Note: Selected Ancient Poems (1) Four Pre-Qin Works (1* * 9)

It took four hours to sort out this article. I spent almost all my time sorting out this article except cooking with my children. Finally finished reading, relieved, although not all remember, but at least understand a general.

Qi Huan's The Story of Jinwen is selected from Mencius Hui Liang Wang Shang.

Author's life: Mencius, whose name is Ke, was born in Zou (now Shandong) during the Warring States Period. He was a disciple of Simen, the grandson of Confucius, and the main representative of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period.

Advocacy: advocate that law precedes king, be benevolent, pursue kingliness and oppose hegemony; Advocate filial piety and faithfulness, and promote the goodness of human nature. The theory of "the people are more valuable than the monarch" has certain progressive significance.

Features:

There are seven articles in Mencius, which inherit and develop Confucius' thoughts.

The articles in Mencius developed into a dialogue style on the basis of The Analects.

Mencius was eloquent, eloquent, magnificent and passionate, which had a great influence on later prose.

Main contents: Mencius preached benevolent government, opposed tyranny, advocated kingly way and opposed hegemony, described the blueprint of enriching the people and teaching the people, and hoped that the people would live and work in peace and contentment, showing Mencius' spirit of caring for people's livelihood and pleading for the people.

Evaluation:

1, progressiveness: In the middle of the Warring States period, the warlord regime was constantly in war and the people were poor, which had certain progressive significance.

2. However, in the divided Warring States period, Mencius generally opposed the use of force, which seemed to be divorced from reality. It was naive to base the idea of "benevolent government" on "human nature is good" and rely on the benevolent heart of the monarch to realize kingliness.

On Mencius "Declaration of Benevolence" to Qi Xuanwang;

1. Describe the dialogue between Mencius and Qi Xuanwang, focusing on the implementation of Wang Dao, whose benevolent policy is based on "benevolence";

2. From the difference between "inaction" and "inability", it is explained that the way to implement benevolent policy is to push others, not to implement benevolent policy, and to bully the city, and the content of benevolent policy is expounded in detail.

Mencius grasped the initiative according to the situation in the other person's mind and adopted a variety of argumentation skills, which was very convincing.

How did Mencius demonstrate and reason? Please give an example.

General: Mencius is good at using metaphors and reasoning. In reasoning, from small to large, from this to that (for example).

1, such as the basis for the implementation of benevolent policies;

2. From the battle between Zou people and Chu people, Qi Xuanwang's hegemony will fail;

3. Starting from the sympathy of cattle people, it is proposed that pushing kindness is a way to implement benevolent policies, and the effect is quite convincing.

Explain the metaphor and its meaning in the text (Mencius makes good use of metaphor);

1, "It is not enough to raise a hundred monarchs, but not enough to raise a feather. People with discerning eyes see that they don't get paid at the end of autumn" means that "the king is not the king" but not impossible;

2. The difference between "Mount Tai crossing the North Sea" and "old man with broken branches" is compared with "can't do it" and "don't do it";

3. "Seeking fish from the edge of wood" is a metaphor for the absurdity of dominating by force.

"I am good at nurturing my noble spirit" is selected from Mencius' Theory of Sun and Ugliness.

1, ideological content: This story mainly talks about what is noble spirit and how to cultivate it.

What is noble spirit?

1, firm attitude. Thought and will are the key and dominate emotions; Emotion is the power that fills the body. Strengthen your will and don't abuse your will and emotions.

2. Interaction between ambition and qi: single spirit will drive qi, and the cohesion of qi will also affect the change of heart.

How to cultivate noble spirit?

1, the noble spirit is the highest state of emotion, which belongs to the category of moral cultivation and goes hand in hand with morality;

2. The lofty spirit will make people have a high vision, stand firm and feel calm.

Noble spirit is born from people's heart, and we can't let it drift, nor can we be impatient and reckless.

Reasoning method:

Mencius was good at reasoning with fables. For example, the story of "restraining seedlings and encouraging them" in this article vividly describes the psychology and behavior of Song people.

Mozi's "No Attack"

1, Mozi, named Zhai, was the founder of Mohism and a native of Lu in the early Warring States period. Put forward the idea of universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian and frugality, and put it into practice. Contrary to the Confucian school, they were all prominent schools at that time (referring to the disciplines, theories and schools that were popular in society for a while).

The book Mozi is a record of the words and deeds of Mozi and his disciples. There are 53 existing articles, some of which have clear titles, prominent centers and strong logic, but the language is extremely simple.

1, the core idea of Mozi: love and not attack. People think that people should not attack and kill each other because they love each other. This was put forward by Mozi in view of the frequent wars between governors during the Warring States period, which caused all kinds of suffering to the people. Under the historical conditions at that time, his proposition was unrealistic.

2. Artistic features:

(1) The way of argument is metaphorical argument, which is logical: the analogy with stealing and killing shows the great harm and injustice of "attacking the country"; Taking black as white metaphor shows that gentlemen in the world confuse right and wrong and have ulterior motives.

