What are the main gardens in different historical stages in China and their characteristics?

China Gardens were first seen in historical books and recorded in the Western Zhou Dynasty in 1 1 century BC. They were the gardens of ancient emperors and nobles in China. It has a history of three thousand years. With the progress of society, China's gardens have gradually formed a unique national form, which is self-contained. Its main characteristics are advocating nature, skillfully creating nature, and skillfully combining artificial beauty with natural beauty to create a unique natural landscape garden. Because the literati participated in the garden construction, the ancient gardens in China were full of literati flavor and poetry. "Poetic and picturesque" is the essence of China gardens and the highest realm of gardening art. Gardening often combines ancient poetry with landscaping. Among them, Suzhou Gardens are the representative works of China Gardens.

China has a vast territory, different climatic and geographical conditions and products, and gardens often show obvious local characteristics. To sum up, the gardens in southern China, Guangdong coastal areas and Sichuan have their own characteristics, so there are so-called Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens and Zhongshu gardens. The gardens around Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi and Shaanxi are similar in style, so they are collectively called northern gardens.

2. Jiangnan Garden

Gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are often an extension of houses, with a small base area, so more landscapes need to be created in a limited space. Therefore, gardening techniques such as "seeing the big from the small" and "taking advantage of the scenery" have been flexibly used, leaving many ingenious and exquisite masterpieces. For example, the courtyard on the north side of Wangshiyuan in Xiao Yuan, Suzhou, is very narrowly embedded between the study building and the boundary wall. Gardeners have planted bamboo, plantain, wintersweet, southern bamboo and decorated it with a few pine stalagmites. These plants and stone peaks are beautiful, occupy no land and are very attractive.

3. Lingnan Garden

Chinese classical gardens

Lingnan gardens mainly refer to ancient gardens in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong. The existing famous gardens are Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Keyuan Garden in Dongguan, Yuyin Mountain House in Panyu and Liangyuan Garden in Foshan, which are also called "Four Famous Gardens in Lingnan". Lingnan has a hot climate, abundant sunshine and rainfall, and a wide variety of plants. Pools in Lingnan gardens are generally well-behaved, with long buildings and wide corridors in the south. The other two sides are surrounded by verandas, and covered bridges are built on the water to minimize the sunshine exposure time during the tour. The rest of the buildings are relatively concentrated, and the gardens are often nested, leaving enough places to plant flowers and trees. Influenced by local paintings and arts and crafts, Lingnan garden buildings are rich in colors and architectural carvings.

4. Chuanzhong Garden

Chinese classical gardens

Although Sichuan is located in the southwest, it has a long history and developed culture. The gardens there have a long history and have their own characteristics. Gardens in central Sichuan pay more attention to the accumulation of cultural connotations, and some famous gardens are often associated with anecdotes of celebrities in history. For example, Wenjun Well in Qionglai County is said to have been built on the original site where hotels were opened in Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun in the Western Han Dynasty. Jingyuan covers an area of 10 mu, with Qintai, yuechi county and rockery as the main scenery. Another example is Chengdu Du Fu Caotang, Wuhou Temple, Meizhou Su San Temple, Jiangyou Taibai Hometown and other gardens, all with the theme of commemorating historical celebrities. Secondly, gardens in central Sichuan often show simple characteristics, and often integrate pastoral scenery into gardens. In addition, the buildings in the park also absorbed the elegant and simple style of Sichuan folk houses, such as gable decoration, roof warping, well platform, lamp holder and other sketches, which are still ancient.

5. Northern Gardens

Beijing has the most concentrated gardens in the northern cities of China, and most of them are the gardens of ancient emperors. These royal gardens concentrated the manpower, material resources and financial resources of the whole country when they were built. They are large-scale and well-built, and they are the essence of classical gardens in China. In addition, some ancient gardens with a long history have been preserved in the north, such as the garden of Taishou Yamen in Jiangxi Province, which was built in the 16th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (596) and still has hills and valleys. It is the earliest preserved garden site in China. Another example is Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan Province, and Tieshan Garden in Qufu, Shandong Province, all of which are representative works of northern memorial gardens. Generally speaking, Jiangnan gardens are more elegant and beautiful, Lingnan gardens are more beautiful and exquisite, and Zhongshu gardens are more simple and elegant.

