How to attend and evaluate classes

Cheng Hongbing (Shanghai Pudong Education Development Research Institute)

Of course, it is three-dimensional, including teachers, students, teaching, teaching materials and curriculum resources. Compared with the curriculum, teaching is linear, preparing lessons from teaching plans, attending classes, tutoring and testing are a process, and the classroom is dotted. School teaching leads to all aspects of curriculum, teaching and classroom, and classroom should be the first classroom.

So, how should we teach leaders to observe and evaluate classes in schools?

One. See what experts say.

School teaching leaders must make clear the purpose of classroom observation and evaluation. The core element of observation and evaluation is to promote teachers' professional development. Therefore, observation and evaluation should return to "home".

(A) With experts, how can we evaluate the classroom?

Expert evaluation. Ye Lan, a professor at East China Normal University, said that there are "five realities" in a good lesson. This is worth learning and thinking about.

A profound lesson

A solid classroom represents a meaningful lesson When students listen to this lesson and hear the class differences, this lesson is meaningful, otherwise it is meaningless.

I heard that in Chinese class, the computer teacher put forward a beautiful picture at the beginning, and then asked the students, "Students, this is what the market does." The students said in unison in class: "This is the sky." This link is meaningless and worthless. Many teachers fail to get to the point after seven or eight minutes in class.

2。 A rich class

Implementation experience refers to effective experiences and lessons. Some teachers' nonsense is often an incomplete class. We made a survey in class, and the most annoying teachers complained about them.

3。 HSBC is a lesson.

Rich classes refer to generated classes. The most essential feature of teachers and students is dialogue. There will be many new things in the immediacy of teacher-student dialogue and communication, so we should live up and actively talk and advocate between teachers and students.

Once, I went to a very good kindergarten lecture. The content of the course is to discuss the problem that six kinds of animals should not wear clothes. The result of the last six animals discussed by teachers and students is that you don't need to wear clothes. Another child's hand said, "teacher, snakes don't wear clothes." I'm glad to find that children have new ideas, which is a sign of this success. I don't know whose things the teacher is talking about. "I'm sorry, we don't discuss snakes", and the problem was suppressed at once. When I was evaluating the class, he suggested that kindergarten was necessary, so its "course"? Necessary. What about this "target concentration"?

4。 Ordinary class

Pure class refers to normal class. Now some public teaching has deviated from the routine. Only by studying meaningfully every day can we really grasp the practical problems in classroom teaching.

5。 The real lesson

All classes should have regrets. But now there are too many fakes in some so-called acting classes, and the teachers have made careful preparations, even the children's answers are designed in advance. At the age of 82, a famous Yi teacher in China said: "When I am a teacher all my life, I will always learn from my teachers;" I have learned a lesson all my life, an unfortunate lesson. "This is a highly respected school with such a high level of teaching, which is very enlightening to us.

(2) What about experts?

Evaluate teachers

Let's see what experts say about teachers.

Length What is brain "help"

Li Gang? Outline is the curriculum standard. Teachers should have an overall curriculum standard and fully understand and grasp it. Curriculum standards are what subjects students of all ages in a particular subject should require. Although many teachers write curriculum standards, they lack a grasp of the macro-system of the curriculum.

2。 "In"

There are two main meanings: the first is a textbook poem. Many excellent teachers in the classroom hardly look at textbooks, teaching plans and those elements in textbooks, and always know the heart. Teacher Yi graduated from the Education Department of Fudan University. Language is not her profession. She asked where to recite her words. The second is the materials that teachers should really understand and master. Do you really understand? To really understand which way it is, when I was the principal of Shanghai Jianping Middle School, all the existing versions of materials, Jiangsu Edition, People's Education Edition, Shandong Edition Shanghai Edition ... all textbooks and languages publishing houses published the same version of books. Please compare them with each other. After the teacher puts these materials together, we can clearly understand what materials, what materials and what are their advantages and disadvantages, so that the teacher can set each length for us to use.

3。 "people" in the head

Teachers teach students, and students should understand. One afternoon, I was listening to Class Three in a key middle school in Shanghai. When commenting on the class, I bluntly said: in these three classes, three teachers were asked a lot of questions, but they didn't let all the teachers and students ask them, or even ask them questions. As far as we know, students often rely on their own experience and subjective assumptions, and we don't know what students really think. Therefore, it is very important for teachers to ask students questions and understand their actual needs. Through the eyes of experienced teachers, students can grasp the mentality at this moment-a difficulty? A sudden epiphany? All the prayers?

