How to establish a modern enterprise system

The following are some reference materials, I hope to help you!

To establish a modern enterprise system, we must first grasp the essential characteristics of the modern enterprise system. Grasping the essential characteristics, the work will be handy and logical; If you can't grasp the essential characteristics, you will accomplish nothing in your work and toss and turn.

What is the characteristic essence of modern enterprises? Modern enterprise system has various superficial features, but its essential feature is unique, that is, the implementation of economic sovereignty system, that is, the implementation of owner responsibility system. The shareholding system, which is usually considered as a typical modern enterprise system, implements the owner responsibility system. In a joint-stock company, the board of directors has the highest power, and the manager will be bound by the board of directors from beginning to end; Board members are often shareholders, that is, capital owners. If a shareholder's capital reaches a certain proportion of the company's total capital, then he has the right to completely control the whole company. This system seems ordinary, but in fact it embodies the concept of capital sovereignty or economic sovereignty. In joint-stock enterprises, the owner is ultimately responsible, not the operator, so the owner is an absolute power faction.

Some enterprises in China have carried out shareholding system reform, but they exist in name only. In fact, the shareholding system is only a form of modern enterprise system, not an essential feature of modern enterprise system. Whether the enterprise system is modern or not lies not in whether the shareholding system is implemented, but in whether the economic sovereignty system is implemented. For example, a small private enterprise cannot become a first-class joint-stock company because of its small capital scale, but no one can conclude that this enterprise is primitive; Whether it is modernized or not depends mainly on whether the economic sovereignty system has been implemented. It may be the owner's own paternalism, or it may be someone else's operation, but in any case, as long as the owner really holds the ultimate power over capital, the enterprise is modern. However, some large enterprises with first-class technology, although implementing joint-stock system, are still non-modern because they only emphasize form and do not really implement the idea of economic sovereignty.

The idea of economic sovereignty is a basic principle implemented by joint-stock enterprises in western countries. It is precisely because of this that the shareholding system has gradually developed into a typical enterprise system in western countries. The advantages of joint-stock enterprises are based on the implementation of this principle. Without this premise, it is impossible for the shareholding system to show various advantages and achieve such success.

Why can joint-stock enterprises show their advantages and achieve outstanding results when implementing the idea of economic sovereignty? We can easily find that the shareholding system is a very mature and sound responsibility system in the west. It can be said that the shareholding system is an unambiguous responsibility system. Because the operator of an enterprise is entrusted by the owner to become an operator, he must be fully responsible for the owner. Operators certainly have considerable power because of need, but they do not have the ultimate power; The ultimate power is in the hands of the owner, who will decide the appointment and removal of the operator; This power will never be granted. Compared with the owner, the operator is always passive; Here, mediocrity and job hunting are intolerable, and operators have no choice but to do their duty. The operator is responsible to the owner, so who will the owner be responsible to? The owner is responsible for it. Responsible for yourself, is it reliable? Totally reliable. As the old saying goes, people don't harm themselves. People are most loyal to themselves, and everyone is instinctively responsible for themselves. Everyone can feel this from their own life experiences. If the owner is not responsible for himself, then he will take a laissez-faire attitude towards the operators, which will lead to the failure of the whole responsibility system in this link and affect the reality of the whole responsibility system. But we don't have to worry about this, because this assumption doesn't hold.

Due to the introduction of the sovereignty mechanism, the responsibility system has become relatively real, and the affairs of enterprises, large and small, are naturally managed and responsible, which is like invisibly installing an automation device for enterprises. This is an automation about responsibility, not machine automation. It can be seen that sovereignty is the basic means to realize the automation of responsibility; The modernization of the shareholding system is precisely because of the automation of this responsibility. The shareholding system is modernized due to the implementation of the economic sovereignty system, so the basic feature of the modern enterprise system is actually the economic sovereignty system.

The concept of economic sovereignty should be rooted in the concept of responsibility system. To implement the real responsibility system, we must implement the idea of economic sovereignty. Because only by carrying out the idea of economic sovereignty can we ensure the reality of the responsibility system. Therefore, the idea of economic sovereignty is the inevitable product of the slow implementation of the responsibility system.

Many economists in our country especially emphasize the importance of reforming the property right system and clarifying the property right relationship. In fact, the property right issue is also a sovereignty issue, which is the responsibility relationship between the owner and the operator. To solve the property right problem is to straighten out the responsibility relationship within the enterprise and establish a real responsibility system. They stressed that it is not accidental to solve the problem of sovereignty or property rights, because sovereignty is the most fundamental of all problems; If the sovereignty problem is really solved, then the remaining problems will be solved.

