How are civil servants in Beijing? How about being a teacher?

26 China University Students' Employment Guide (Cited Edition)

Today's younger generation is actually a generation undergoing social transformation in China, and it is destined to bear the cost of transformation. Their previous generation, in fact, is still eating the old rice of the traditional system and has not really invested in the market competition; Their next generation will get a great degree of labor security because of the continuous progress of society; And their generation will be doomed to become the most miserable people in China society in the "wave of white-collar unemployment" 2 years later. This is the price of the times, there is no way.

First of all, we should clarify a widespread saying: the first job after graduating from college is not important.

this is absolutely wrong. It has given the vast number of college graduates in Dora Dong a wrong understanding and caused irreparable losses to a considerable number of people! The employment choice of college students is a key decision that has a great impact on a person's life in ten years, and it is extremely important.

so what kind of job is better? What kind of industry is good? Is it better for a big company or a small company? How to correctly understand the current salary and future development? A series of problems are in front of college students. Below I will first analyze the macro-strategic issues to be considered, and then answer some specific questions.

1. Division of interest groups in the workplace in China at the present stage

This is a big problem that college graduates should know first. The director of the school will not tell you, nor will the company tell you when recruiting, because only a few people can share the benefits; Your parents may not tell you, because they are probably confused, too. If this part has been clearly told to you, or you have been keenly aware of it personally, then congratulations! You can close this article already, because you are a wise man and don't need me to waste my breath.

(1) Five major interest quadrants

China's society is in an important transformation: from a planned economy to a "market economy with China characteristics". This process is a process of redistribution of interest pattern. In the employment market, we can classify various interest units according to the big aspects as follows:

1. Civil servants (including institutions)

2. Monopoly industries, state-owned enterprises

3. Competitive industries, state-owned enterprises

4. Foreign enterprises

5. Private enterprises

Almost all interest units can find their place in the above classification. First of all, you should understand that this is not a theoretical study, it is directly related to your future career, income, status and family. The first thing you need to understand is which quadrant does the company (unit) that is going to recruit you at the job fair belong to?

different quadrants have different strengths and resources. This leads to different abilities of earning income from employment in different quadrants. Before you choose a company, you must know these clearly. At present, in China, social resources are highly concentrated in the hands of a few civil servants (that is, officials) and monopoly state-owned enterprises. However, due to the different levels of social wealth in different regions, the income difference of civil servant groups is very large. Although the wages and benefits stipulated by the state are the same for everyone, it is not difficult for you to understand why so many of your peers are applying for civil servants when you go to Guangdong and East China to learn about the actual annual income of civil servants. In fact, even in economically underdeveloped areas, civil servants still belong to high-income groups among local people. And perhaps more importantly, the risk is very small. The income is directly proportional to the risk. You must have learned it in class, right? Haha, I tell you, that's the principle of western economics. We are different from China. Being a civil servant in China is less risky and more profitable. Maybe you will say, no, where are you, the treatment of civil servants is not so good? Then I want to tell you: first, you can't just look at the superficial income without looking at the gray part; Second, at present, China allows people to move between regions, so the civil servants in backward regions are indeed worse than the average white-collar workers in developed regions because of the great differences in economic wealth levels in different regions. This is the complexity of the interest pattern, which is not absolute.

let's take a look at the state-owned enterprises again. When it comes to state-owned enterprises, many people immediately think of being laid off. This concept is also wrong. First of all, firing employees is not unique to state-owned enterprises. A large number of private enterprises are firing employees in large numbers every year, and no one gives them compensation or "resettlement". At the same time, not all state-owned enterprises are inefficient and need to be laid off. When we look at the pattern of interests, we must first look at who has the strength and resources. In China, to put it bluntly, it is difficult for anyone who has the power of government and industry monopoly to think that the benefits are not good. This is not simply divided by state-owned enterprises or private enterprises. For example, China Mobile, Telecom, Banking and Petroleum, big state-owned enterprises in these monopolistic industries, all have good benefits. The state-owned enterprises in competitive industries that have been "completely liberalized" in those countries are almost all finished (excluding industries that pretend to be liberalized). There is a very clear development vein: in the early 199 s, only state-owned enterprises existed, and private forces were very weak. The long-term low wages and high welfare policies of state-owned enterprises have made the first batch of people entering the market economy taste the sweetness of "high" wages after the floodgates were opened; At the end of 199s, with the year 2 as the dividing line, the situation changed obviously. Under the policy of grasping the big and letting the small go, the state-owned enterprises in monopoly industries quickly use their administrative resources to make a market economy. There is no doubt that they are invincible and have made a lot of profits. At the present stage, taking 25 as the dividing line is the beginning of another brand-new stage. Mbos have come and gone everywhere. In this case, monopoly state-owned enterprises will be divided, and the prediction of specific development is more complicated, which I will analyze in another article. But in any case, the monopoly of state-owned enterprises is a very strong high-income group at the current stage. It should be noted that even those employees of state-owned enterprises in competitive industries who are laid off and bankrupt at the age of 45, when they were as employed as you, their jobs were still the best and their incomes were the highest. It's just that the interest pattern has changed now.