(2) The article goes from shallow to deep, from small to large, which not only points out the injustice of attacking the country, but also refutes the gentleman who created public opinion for attacking the country.

Happy queen

Common sense of literature

1, Zhuangzi, a famous Zhou, was a Song poet in the Warring States Period and a representative of the Taoist school;

2. Advocacy: based on Tao, advocating absolute freedom of spirit, denying the objectivity of truth and the stability of things, advocating abandoning knowledge and returning to the original state of ignorance, and being called "Laozi" with Laozi;

3. There are thirty-three Zhuangzi, including seven chapters, which are generally believed to be written by Zhuangzi. There are 15 articles in Waipian and 1 1 articles in Zapian, all of which were written by Zhuangzi in his later research.

4. Style: Prose is active in thinking, rich in imagination and magnificent in writing.

Main idea: Explain that the meaning and purpose of life is to achieve a carefree travel realm.

"Wandering around" means

1, the nature of nature, does not depend on any external conditions to wander between heaven and earth;

2, destroy the boundaries between things and me, don't be famous, work hard and reach the realm of selflessness. Philosophy is absolute freedom, but also shows contempt for fame and fortune, which is a narcissistic spiritual pursuit divorced from reality.

The use of three words:

"Zhuangzi Tianxia" said that "words are rambling, complex words are true, and fables are wide".

Speech: string together changeable headless and tailless words to play;

Reiterate: win the trust of people by the words of the ancients and express the truth;

Fable: to explain with fables.

Using prophecy, repetition and fable is an important method of Zhuangzi's artistic expression.

Small formula: nonsense is nonsense, the ancients are very important, and there are many fables.

Xunzi's persuasion

Common sense of literature:

1, Xunzi's real name, also known as or Waiqing, was born in Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period and belonged to Confucianism.

2. Proposition: In philosophy, put forward the proposition that man can conquer nature, destiny returns, and hold the theory of evil nature, emphasizing the importance of acquired learning and enlightenment. Political thought advocates the combination of legislation and Wang Ba. Reese and Han Fei are his students.

3. Style: Xunzi's prose is good at argumentation, rigorous argumentation and simple style.

4. Works: Chu folk songs, poems and essays, etc. It has the function of developing fu creation. Xunzi has thirty-two articles today.

Main contents:

1, because human nature is evil, so learn.

2. The structure revolves around the theme of persuasion, respectively expounding the importance of learning, correct learning attitude, learning content and methods, and endless learning. The ultimate goal is "comprehensive" and "green", from a gentleman to an adult.

Writing characteristics:

1, metaphor.

The full text uses 47 metaphors, some of which are natural phenomena, such as water and ice, blue and blue.

Some of them are similar to people's experiences, such as climbing high and recruiting.

Colorful metaphors are vivid, easy to understand and more convincing.

2. In this paper, long and short sentences are used, and at the same time, double parallelism sentences are used. It reads rhythmically.

3、? Quoting classics, the sentence in the Book of Songs, proved the so-called argument of explaining classics by introduction, which was later called quoting classics.

"Perseverance" and "a stone can be carved" are metaphors of persistent learning.

Han Feizi's difficult one

1, Han Feizi, the son of a Korean aristocrat at the end of the Warring States Period, was a student of Xunzi and liked to study the names of punishments and spells.

2. Advocacy is a master of the pre-Qin legalists' thoughts. It puts forward the theory that law and art (Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao) are integrated, and advocates that kings control people's skills with majesty and rule the world with the rule of law. Pay attention to the examination of facts, advocate land to the tiller, and emphasize severe punishment and strict law. His thoughts laid a theoretical foundation for the establishment of feudal centralized autocratic rule.

3. Works: There are 55 works by Han Feizi, most of which are written by Han Feizi himself. Among them, Lin Shuo and Chu Shuo at home and abroad collected and sorted out a large number of fables and folklore.

4. Style: The article is thoroughly analyzed, fully demonstrated, well-founded and sharp-edged.

The ideological viewpoint of this article:

Thinking must abide by the law of contradiction, considering problems should unify "temporary strength" and "eternal benefit", governing the world depends on the rule of law, and it is not feasible to moralize people's "rule of man" to criticize Confucianism.

Artistic features:

1, the article puts the facts first, then refutes them, and refutes them step by step, which is convincing.

The book Han Feizi is full of fables, vivid and easy to understand.

"Waiting for the Rabbit" shows that we must never stick to the old ways and not think about change;

The story of "spear and shield" reveals the contradiction of Confucian "rule by man" and shows that only "rule by law" can replace "rule by man"

Lisao

Common sense of literature

1, Qu Yuan, Pingming, the original word, was born in Chu (noble) in the Warring States Period.

Health: Qu Yuan has lofty political ideals, and advocates recommending talents and cultivating statutes in internal affairs. In diplomacy, we should unite Qi against Qin and unify the six countries.