Chairman Mao once asserted that "once the class struggle is mastered, it is spiritual." This argument is obviously out of date, but we can still find some truth from it. Why did the class struggle suddenly live? Grasping class struggle means mobilizing the masses against a few "enemies." Of course, a few people can't compete with the majority. But is it easy for the masses to do it? Facts show that the masses are easy to mobilize, and they are very active and brave. Why is this happening? Because at that time, the masses regarded this struggle as their own masters, and their status was relative to these "enemies." Participating in class struggle is to master and use their supreme power. Therefore, the masses are not only easy to mobilize, but also show great interest. Under the historical conditions at that time, Chairman Mao's strategy was not necessarily stupid.

Why do people show great interest in sovereignty? Probably everyone knows that the power of sovereignty is unparalleled. Of all the problems, sovereignty is the key. If it used to be a class struggle and it was a good thing to catch it, then now it is a sovereignty issue, and it is also a good thing to solve it. Sovereignty is the most positive factor. Issues such as efficiency and destiny that we are extremely concerned about are all determined by sovereignty. Therefore, people can think that sovereignty is efficiency, sovereignty is fate and complete sovereignty is everything; With sovereignty, you have almost everything, everything. Therefore, people have always been extremely interested in sovereignty and paid a huge price in order to win sovereignty.

People have worked tirelessly for sovereignty for a long time, but things are always so tortuous. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, people were masters of their own affairs, but they lacked in-depth understanding and practical experience in power technology, which sometimes backfired. In recent years, China's economic system reform, as far as state-owned enterprises are concerned, failed to introduce the sovereignty mechanism in time due to the limitations of subjective and objective conditions. It is for this reason that a series of reform measures we have implemented have had little effect. Whether it is changing profits into taxes or decentralizing profits, the factory director is responsible for the system, cultivating entrepreneurs and introducing foreign advanced technology and equipment, the effect is not very satisfactory. This is natural, because all the practices of giving up the basics will inevitably fail to achieve satisfactory results.

At present, China is vigorously carrying out enterprise leasing, sale, alliance, merger, joint-stock system, joint-stock cooperation system, entrusted operation and joint venture cooperation, which should be affirmed. However, it should not be limited to these measures, but should actually introduce the sovereignty mechanism, so that enterprises can fundamentally change and truly become self-financing and self-developing modern enterprises. Otherwise, no matter how they change their tricks, they will still be some enterprises that look very fake.

What needs to be explained is that the joint merger we are carrying out now is mainly the result of accidental factors rather than inevitable survival of the fittest. Because before the introduction of the sovereignty mechanism, any enterprise was non-modern, so their advantages and disadvantages were mainly influenced by accidental factors. Successful people are excellent only because they meet talented people by chance; The loser is not good, just because he meets a mediocre or clumsy factory director by chance. Therefore, the success or failure of an enterprise is extremely accidental or relatively large. And those enterprises that are temporarily in an advantage will still face greater accidental risks, leading to the elimination of disadvantages. If the enterprise system has been modernized, due to the role of the sovereignty mechanism, the responsibility system of enterprises is relatively real, and it is difficult for mediocre poor people to stand on their feet. In this way, the contingency of talents is reduced; With the decrease of talent contingency, the merger and consolidation of enterprises is less and less influenced by talent factors and more and more influenced by commodity market.

Contract, lease, transfer, etc. It seems to be a relatively real responsibility system, because the owners and operators seem to be specific and seem to introduce a sovereignty mechanism, but they are not. Because the owner here is not the ultimate owner, but has the nature of an agent. So this kind of responsibility system may be unrealistic. However, these methods cannot be used for this reason. As long as the so-called owner's responsibility can be technically guaranteed, these methods will also become effective methods. But the technical difficulty is obviously greater, or you have to pay a lot of tuition fees.

Joint-stock system is a modern enterprise system that is generally effective in the West, and it should still be effective in China, so it might as well be introduced. However, appropriate reforms are needed, otherwise this kind of thing will be effective abroad and may be ineffective or ineffective at home. Because there are many differences between China and western countries, especially in terms of ownership, China is dominated by public ownership, while western countries are the opposite. It is this characteristic that makes it necessary to reform the shareholding system when we introduce it. Because the ultimate owner of public ownership is not the administrative department, but the broad masses of the people all over the country, it is impossible for the broad masses of the people to directly exercise the owner's power over an enterprise. Obviously, we must reform the western shareholding system to make it conform to the reality of China. This thing may be difficult to do, but no matter how difficult it is, it is always a technical problem, and technical problems can always be solved.