let's look at the situation of foreign companies. Foreign-funded enterprises mainly rely on financial strength, relations with the government and high-level management to do things, which can be said to be the first batch of real enterprises in China. However, they still have to abide by the hidden rules of China in China. Because foreign companies that can operate internationally are generally strong, foreign companies are a very strong interest unit and a high-income unit for employment. Note that those fake foreign companies registered overseas in China are not counted, while those in Taiwan Province and Hongkong are private enterprises.

Looking at the situation of private enterprises, private enterprises still do not occupy the main body of China's economy. They are relatively weak in government power and resources. In a completely competitive industry, mainly a group of private enterprises that entered earlier have become bigger and have certain strength. However, a large number of private enterprises have poor quality of life in full market competition. Because China is not a real market mechanism, the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect, or some people have the right to disobey them, which has caused the phenomenon of "distorting competition" in China's perfectly competitive industries; In industries with imperfect competition, private enterprises mainly depend on some units with resources to survive. For example, bugs attached to a tree form one non-competitive interest group after another. Because the legal type of occupational protection is the same as nominal, and the lack of labor union and other forces representing employees' interests directly causes employees of private enterprises to become vulnerable groups in the workplace. Maybe you will ask, then why does the state care about the laid-off employees of state-owned enterprises and not about the dismissal of employees by private enterprises? It's very simple, because the laid-off employees of state-owned enterprises are too old to find jobs that can maintain their original living standards. However, the marketization process in China has just begun, and most employees of private enterprises are young people, so the social problems are not obvious.

well, it's clearer now. first of all, it depends on which quadrant you want to go to. Quadrant attribute determines your possible income and status in the future from the general trend. And your personal ability is a small splash turned up on a big wave. It can be said that the ability to judge the general trend is much more important than the ability to engage in specific things. Maybe you have to say, it seems that there are people with high incomes in every quadrant. Yes, but don't forget that the possibility of getting high income and status in different quadrants and the efforts needed are different. In some quadrants, as long as you keep up with the average level, you can easily save a lot of money and buy a house and a car after five years; In some quadrants, you have to work very hard. After 1 years, you may save some money and buy a house and a car. When you reach this level, people who started at the same time in the dominant quadrant have already saved more money and changed into bigger houses and cars. Quadrants are different in advantages and disadvantages. People with the same starting point will work hard because they choose different development channels, but the results will be very different.

secondly, it is not enough to look at which quadrant. Because in the same quadrant, there are still huge and subtle differences caused by human factors!

Second, the generation in transition

Things in China can only be seen clearly with a magnifying glass, which is why foreigners can never really understand China society. The above-mentioned artificial differences are also different according to the different interest quadrants:

1. Differences between civil servants, state-owned enterprises, formal workers and informal workers

Do government workers also have informal workers? Yes, if you don't know, it only means that you are ignorant. Government workers are divided into two categories: civil servants officially established by the state and so-called "government employees". In some places, especially in economically poor provinces, the income gap between the two is not big; The richer the province, the greater the income gap between the two. It is very difficult for government employees to become civil servants officially established by the state, and it is basically unnecessary to think about it. Therefore, even if you pass the national civil service examination, even if you have been accepted by a government unit, you must find out whether you are going to be a civil servant or a government employee.

