Why did the capital of the Tang Dynasty fall into nine depressions, and the buffer region was divided and hanged by foreigners?

After the mid-Tang Dynasty, some local military and political chiefs acted on their own and disobeyed the orders of the central authorities. Francisco is for defense, and town refers to a military town. The feudal court set up military towns to protect its own security, but the development result often formed separatist forces against the central government, which was the contradiction caused by the nature of feudal rulers fighting for power and profit.

During the reign of Li Longji (7 12 ~ 756), in order to prevent the invasion of neighboring ethnic groups, a large number of military towns were expanded, and our ambassadors were set up, giving military commanders, financial control and supervision over counties in the province. There are nine of our special envoys and one of our special envoys (see Tianbao X, our ambassador). Especially in the north, the concentration of power is even more remarkable. Often, one of the two or three towns was appointed as our special envoy, and An Lushan launched a rebellion by virtue of his appointment as our special envoy in Fanyang, Pinglu and Hedong.

After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, in order to resist the rebel attack, the military town system was extended to the mainland. The most important States set up our military envoys to direct the military affairs of several States; Less important States set up national defense envoys or regimental ambassadors to guard military positions. Therefore, in today's Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei and other places, there are many large and small military towns, such as our troops, national defense envoys and Yingyong. Later, it was extended to the whole country. These are all military posts, but our envoys are often named as observation and disposal ambassadors (renamed from previous interviews), and observation and disposal ambassadors are also named as defense ambassadors or regimental ambassadors. They all become local military and political chiefs and are power institutions at or above the state level. In the late Tang dynasty, the so-called buffer town, also known as the square town, was formed by being frugal and prudent. Not all square towns are divided. Today, in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Fangzhen and other places south of Jianghuai, most of them obey the command of the court, pay tribute to the central government, and the appointment and removal of officials are subject to the order of the court. However, in today's Hebei Province, there have always been three towns in Hebei Province, which are famous local officials in the sense of the Tang Dynasty, but they are actually independent, not subject to the orders of the DPRK and not paying tribute; Shandong, Henan, Hubei and Shanxi have long had buffer towns similar to these three towns; There are also some short-term separatists who rely on their own strength to break the rules and even rebel against the central authorities. Later historians called this situation "the separatist regime of the buffer region."

The separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into four stages.

First stage

From Li Yu's early years in Tang Daizong to Shili's later years in Tang Dezong (762 ~ 805), it was a period of formation and development of independent regime. In the first year of Zong Guangde (763), the Anshi Rebellion was hanged by Shi Chaoyi, and its followers surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, ending. However, the imperial court was unable to completely eliminate these forces, so in the name of rewarding merit, it awarded us the title of ambassador and divided up the land occupied by Qian Anshi. There are Li Huaixian as Lu Long's ambassador, Li Wei's ambassador, Tian Wei's ambassador, Xue Song's ambassador to southern Hebei and Lubei's ambassador. Later, it was merged by Tian and became three towns, namely, three towns in Hebei. Although the names of these three towns belong to the imperial court, they are actually independent. The commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, or father and son, or general, cannot ask the court. At the same time, Ziqing general Li (also known as Pinglu, the beneficiary of today's Shandong Province) successively appointed Hou, and Tang also awarded me the title of ambassador, ruling today's Shandong area, which was passed down from generation to generation from three generations to four generations. In today's Hubei Province, Liang Chongyi, the governor of Shannan East Road (now Xiangfan Xiangyang, Hubei Province), also ruled northwest Hubei 19 years. In the second year of Jianzhong (78 1), Liang Chongyi was destroyed. In the third year, Huaixi (ruling Cai Zhou, now Runan, Henan Province) made Li Xilie rebel again according to the town, claiming to be the King of Jianxing, and joined forces with Ziqing, Weibo, Chengde and Lulong, which had already been the king, to rebel against the central government. Tang Dezong mobilized soldiers from nearby Huaixi to attack Li Xilie, but all the soldiers retreated. Four years ago, the army of Jingyuan (now north of Jingchuan, Gansu) was transferred to the east for support. In October, when the army passed through Shijing, there was a rebellion, and Juba, the former Lulong ambassador who stayed in Chang 'an, was appointed Emperor Qin. Dezong went to Fengtian (now Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province). In the first month of the first year of Xingyuan (784), Li Xilie called Chu Emperor and changed it to Wu Cheng. In February, Li Huaiguang rebelled in Shuofang (now Lingwu, Ningxia) and entered the DPRK. Dezong went to Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi). The Tang regime was in the most dangerous situation. In June of the same year, Juba was pacified, and in August of the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Li Huaiguang was pacified. In April of the following year, Li Xilie was killed by the Ministry, and the four towns of Hebei and Shandong also expressed their re-obedience to the central authorities, which was obviously unified. After the panic, Dezong turned to appeasement policy and sought temporary stability. However, some preparations have been made to reduce vassals. One is to strengthen the imperial army (Shence Army), and the other is to enrich the national treasury. But these two aspects caused another consequence, that is, eunuchs further controlled the central government.

