What unequal treaties have been signed in the history of China?

Treaty of nanking1842; Sino-British Humen Treaty1843; Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty1844; Sino-French Huangpu Treaty1844; Sino-Russian infatuation treaty 1858.

Sino-French, Sino-British, Sino-American, Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty:1858; Sino-Russian, Sino-French and Sino-British Beijing Treaty1860; Sino-French New Testament1885; Treaty of shimonoseki1895; Xin Chou Treaty 190 1 year.

The signatories of the Xin Chou Treaty really set a record, because the total number of foreign powers that signed contracts with the Qing government was 1 1. After the promulgation of this treaty, the Qing government was completely reduced to a tool for the powers to rule China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1900, with the development of the Boxer Rebellion, Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria decided to organize allied forces to invade China again. In August of that year, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and a group of trusted ministers. Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang, as plenipotentiaries of the Qing government, once again negotiated with the great powers.

Extended data

During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, under the pressure of the people, the Qing government declared war on the great powers on the surface, but secretly sabotaged the Boxer Rebellion and surrendered to the invading army. 1900 After the fall of Tianjin in July 14, the Qing government appointed Yi Kuang, the prince of Qing Dynasty, as the plenipotentiary minister and Li Hongzhang as the assistant minister, and formally made peace with foreign powers.

1900, 65438+February, the great powers (except eight foreign countries, plus three countries-the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Spanish Empire) submitted an outline of peace talks to the Qing government, and then formulated detailed terms, which were formally signed in Beijing on September 7, 190 1 year.

Text 12 of the Xin Chou treaty, annex 19. The main contents are as follows:

1. The Qing government paid a total of 450 million taels of compensation to various countries, which was paid off in 39 years, with an annual interest rate of 4% and a total principal and interest of 980 million taels.

2. Designate Beijing Dongjiaominxiang as the embassy boundary, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and prohibiting China people from living in the boundary;

3. Demolition of Dagu Fort and Jinghai Channel Fort; China's troops may not be stationed within 20 miles around Tianjin, but the powers may send guards to defend the embassy in Beijing and station troops at important locations along the Jingyu Railway 12, including Shanhaiguan; Prohibit China from importing weapons and weapons manufacturing materials for at least two years;

4. China people will never be allowed to form or join organizations that are "enemies of other countries", and offenders will be put to death; Provincial officials must protect the safety of foreigners, otherwise they will be dismissed and never used; Punish the "first offender" who sponsored the boxer movement and "stop the civil and military examination for five years" in places where foreigners were "killed and abused"

5. Apologize to Germany and Japan. The Qing government sent princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to express "regret" and set up a stone archway in the place where German minister Cleander was killed.

6. China changed the Foreign Affairs Office of the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and appointed the Royal Family as the Minister of Foreign Affairs "before six ministries".

After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Qing government became a tool for "western powers" to rule China and a "foreigner's court".

Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China