Edit the third paragraph. Landscape classification

Royal Garden 1

Chinese classical gardens

In the early days, the park mainly kept animals, and then gradually developed into a garden integrating work, life and play. According to their location and scale, they can be roughly divided into three categories. The smallest garden is to make use of a small clearing in the forbidden area of Miyagi, build some rockeries and plant some trees to form a courtyard garden. The Royal Garden in the northernmost part of the Forbidden City in Beijing is a typical garden of this type. In addition to the royal gardens, there are Fu Jian Palace Garden, Cining Palace Garden and Ningshou Palace West Garden in the Forbidden City, all of which are oases dotted with yellow glazed tiles. Palace area is not large, affected by the axis, the layout is relatively regular. The second category is the gardens near Miyagi. This kind of garden is often built with natural water or hills, which is large in scale and close to Miyagi (often within the imperial city), so it is very convenient to visit and enjoy, and it has been highly valued by emperors of all dynasties. The Tongquetai Garden built by Cao Cao in Yecheng and the Daxing Garden built by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty in Chang 'an in history. Beihai and Xiyuan (now Zhongnanhai) in the imperial city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are also such gardens. Both the small gardens in the palace and the gardens outside the palace are located in the bustling Kyoto, which is often limited by the urban environment and often cannot satisfy the emperors' desire to indulge in landscapes. Therefore, they look for places with mountains and waters and beautiful natural scenery in the suburbs of Beijing or beyond, and some even package real landscapes into gardens, which is a large-scale landscape garden. Historically, Shanglin Garden of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Mount Li of Emperor Tang Ming, Sanshan and Wuyuan in the northwest suburb of Beijing in Qing Dynasty all belonged to large landscape gardens. The most complete landscape gardens are the Summer Palace and chengde mountain resort in Beijing. Chinese classical gardens

Clear regional division is a major feature of landscape gardens. The king's concubines not only have to deal with political affairs, but also have fun, and even build street scenes in the garden to imitate the business of ordinary cities. These scenic spots with different functions are often relatively concentrated in landscape architecture, forming unique scenic spots. The big garden is close to the gate and generally has a palace area. Although the palace area plays an important role in the garden, the garden is built to enjoy the scenery. When people enter the Summer Palace, they are most interested in the Bibo Green Island in Kunming Lake and the red walls and yellow tiles exposed in the green trees on Wanshou Mountain. The most attractive thing about visiting the summer resort is the natural beauty of the lake area and mountains. Therefore, providing a vast and rich garden area for people to enjoy and visit is the real focus of the garden. Because the garden is the emperor's garden, with large scale, fine design and high construction requirements, the landscape of the garden area is also different from the general garden. To sum up, there are four characteristics: (1) great boldness of vision, making full use of the natural beauty of natural landscape. The reason why the garden is magnificent is that it covers a large area and scale, and often includes real mountains and waters. Xiyuan Sanhai is the largest urban garden in China. Summer resort, Summer Palace, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan and Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain can all create a beautiful scenery. Some gardens are built on the flat ground, and there are no real mountains and waters in the territory, but after careful design by designers, they can also create natural landscapes. (2) Set up a garden in the garden. This layout method comes from the feudal consciousness of the emperor. They want to see all the beautiful scenery on the earth, so they moved the world-famous landscape garden to the garden so that they can enjoy it nearby. (3) Highlight the theme and attach importance to colorful architectural ornament. When the emperor made gardens, he often recruited senior craftsmen from all over the country to build beautiful buildings as the theme of the scenic spot.