stage Ⅱ

From the Zhenyuan period of Li Chunyong in Tang Xianzong to the end of Yuan Dynasty (805 ~ 820), it was a period of crusade against rebellious towns. In August of Yongzhenyuan (805), Tang Xianzong ascended the throne. After more than ten years' efforts, the central military financial resources have a certain foundation, and he began to implement the policy of reducing vassals. In the first year of Yuanhe (806), bo Xichuan made Liu Pi conquer and lead Sanchuan. Because the imperial court did not allow it, it sent troops to attack Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan), and Dongchuan was appointed as our special envoy. Gao Chongwen, a constitutional sect, led Ce Shen's army to fight, and the war was soon solved. In the same year, Xia Sui's rebellion against Yang Huilin was put down. The following year, Kun Li, the envoy of Zhenhai (also known as western Zhejiang, now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), rebelled, and soldiers from neighboring countries of the Constitutional Sect crusaded, and Kun Li was killed by the Ministry. These counter-insurgency victories have strengthened the confidence of Xian Zong and his ministers. In four years, Wang Shizhen died in Chengde, and his son Chengzong ran away for himself. Xianzong led the eunuch to crusade, but he didn't win, so he had to compromise temporarily and admit Chengzong's succession. In the seventh year, Governor Tian Ji 'an of Weber died, and his son succeeded to the throne at a young age. Tianxing (later renamed Zheng Hong) was elected as a general in the army. He said that he would obey the central authorities, abide by laws and regulations, declare his household registration, and request the court to appoint an official in charge of the mainland and send him back to Beijing from Ji' an. After Huaixi was killed by Chen and Li Xilie and Wu Shaocheng were killed by Chen again, the three towns in Hebei province, which had been separated for a long time, made a breakthrough and remained independent. His successor is another Huaixi general, Wu Shaoyang. In nine years, Wu Shaoyang died, and his son Wu Yuanji was in charge of the funeral. In the disposal of Huaixi Town, the ministers of the DPRK were divided into two groups: the main battle and the main protection. General Zhu of Xi 'an went to war and recruited soldiers to besiege Huaixi. Ziqing, Chengde and other towns secretly supported Huaixi, sent people to burn the shadow of the river to transport warehouses, assassinated Prime Minister Wu, and stabbed an imperial envoy Pei Du in an attempt to stop the imperial court from attacking, but Xianzong did not waver and insisted on taking Pei Du as the counter-insurgency. This is a decisive battle between the forces of the buffer region and the central authorities of the Tang Dynasty. The war dragged on for four years, because many generals in the counter-insurgency team delayed watching and failed to fight effectively. Prime Minister Pei Du personally visited the front line. In October of the 12th year, Tang and Deng, as our time ambassadors, attacked Zhou on a snowy night and captured Wu Yuanji, finally winning the victory. The following year, Xian Zong sent his troops to attack the Qing Dynasty again. In February of 14th year, Ziqing killed Liu Wu and made Li Shidao surrender to the Tang Dynasty. So Emperor Chengzong became king, and Liu, the general manager of Lulong, invited himself out of the city to enter the DPRK, and the court set another time. It seems that the long-term separatist situation has been solved.