Some economists may think it is too difficult to do this well, so they put forward the idea of privatization and even acquiesce in the serious loss of state-owned assets. Of course, privatization naturally has its own reasons, that is, it has a very clear property right relationship, and it is easy to establish a responsibility relationship whether it is a joint-stock system or a sole proprietorship. Although privatization has this advantage, it still cannot be explained that it is the only way for social development. Because the truth and hope of public ownership are eternal. Although the road to public ownership in China has been bumpy and tortuous for nearly half a century, it is mainly due to experience, not public ownership itself. Without experience, it is difficult to do things. Sun Yat-sen failed in the Republic of China, not because the Republic of China was not good, but because of his lack of experience. In the past, we preferred planned economy and regarded public ownership and market economy as opposites. Now our views have changed 180 degrees. We find that under public ownership, we can also implement market economy, share-holding system and establish responsibility relationship. And this is just the technical problem we have to solve. We haven't known this before and haven't tried it, so there is no reason to think that this road is impassable. Advocating privatization may be because of fear of wasting effort, or because of fear of detours and choosing a ready-made road. Unless there are other reasons, such as a complete loss of confidence in public ownership, this attitude is incorrect.

It is very necessary for us to actively practice the market economy under public ownership, the shareholding system under public ownership and the responsibility relationship under public ownership. Why? Because first of all, we are full of confidence in solving such a technical problem; Secondly, public ownership is the most convenient guarantee to realize social power, so its significance to human beings is extremely unusual. We know that everyone's life is guaranteed by personal strength and social strength on the one hand. Both are important. However, at first glance, it seems that the former is more important than the latter, because what people need in life is not obtained by their own ability? That's true. However, the ability of each of us is purely accidental. For example, some people are born with congenital deficiency, while others are born with good health. This kind of deficiency and beauty are accidental and arranged by God. Even if some people have excellent abilities through their own efforts, they mainly benefit from some accidental favorable conditions. So a person's success seems inevitable, but it is actually accidental. It is often said that success depends partly on hard work and partly on opportunity, but in fact, hard-working people are always luckier than successful people. This is probably arranged by heaven. Since God arranged it, what is justice? Therefore, the protection of personal strength always has shortcomings. So is there any remedy? The answer is yes, that is, using social security to remedy personal security. Obviously, social forces are relatively stable and less affected by accidental factors, so this kind of protection is bound to be much more. Realizing the guarantee of social power is the result of continuous efforts of human beings, and it is also a symbol of human social progress and civilization. With the continuous progress of civilization, the guarantee of social forces will increasingly become the most important guarantee for mankind. Social security is becoming more and more important, so will public ownership, because public ownership is the most convenient social system to realize social security.

Since public ownership is becoming more and more important and can't be abandoned, the introduction of joint-stock system should make joint-stock system adapt to public ownership, and public ownership should not adapt to joint-stock system. Joint-stock system is not used creatively in China, nor is it an established routine. Moreover, the shareholding system is only a form of modern enterprise system, and modern enterprise system is not necessarily necessary.

If we prefer the shareholding system, how can we introduce it into the public sector of the economy? As mentioned earlier, the shareholding system is the responsibility system of sovereign power management. If the state-owned enterprises in China want to implement the joint-stock cooperative system, they only need to make a big fuss about economic sovereignty, make the responsibility system comprehensive, and put an end to all possible falsehood. Fundamentally speaking, the owners of state-owned enterprises are the people of the whole country; The people of the whole country entrust their common property or capital to government departments at all levels, and the government departments entrust these capitals to different enterprises respectively. In this way, if the owners are responsible for their own capital, they must first investigate the responsibility of government departments. Because our country implements public ownership, the capital entrusted by government departments is huge, so its responsibility is also huge. In view of this great responsibility, China should improve the responsible government system as soon as possible. At present, China's politics and people are peaceful and the situation is very good. In particular, the Central Committee has a group of officials with both ability and political integrity. Most of them are excellent people, who dare to enter the minefield and jump into the abyss for justice; Their talents are also outstanding, and even many laid-off workers are very capable on TV screens. Therefore, China is expected to improve the responsible government system as soon as possible.