2. Literati Garden

Literati gardens, like Imperial Garden, are the main types of classical gardens in China. They represent the essence of residential gardens and have made great contributions in the history of gardens. There are the largest number of literati gardens in history, and many owners are famous writers or painters in history, which has a great influence. Literati gardens are generally small and can't accommodate many scenes. They don't have the magnificence and breathtaking beauty of gardens, but they have a unique charm that can make people linger. The key is to integrate the garden landscape with the master's literary mind and cultivation. Zhenjiang Jiao Shan is an island in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with a particularly quiet environment. Halfway up the mountain, there is a Biefeng Temple, small and exquisite, surrounded by green trees and bamboo. There are two study rooms in the nunnery, which were originally the study rooms of Zheng Banqiao, a famous painter and calligrapher in Qing Dynasty. There is a calligraphy couplet by the door: "Elegant room, not many flowers." In Banqiao's view, a good living environment is not big and complete, but poetic. Only in this way can we win greatness with elegance and win more with less. This "elegance" and "smallness" are the main characteristics of literati gardens. In ancient feudal society, the best way for literati and intellectuals was to be officials, but this was a minority after all. Most people can only make a living by teaching or selling calligraphy and painting, and their economic situation is not very good. Therefore, most of their gardens are located in the open space next to the house, occupying little land. This can also be reflected in the names of ancient literati gardens. For example, there is a bonsai garden in Suzhou. Because of its small area, the whole garden space is like a teapot. There are also famous gardens, such as remnant garden, mustard seed garden and half acre garden, which are all famous for their small area. "Small" is not conducive to gardening. Contemporary landscape artists can freely master the dialectics of artistic creation, turn disadvantages into advantages, and create infinite landscapes within a limited scope. Suzhou Netscape Garden is a representative small garden in the south of the Yangtze River. As the essence of China's classical gardens, the study courtyard "Dianchun Table" in the garden has been rebuilt in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the United States. Its elegant style and exquisite production have won the praise of tourists. "Three or five steps, travel all over the world; Six or seven people, the public must be a teacher. " People often use this couplet to describe the superb skills of China's classical operas, and so do literati gardens. If it wants to express the beauty of the world on a small scale, it needs to apply the artistic principle of "taking one as ten". Every scene in the garden, whether it is a rockery pool or a tree stone in a corner of the courtyard, must be refined and tempered, and poetic and picturesque, so as to receive the artistic effect of using less brushwork and strengthening the scenery. The scenery of literati gardens is mostly elegant. Elegance here mainly refers to tranquility and nature, freshness and charm, simplicity and indifference, and elegance. The acquisition of this style is closely related to the artistic principle that less wins more and simplicity wins more. In addition to landscapes, the architectural decoration and sketches of literati gardens are also very elegant and simple. Another feature of literati gardens is the close combination of garden appreciation function and residence function, that is, the unity of so-called "tour" and "residence". The ancients often called it "traveling" to enjoy the mountains and rivers, and called it "living", studying, practicing arts, talking and feasting in a beautiful environment. Only by reaching these two realms can art be considered perfect. Lingering Garden is a famous private garden of literati in Suzhou. It can be roughly divided into two parts: the central part and the eastern part. Although the main scenery of these two parts is different, they both reflect the combination of "walking" and "living" to varying degrees.

3. Temple Garden

Temple gardens are another category of classical gardens in China. As far as horticulture is concerned, it refers not only to gardens attached to Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, but also to gardens belonging to buildings serving religious beliefs and consciousness worship. In ancient China, the objects of belief and worship were more complicated, and various types of buildings appeared, usually with gardens, which also brought the diversity of temple gardens. "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy." This famous sentence by Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, not only describes the prosperity of Buddhist temples in the Southern Dynasties, but also points out the beautiful environment of the temples. Almost all the scenic spots in the north and south of the Yangtze River are occupied by Galand, a Buddhist temple. Nowadays, famous mountains, big and small, all over the country have become tourist attractions. Almost all of them have ancient temples. Someone once described the beauty of these temples as "Yuanbao Temple, a temple wrapped in gardens". "Yuanbao Temple" means that the temple is integrated into the mountains and rivers; "Garden-wrapped temple" means that there are several small gardens built in the temple for pilgrims to enjoy. This is the case with the famous Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. Even in monasteries in bustling cities, monks always try their best to plant trees and stones in the open space to build small gardens and landscapes. Sometimes they buy abandoned gardens and ponds nearby and make some repairs to become independent gardens attached to monasteries, such as Zhuang Jie Hokkeji in Suzhou, Longhua Temple in Shanghai and Liu Rong Temple in Guangzhou. Ancestor worship is another common cultural phenomenon in ancient China. In famous mountains and rivers, there are often memorial buildings to commemorate ancient celebrities or national heroes, such as Yue Temple in Hangzhou, Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Xiangyang, Du Fu Caotang in Chengdu, Du Gong Temple in Shaanxi, Lanting and Wang Youjun Temple in the southern suburbs of Shaoxing. It was built to commemorate historical celebrities such as Yue Fei, Zhuge Liang, Du Fu and Wang Xizhi. In fact, they are another type of ancestral temple buildings. Another feature of temple gardens is that they have some comprehensive public gardens. In order to receive some pilgrims and tourists, some temples always have living and entertainment facilities. Some temples and gardens have guest rooms for scholars to study or spend the night.