4。 "law"

I went to a little-known rural school to have a math class, and I heard a teacher I admired very much. This is an ordinary teacher in a rural school, whether it is a subject leader or a senior teacher. Where is the person he admires? He asked students to solve problems and let ordinary students correct mistakes, so as to show that excellent students came to power and introduced better and more convenient new ways. The teacher is great, which is equivalent to covering all types of students. He didn't publish any articles or comments about senior teachers, but teachers are enough to be truly excellent teachers.

Second, see how students evaluate.

Now my favorite thing after listening to a class is to drag 35 students to sit down and talk to the teacher. When many problems are involved, the teacher will sigh: "I didn't expect students to think!" " "This shows that many teachers and some students' predictions are consistent with reality, while others are the opposite. Every semester, the school's teaching leaders hold a symposium at least once a year to understand the teacher's evaluation of students.

(a) How do I evaluate students' classrooms?

Students want to hear three kinds of voices in class, and there is only one representative example.

1。 acclaim

He hopes to hear simple ideas, ideas or solutions to problems from teachers or classmates, and he has insightful opinions. A class where he wants to feel something. In my opinion, the number of students required by this requirement is not large. Are they satisfied after a class?

But now I listen to many junior high school and primary school courses, and the teacher asks the students to answer. Teachers basically applaud, accompanied by children's high-fives, "Bang, bang, bang, persistent organic pollutants." , very rhythmic. But applause is useless, it is formal, not heartfelt.

2。 laugh

He hopes that the class will be vivid and wonderful for teachers and students who are interested in entering the class. Fudan University students chose the top ten most popular students by secret ballot. Professor Lu, editor-in-chief of the English-Chinese Dictionary, ranked first. Professor Lu asked why you were taught a lesson, and all the students liked Professor Lu. "I must make each class laugh at least three times."

3。

Voice debate, he wants to express his views in class, which is an improvement.

The California Institute of Technology conducted a study, a psychology laboratory, and the results showed that students were the most active when arguing with others. Of course, at this time, the teacher's teaching efficiency is the highest.

(B) How do students evaluate teachers

The student's teacher said: A good teacher looks more beautiful in class than usual. Although the teachers are very bitter and tired, as long as they walk into the classroom, they should be in a high spirit and bring this kind of emotional contagion child.

Students think the teacher's smile is the most beautiful. Some teachers in the last decade have learned lessons from the past 20 years, but as long as they walk into the classroom, they won't laugh, because in their view, students always owe them one after another. Students should consider the results of the 98-minute exam and owe two points. Writer Cai Wei Wei Yunzhi recalled that his primary school teacher was "my teacher" and there was a saying: "Only once, she seemed to drop her pointer. I called a stone and the slate pointer tapped lightly. Everyone laughed and she smiled. " The western educational proverb says, "A teacher smiles with knowledge."

"Observing words and feelings" schools should teach leaders how to evaluate classes. You can communicate with the teacher: point out such gestures when laughing in class. I often give lectures. I like to sit in the corner where students can observe facial expressions. The child's facial expression says that the child's eyes are shining, and this lesson is successful.

3。 How do I evaluate it?

What about classroom observation and evaluation? I put forward "three views": one view of the target, two views and three views.

(1) see the target

1。 What's the goal? Look at that.

First of all, we should know what the teacher wants to do. If you don't know that the teacher will do this course in five minutes, then there is something wrong with this course. Secondly, the teacher asked why there was such a goal orientation, which was his foundation. From the objective basis of students and teachers' teaching. If you lose the design goal of the intern teacher, but follow the design goal of the material, then there will be problems. Third, continue to ask whether the teaching discipline has such characteristics. If math is not math, Chinese class is not given. This is the problem. Fourth, then ask, this class meets the curriculum standards and meets the three-ball line. Of course, such evaluation is not mechanical, and measures should be taken from the overall macro.