Due to the implementation of the responsible government system, government departments will try their best to assume their responsibilities under any circumstances. So how will government departments realize their responsibilities? Obviously, it is not convenient for government departments to operate directly, and there is no other way but to entrust. How should I entrust it? If it is private capital, it is usually able to carry out normal and relatively certain entrustment. The owner will choose a reliable person as the operator and will supervise the business activities of the operator at any time. The host will never entrust others casually, and he will never let himself go after entrusting. Because this is the necessary means for them to be responsible for themselves and entrust them normally. Of course, state-owned capital should also carry out this normal and relatively certain entrustment, but it should be guided by the situation and be good at change. Compared with state-owned enterprises, government departments have become owners; As an owner, different from private owners, it is difficult for the government to choose a reliable person as the operator and supervise the responsibility at any time, because the time and energy of government departments are far less than that of private owners, and government departments themselves may have problems such as dereliction of duty and efficiency. This makes normal delegation difficult. In this case, how to entrust? It is best to change the past practice of unit entrustment and implement multiple entrustment. That is, power is entrusted not only to the factory director or secretary, but also to the factory director, finance, supervision and all employees. If it is only entrusted to the factory director or secretary, because the power is too concentrated, it is not only difficult to restrict the operators, but also controlled by them; Due to the limitation of time and energy, government departments can't make a timely and flexible response to the behavior of operators. If multiple entrustment is implemented, government departments will be able to control all the capital with limited energy, because some affairs or powers have been effectively decentralized. Isn't this the rule of bending over and doing nothing?

Among the multiple entrustment, the entrustment to all employees is the most important. Because entrusting to most people is more reliable than entrusting to one or two people; One or two people are easy to seek personal gain or dereliction of duty, and most people are easy to seek public interests or do their duty. Therefore, government departments should first entrust power or capital to all the staff meetings of enterprises; The second is entrusted to the factory director or secretary. If a board of directors is established, the members of the board of directors should be mainly produced from the employees and decided by the general meeting of all employees. After the members of the board of directors are determined, the factory director or secretary and the heads of various departments will be produced. The operator is either the factory director, the secretary or the board of directors.

There is a key problem in this way of entrustment, that is, to truly empower all employees so that every employee has the right. Please note that the power and rights mentioned here are different; Rights are just some interests, and power is a kind of power. Only this kind of power can guarantee the realization of responsibility.

But do employees like to accept authorization? In other words, do employees like taking responsibility? As mentioned above, people are very interested in power, and it can be said that everyone is a natural power lover. Because power is the most effective of all means. Unfortunately, we have never made such an attempt in the enterprise before. Recently, people seem to be indifferent to power, because it is not real enough. Only fools don't want to master real power.

Entrusting the management right to all employees, the responsibility relationship is relatively real, but the entrustment is not completely over. Although it is not convenient for all employees to seek personal gain, the local interests of all employees still conflict with the overall interests of the whole people. Therefore, government departments should strengthen administrative legislation, law enforcement and supervision to adjust the interest relationship between the local and the whole.

The basic feature of the modern enterprise system of state-owned enterprises is to entrust economic sovereignty to all employees of the enterprise, so that employees can decide the leaders, rather than directly training entrepreneurs to bid. Because there is no shortage of entrepreneurs in China, what is lacking is the real responsibility system and the resulting responsible spirit. Besides, entrepreneurs are created in practical work. Entrusting economic sovereignty to all employees is a technical measure to establish real responsibility relationship and prevent false responsibility relationship. Especially in the current situation that our government's responsibility is not strict, this technology can make up for the realization of corporate responsibility.

This technical measure is also conducive to the separation of government from enterprises. If a huge amount of capital is directly entrusted to a so-called entrepreneur, the government department, as the owner, should intervene a lot in the operators because of the huge risks objectively; However, if all employees entrust, due to the reduction of risks, government departments can intervene less in enterprises, so that enterprises can increase their independence and truly separate government from enterprises, and state-owned enterprises will become state-owned enterprises.

This technical measure is more suitable for medium-sized enterprises that are neither too big nor too small. This kind of enterprise is small, large in number, and directly operated by government departments, which obviously does not have this energy; , sold to private or foreign investors, the country will suffer huge losses. So it is best to entrust all employees to state-owned private or state-owned joint ventures.

Will the government entrust power to all employees of the enterprise, which will hinder the implementation of the policy of reducing staff and increasing efficiency? It doesn't have to be like this. Although the general meeting of all employees holds the highest power of the enterprise, once the board of directors is established, it has the right to decide the number of posts and arrange specific personnel according to actual needs; The remaining personnel can still be reduced according to the relevant national policies. Although the number of people should be reduced, it should not be too radical and moderate. At present, China should still implement the policy of low wages and high employment.

To sum up, the modern enterprise system is essentially a responsibility system, which is realized through the main power; China's system is dominated by public ownership, so it is not convenient to entrust directly, but must be entrusted indirectly, so a link is added in the responsibility relationship, which increases the opportunity for relaxation. It is precisely this special national condition of our country and the universal nature of the modern enterprise system that determines that the modern enterprise system of our country will be a multi-entrusted sovereign responsibility system, which will mainly be a sovereign responsibility system for all employees of the entrusted enterprise.