4, suburban landscape architecture

Suburban landscape garden refers to a garden scenic spot located in the suburbs of the city, which is made up of nymph of original natural landscape, combined with landscape management and construction, and properly processed and transformed. It is a public tourist area with natural scenery as the basic skeleton and urban residents as the main body. They are very close to modern parks in nature, and fully embody the tradition of conforming to nature and beautifying nature in planning and layout. They are the transition between urban gardens and famous mountains and rivers. The first feature of suburban landscape architecture is that it is close to the city, and it is generally located within two or three kilometers near the suburbs. This kind of gardens preserved so far include Shihu and Huqiu in Suzhou, Xishan and Huishan in Wuxi, Zhongshan in Nanjing, Nanshan in Zhenjiang, Gaolan Mountain in Lanzhou, Dinghu Mountain and Qixingyan in Zhaoqing, West Lake in Huizhou, Guangdong, West Lake in Fuyang, Anhui and West Lake in Hangzhou. For example, the West Lake in Hangzhou is very close to the urban area, and you can see the sparkling water as soon as you get to the lake. Huishan and Xishan in Wuxi and Zhongshan in Nanjing are also very close to the city roots, and even their scenery can be seen in the city. China's famous gardening work "Yuanye" said when talking about the location of the garden: "You can go into the city for a few miles, but you can come and go at will." The characteristics of this kind of gardens are summarized, which are convenient for sightseeing. Historically, the development of suburban landscape architecture is slower than other gardens. It was not until the Song Dynasty that the landscape gardens in the suburbs flourished with the development of economy and the prosperity of urban commerce and handicrafts. To be exact, the suburban landscape garden is a collection of many single gardens (such as temple gardens, private gardens and gardens) plus scenic spots between mountains and rivers. Its main factors are mountains, water, gardens and temples. There are not only natural scenery such as green mountains and green waters, flowers and trees in caves and streams, but also artificial scenery such as pavilions, dangerous winding paths, ancient temples and immortals, and finely carved houses. Its scenic area is much larger than ordinary gardens, with many living service facilities and commercial outlets, and its development and construction are much more complicated. The suburban landscape garden covers a large area and has a wide field of vision, which creates conditions for enjoying the overall momentum of mountain springs, pavilions and pavilions and the changes of rain and snow from a distance. Compared with urban gardens, suburban landscapes have more levels and richer changes. In these landscape gardens, the most basic and three-dimensional landscape scenes such as rocks, trees, fountains, buildings, etc. can often be combined with some living and virtual landscapes in nature, such as the change of sun shadows and the surging climate change, forming a charming landscape that combines static and dynamic, and the combination of reality and reality. Rich historical and cultural connotation is another feature of suburban landscape architecture. Most gardens, especially famous scenic spots, have been transformed, managed and accumulated for hundreds or even thousands of years, and have been inscribed and described by several generations of literati and painters, which has far-reaching humanistic significance. This is also an important reason why some famous landscape gardens are enduring and attracting tourists. The historical and cultural factors of suburban gardens are also reflected in the names of garden attractions. In order to pass on the beautiful scenery of gardens from generation to generation, and to compete with other cities, some ancient cities often invite some well-known literati painters and squires from their hometowns to evaluate and name the main scenery of suburban gardens, and finally summarize the main beautiful scenery of local gardens in the form of "eight scenes" and "ten scenes".