The third stage

From Tang Muzong to Tang Yizong (82 1 ~ 874), it is a period of revival and continuation of the buffer zone. The new situation caused by Xian Zong's rebellion did not last long. Due to the long-term war, the savings of the central treasury have been exhausted, and Xian Zong's practice of appointing ministers in his later years has been resented by the people. The new unification situation has also paralyzed the minds of ministers. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Xianzong died, and after Mu Zong ascended the throne, the idea of "selling soldiers" (that is, reducing the number of soldiers) prevailed for a while. Although selling soldiers can save financial expenses, laid-off foot soldiers have no reliable livelihood, but they are a source of chaos. Soldiers in three towns in Hebei province have known nothing about officials appointed by the central authorities for decades, but now they see some arrogant people who regard Hebei soldiers as traitors. In the first year of Changqing (82 1), there was a mutiny in Lulong. Soldiers imprisoned Zhang Hongjing, a new special envoy sent by the imperial court, and killed all his aides. Then, Cheng Dejun killed Tian and drove our ambassador away from the town. The imperial court ordered Pei Du to arise and crusade, and ordered Tian Bu, the son of Tian, to send troops to help. But the soldiers refused to contribute and asked Tian Bu to tell stories (that is, to restore independence), and Tian Bu committed suicide. As a result, the "three towns in Hebei" once again broke away from the central control, and the laid-off soldiers fled to them. New separatists Zhu Kerong, Wang Tingju and Shi Xiancheng still carry out the old tradition. Pei Du's crusade army came back in vain. Due to the huge military expenditure, the court could not support long-term operations and had to admit the reality. After that, the Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty never intended to restore Hebei. Even in the areas still under the control of the Tang Dynasty, some weak separatist forces emerged, such as the Xuzhou general Wang Zhixing, who appointed Cui Qun to lead the army and was named the general to save the town by the court. The envoy from (now Changzhi, Shanxi) is good at supervising the army, and Liu is the military ambassador. The imperial court had no choice but to announce Liu's exile and release him. Later, three generations of descendants of Liu Wu occupied Lu Ze. In Tang Wuzong Huichang four years (844), under the auspices of Li Deyu, Lu Ze was pacified. This victory, known as the "Huichang Rebellion", has played a positive role in stabilizing the areas directly controlled by the central government. In short, in the third stage, the buffer zone has been restored and developed, but the degree is not as good as that in the first stage. During this period, whether it is the area controlled by the Tang Dynasty or the area controlled by the separatist regions, it often happens that the teeth will chase after the handsome. This is another manifestation of the separatist regime in the buffer region and a symbol of the downward shift of power.

The fourth stage

From the second year of Tang Xizong's rule to the demise of the Tang Dynasty (875-907), it was a period of warlord separatism. In the second year of Ganfu, the peasant war led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Although the Tang Dynasty was surrounded by soldiers from various towns, and appointed commander-in-chief and deputy commander-in-chief, the command was actually not unified. Many festivals and towns use this opportunity to expand their strength. In December of the first year of Guangming (88 1 year 1 year), after Huang Chao occupied Chang 'an, the central government of the Tang Dynasty actually collapsed. At this time, many separatist forces gradually appeared all over the country, some of which were originally our envoys in the Tang Dynasty (such as Gao Pian); Others were granted our envoys by the Tang Dynasty after forming armed groups (such as Yang Xingmi, Dong Chang and Qian Liu). In this way, the number of separatist regions has increased unprecedentedly. After the failure of the peasant uprising army, these buffer regions immediately evolved into a war of mutual annexation, which lasted for decades and almost spread all over the country. God bless four years (907), the nominal central court was also taken away by Zhu Wen, one of the buffer regions, and evolved into the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, which became the continuation of the separatist regime of the buffer regions in the Tang Dynasty. It was not until the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty that this situation ended.