. It is fully responsible for the supervision and management of the genome project, and is responsible for the tobacco biology Technology-related research work, organize industry-wide joint research on tobacco breeding.

Establish an open key laboratory for tobacco breeding. Strengthen the construction of basic research bases for tobacco breeding applications, and insist on "highlighting industry needs and implementing horizontal alliances; The guiding ideology of "broaden research fields and carry out division of labor and collaboration" and the working principle of "openness, flow, competition, and standardization" will give full play to and utilize the existing basic conditions of tobacco genetic breeding, germplasm resources and human resource advantages to establish an open tobacco industry. The Key Breeding Laboratory provides strong support for improving the tobacco industry's continuous innovation capabilities, stabilizing the research team, and cultivating and attracting outstanding academic leaders at home and abroad.