Edit paragraph 4. related articles

Suzhou Garden Ye Shengtao Suzhou Garden is said to have more than 100, but I have only been to more than 10. I have also been to some gardens in other places. If I have to say a general impression, I think Suzhou Gardens are specimens of gardens in China, and gardens in China are more or less influenced by Suzhou Gardens. Therefore, if anyone wants to appreciate the gardens in China, Suzhou Gardens can't be missed. Designers and craftsmen adapt to local conditions, and successful gardens are certainly different. However, the gardens in Suzhou have similarities. It seems that designers and craftsmen are pursuing the same thing: to ensure that visitors always have a perfect picture in front of them no matter where they stand. In order to achieve this goal, they pay attention to the layout of pavilions, the coordination of rockery ponds, the foil of flowers and trees, and the level of close-up vision. In short, everything must exist in order to form a perfect picture, and it can't hurt the failure of beauty. They just want visitors to get the aesthetic feeling of "picturesque", and their achievements have realized their wishes. When tourists come to the garden, no one does not think of saying "as in painting" orally. Most of the buildings in China, from ancient palaces to modern ordinary houses, are symmetrical, no matter what the left side is, so is the right side. Suzhou gardens can never pay attention to symmetry, as if deliberately avoiding it. There are pavilions or cloisters in the East, and there will never be the same pavilions or cloisters in the West. Why is this? I think, for example, with pictures, symmetrical buildings are pattern paintings, not art paintings, and gardens are art paintings. Artistic painting requires natural interest, not symmetry. There are rockeries and ponds in Suzhou gardens. The piling of rockeries can be said to be an art, not just a technology. Whether it is a mountain or a hill with flowers and trees, it is the life experience of designers and craftsmen and the high valley in their hearts, which makes tourists forget Suzhou City when climbing and only feel that they are in the mountains. As for ponds, most of them refer to running water. Some gardens have spacious ponds, so the pond is the center of the whole garden, and other scenery is arranged in harmony. If the water looks like a river, bridges are usually arranged. If more than two bridges are arranged, they will be the same, not the same. There are few neat stone dikes beside ponds or rivers, and they are always left to their own devices. There are also some exquisite stones arranged there, or some flowers and plants are planted: this is also to achieve the effect of looking at a painting from all angles. Goldfish or carp of various colors are kept in the pond, and lotus flowers or water lilies are in full bloom in summer and autumn. Visitors can see "fish playing between lotus leaves", which is another painting. Painting is also the main way to plant trees and prune trees in Suzhou gardens. Tall trees and short trees are pitching. Deciduous trees and evergreen trees alternate with each other, and different kinds of flower trees alternate with each other when they bloom, so that you don't feel lonely all year round. There are no pines and cypresses trimmed like pagodas, and there are no roadside trees like parade: because from the aesthetic point of view of Chinese painting, it is not worth taking. Several gardens are full of Gu Teng, and the winding and rugged branches are a good painting. When the flowers bloom, they are full of jewels, which makes tourists feel infinite prosperity and joy, but they can't say it. Visiting Suzhou gardens will inevitably pay attention to flower walls and promenades. Separated by walls and bounded by corridors, there are many levels and the scenery can be seen deeply. However, there are various hollow patterns made of bricks on the walls, and most of the sides of the veranda are borderless. In fact, it is separated but not separated, and the boundary does not exist, thus increasing the depth of the scene. Several gardens have also installed a large mirror in a proper position, which is more hierarchical and almost doubles the whole garden. Of course, tourists will not ignore another point, that is, Suzhou gardens pay attention to the beauty of every corner of the picture. There are some books with grass beside the steps. The wall is covered with ivy or rosewood. If the window is facing the white wall, it will be too monotonous. Add some bamboo or bananas. And so on, it is nothing more than that visitors can appreciate beauty even if they look at a small part. The doors and windows, pattern design and carving skills in Suzhou gardens are all top arts and crafts. Generally speaking, those doors and windows are as refined as possible, never vulgar, even if they are simple and ingenious. Four, eight, twelve. Taken together, everyone must admire this is a high degree of pattern beauty. Photographers like these doors and windows very much. They took light and shadow into consideration and took satisfactory photos. Unlike Beijing, Suzhou gardens rarely use paintings. Most of the beams and columns, as well as the railings of doors and windows, are painted widely, which is a non-dazzling color. The walls are white. Some indoor walls are paved with square bricks in the lower half, with light gray and white as contrast. Roof tiles and eaves are light gray. These colors match the green of the vegetation, which makes people feel quiet and leisurely. When flowers bloom, all kinds of flowers are more vivid.

V. Impact

At all stages of world historical and cultural exchanges, China's "wonderful and natural" natural landscape garden theory and creative practice have had a great impact not only on Japanese, Korean and other Asian countries, but also on some European countries' garden art creation. Therefore, China gardens are regarded as one of the origins in the history of world gardening. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, China's gardening techniques have been introduced to Japan, Korea and other countries. A monograph on gardening theory published in the late Ming Dynasty, Yuanye, flowed into Japan, and the title of the manuscript was Seize the Heaven. Until now, the names of many garden buildings in Japan are still in classical Chinese. Especially 13 century, Italian traveler Kyle? Poirot called the garden of Hangzhou West Lake "the most beautiful and luxurious city in the world", which made the garden art of Hangzhou famous overseas. Today, it is a tourist attraction that tourists all over the world yearn for. /kloc-in the 8th century, the natural landscape gardens in China were designed by the famous British gardener William? Compaq was introduced to Britain, which caused a "natural fever" at that time. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the New Notes on the Current Situation in China written by the English missionary Li Ming also introduced the garden art of China. Later, Chambers, an Englishman, went to Guangzhou and saw the garden art in China. After returning to England, he wrote On Oriental Gardens. Due to people's gradual understanding of China's garden art, British gardeners began to feel monotonous about the principles of regular garden layout. As a result, the design techniques of oriental garden art have also developed. For example, the Botanical Garden built on the outskirts of London in 1730, which is today's Royal Botanical Garden, not only imitated the natural layout of China gardens, but also adopted a large number of Chinese-style pagodas and bridges and other garden architectural art forms. Not only does the word "Huaying Garden" appear in France, but there are about 20 Chinese landscape gardens in Paris alone. Since then, China's garden art has spread widely in Europe.