Later, he was exiled by a villain and died in Guluo River.

2、

Contribution: Qu Yuan was the first great romantic poet in the history of China literature.

On the basis of Chu folk songs and Chu culture, we accepted the northern Central Plains culture and created a new form of poetry-Sao style.

His main works include Li Sao, Tianhe, Nine Songs, Nine Chapters, Evocation and so on.

Style: The works are imaginative, passionate, rhythmic and full of local color. Its romantic style has a far-reaching impact on the development of literature.

3. Research on him:

(1) Liu Xiang collected Qu Yuan's works on Chu Ci in Han Dynasty and compiled Chu Ci.

(2) The earliest extant annotation of Chu Ci is Wang Yi's Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Hierarchical structure and main contents:

Li Sao is the longest lyric poem in China's ancient literary works. The whole poem is divided into three parts and the conclusion (373 sentences).

1

Struggle and failure in reality;

2

Pursuit and disillusionment in imagination;

three

Imagine leaving the motherland, but reluctant to leave;

four

Finally, he expressed his feelings that he could not realize his political ideal and was divorced from the real politics of Chu.

Ideological content: Private "inner beauty" (blood origin, life experience, tolerance) and "ability cultivation" (acquired talent) hope to help the king, but the king is in a daze, and party member does evil, so the trained talents degenerate and the social atmosphere declines. The poet still has no regrets, is still innocent, walks on, sticks to lofty morality and ideals, and moves on.

Author's personality: noble personality. It shows Qu Yuan's patriotism, indomitable spirit of struggle, indomitable will and great personality of integrity and purity.

The romantic artistic style of Li Sao is mainly manifested in:

1

Unremitting pursuit of ideals

2

Strong subjective lyricism

three

A rich and peculiar imagination

four

A large number of historical legends and fairy tales are used.

five

And the use of symbolism (more prominent)

Analyze the symbolic significance of this article:

1

Poets wear herbs to show that they learn from others, absorb nutrition and enhance their talents;

2

Symbolizes the way of governing the country by Tao;

three

With the cultivation of vanilla as a symbol, extensively cultivate talents;

four

Vulgarity symbolizes the degradation of talent;

The symbol of the whole is called "vanilla beauty", which develops the local metaphor widely used in the Book of Songs and is an improvement of artistic expression.

Xiangfuren

Background knowledge:

Selected from Songs of the South. Nine songs "

This article and Xiang Jun are music songs dedicated to a pair of immortals in Xiangshui.

Nine Songs is a set of romantic poems written by Qu Yuan on the basis of folk sacrificial songs. ***2 1 article, offering sacrifices to gods, secular gods and ghosts respectively.

juche idea

He wrote about the thoughts of Mrs. Xiang, described the sad scene where you will go, and showed lofty sentiments, persistent pursuit and warm yearning.

Artistic feature

1

Describe Xiang Jun's image through psychological activities.

Describe it directly in your mind, such as "My eyes are sore and I am worried", "I miss my son and dare not speak" and Xue Qi is sad;

2

Write down the expectation and disappointment of it through actions and expressions, such as "looking forward to it";

three

Express its anxiety through abnormal scenes, such as "what a bird is doing in the middle of the pond and what it is doing in the tree";

four

Through the description of scenery and environment, such as "autumn wind curling, waves in the cave under leaves", he expressed his melancholy feelings, and all kinds of elaborate arrangements and exquisite furnishings in the building and water showed his expectation and enthusiasm.

Qu Yuan's Involved in the River is selected from Nine Chapters of Chu Ci.

Ideological content

1

This was written by Qu Yuan when he was exiled to the south of Chu.

2

The reason of crossing the river into exile: the contradiction between Gao Jie's ambition and the troubled times.

three

He recorded his exile journey, the environment and atmosphere of the exile place, and expressed his lofty ideological realm: no matter how difficult and difficult it was, he always adhered to his ideals; No matter what kind of blows and persecution you suffer, you should always adhere to your own integrity.

The route of this article (just known):

Jijiang Township passes through Ezhu, Wuzhu (Changde South, Hunan) and Chenyang (Chenxi West, Hunan), and finally reaches Xupu (Hunan).

study

Jiang Ji proposed that Qu Yuan's exile had two stages in his Notes on Songs of Chu in the Mountain Belt.

The first paragraph (Mourning) is to leave Du Ying and arrive in Lingyang (now Anhui).

The second section (in Shejiang) arrived in Xupu from Lingyang nine years later.

Artistic feature

1

This poem depicts a lonely and heroic lyric hero.

Dressed differently, the ideal state is to walk with the ancient holy king, with a firm and tenacious will.

Personal pronouns "Yu" and "I" have been used 17 times, showing strong self-awareness and emotional color.

2

The combination of narration, discussion and lyricism. After narration or discussion, there are statements that show one's love and hate, highlighting oneself and strongly expressing one's feelings, which is the style characteristic of romanticism.