All state-owned enterprises in China have differences between formal workers and informal workers. This institutional arrangement directly comes from the state's identity control over individuals under the planned economy. In those days, people with "good backgrounds" generally became regular workers, while people with poor backgrounds naturally became informal workers. Now this birth system has been swept into the historical garbage dump, but the so-called employment system has been left behind and given a new meaning. In monopolistic state-owned enterprises, they have tasted great sweetness by taking advantage of monopoly in the market, so it is natural to be more eager to obtain market benefits. At this time, human resources become a problem. On the one hand, the old regular workers, like the Eight Banners, have long lost their courage and ability to fight, so who will be used to attack the market? On the other hand, the central government keeps asking these monopoly state-owned enterprises to restructure, optimize the personnel structure and reduce the personnel cost. So how to optimize? How to reduce it? It's simple. Recruit a lot of informal workers. On the one hand, use these fresh blood to attack the market, act as cannon fodder and solve the problem of human resources; On the other hand, the wages of these informal workers will be marketized (the wages of formal workers in monopoly state-owned enterprises are much higher than the market level), which will lower the per capita cost of the whole enterprise and fulfill one of the restructuring requirements assigned by SASAC, and will not harm the interests of formal workers (the leadership of state-owned enterprises is the representative of the interests of formal workers). This shows that state-owned enterprises have become a market freak, on the one hand, using state power to obtain market interests, on the other hand, they have become tools to seek interests for a small number of people. However, it should be noted that it is still possible to enter the formal workers' group at present, because formal workers are a loose interest group, and this group should constantly absorb fresh blood, otherwise it will be marginalized and eventually lose its dominant position. The income of informal workers is about 1/2 to 1/4 of that of regular workers. Of course, this is not a moral analysis, but you need to know clearly whether you are going to do a formal job or an informal job.

2. the difference between foreign enterprises, mainland workers and non-mainland workers

in foreign enterprises, the difference is mainly reflected in the difference between mainland workers and non-mainland workers. The wages of mainland workers are generally 1/5 to 1/1 of those of non-mainland workers. This is reasonable. Because 9% of the reasons for foreign companies to invest in China are because you are cheap, not because you are an ancient civilization, nor because you have Theory of Three Represents. Their demands are reasonable. Of course, even this income of 1/5 to 1/1 is still very good compared with other Chinese people. Of course, working in a foreign company is very tiring, and the risks are directly proportional to the benefits. Then why should foreign companies recruit non-mainland workers? Here you should know clearly that there are three main reasons: first, you need some people you can trust to manage (people who are bound by the laws of the country ruled by law); Second, it needs some people who are proficient in English (can think in English) to manage it; Third, we need some people with international vision to manage it. Does that mean you can only work as a mainland worker? That's not true. What you should know is that you also have the opportunity to become a non-mainland worker. This is why so many people go to the United States to study. Of course, it is not enough to study abroad. You must work in the United States and get a green card. At present, many CEOs of foreign-funded enterprises got their green cards by doing manual work in the United States. Then, because they are proficient in both languages, multinational enterprises need to set up representative offices in China, so they find such people to be the so-called "chief representatives" and then gradually improve. That's it. Of course, with more and more foreign exchanges, the requirements are getting higher and higher, but it is still possible to become a non-mainland worker.

3. the difference between joint-stock workers and non-joint-stock workers in private enterprises

in private enterprises, the difference is mainly reflected in the difference between joint-stock workers and non-joint-stock workers. Stock workers are mainly those enterprises that use shares to attract people, and they are employees who joined in the initial stage of entrepreneurship. For example, Huawei has a considerable number of joint-stock workers. Non-joint-stock employees are those who joined very late, or those who joined very early but have little value to the company. After the start-up stage, enterprises generally no longer need to use shares to attract junior employees. Recruitment is mainly to make up for the attrition-if someone leaves, they will recruit new ones. Options are generally used for senior managers. Because this paper analyzes the employment of college students, it has nothing to do with it. The living environment of most private enterprises in China is very bad, and it is difficult to protect themselves, so the treatment of employees can be imagined. Of course, the probability of failure of entrepreneurial private enterprises is very large. Before you decide to go to a private enterprise, you must know clearly whether it is a private enterprise with entrepreneurial expansion or a supplementary type of fighting and downsizing.

Today's younger generation is actually a generation undergoing social transformation in China, and it is destined to bear the cost of transformation. Their previous generation, in fact, is still eating the old rice of the traditional system and has not really invested in the market competition; Their next generation will get a great degree of labor security because of the continuous progress of society; And their generation will be doomed to become the most miserable people in China society in the "wave of white-collar unemployment" 2 years later. This is the price of the times, there is no way.

III. Career Design

On the whole, this generation is doomed to bear the cost of social transformation. But from the individual point of view, we can still try our best to strive for good results. This is also the significance of this article.

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