2。 The biggest problem of teaching objectives: vague objectives

After listening to hundreds of classes, I found that the biggest problem of teaching objectives is that the objectives of this link are vague. It was written in the teacher's lesson plan with clear goals, but it was put forward in class. People don't know why.

I went to a famous school in Shanghai to attend classes. Marriage counseling teachers and students are very good. The students listened to the expert's lecture and looked forward to it. Finally, I found a problem. After listening, the children want to help the teacher keep their hands and continue to talk (as we know, high school students rarely raise their hands to speak), but students may not know what the teacher wants to do when they are alive, so I always help. The child broke out in a sweat, and so did the teacher. Then, I told the teacher bluntly that the students all want to help you, but they will never understand what you want in this class, which will be more troublesome and the whole class will be in a mess.

3。 Teaching strategies to solve fuzzy goals.

What should I do if the teaching objectives are vague? There are three solutions:

First, the certificate of achievement. Proof of grades usually likes to use the method of science teachers. By observing students' behavior, the teacher shows students the academic achievements of the following behavioral verbs, such as enumeration, definition, calculation and demonstration. Teacher China generally doesn't use this method. In fact, they want to know something, such as what students should read, what they should associate, what they should pay, what they should prove and so on. When using this method, the teachers and classroom objectives of the school are clear.

Second, behavioral conditions. Specific and necessary conditions for teachers to expect achievements. Help students understand what conditions must meet the requirements. So the goal of teaching is very clear.

Third, the level. At present, teachers in many schools have no concept, and the concept of classroom strength is definitely an inefficient classroom or even an ineffective classroom. What level of concept is it? There is a concept of time, speed, accuracy and quality. This course is an English spy, such as teaching words. Teachers require students' spelling accuracy to be above 90%, which is called the level concept, and there are levels of demand. What some teachers say is that if you say a word, no child will receive it. This is the so-called stepless requirement.

I have been a principal for many years and seldom listen to physical education class and physical education class. I've started listening now. I heard of a church ball, physical education class. The purpose of teaching this course is to teach students to shoot. After school, the teacher called the students together to organize activities about bone health, and then broke several links. The teacher acts as a model, and then asks two students to demonstrate. Next, many basketballs are provided for the children to shoot. The teacher of the fast class gathered the students together to summarize-next, they were finally dismissed. After a class, teachers don't need to know what children have learned, how many people have learned it, and how long it takes to learn to use it. Let's take a look at how the physical education teacher at the conceptual level makes students jump 15 rabbits in three minutes on the plane. This is required, the time limit level, some conceptual figures and accuracy. Way. Its disadvantage is that the behavior goal is an internal psychological process that emphasizes the external behavior results of students, but students don't pay attention to it.

Psychologists tell us that it should be set as an internal process and combined with the external behavior of the target. The essence of learning is to change inner psychology. Therefore, the real goal of changing education is not specific behavior, but internal ability or emotional change. The statement of teachers' teaching objectives must be a clear internal psychological change of memory, perception, understanding, creation, appreciation, love and respect.

(2) Look at the process

1。 Pay attention to material handling

With regard to material handling, we have experienced the transformation from "teaching materials" to "teaching with teaching materials".

The so-called "textbooks" are what textbooks are taught, and how to teach and say textbooks is our consistent practice in the past. I listened to a lecture on Farewell to Cambridge, in the Xu family. The teacher raised many questions in class. One question is why it is called Cambridge and why it is not called Cambridge. I was annoyed when he was giving lectures and evaluating classes, so I said, this question is meaningless and worthless. The teacher was unconvinced and said. "Professor Qing, I'm sorry, that's what the teaching reference says." But if the teacher teaches random parameters to move the classroom, the teacher should do so.

Today we advocate "using textbooks". "Use textbooks" is not what we say in a textbook, but what we teach students and what students need. But according to students' psychological structure and behavior rules to determine the teaching structure and rules.

So, how to deal with the teacher's teaching content? First of all, to find out what Chu already knows and understands, it is enough to check the teacher. Secondly, students can read and understand the contents of textbooks by themselves, and teachers should let students summarize and refine their own summaries. If the summary is not in place, the teacher will give guidance and help. Third, students don't know when they see the textbook, but you can learn about it. Through cooperative learning, teachers should organize group discussions. Each team member should be designed in advance and the composition should be heterogeneous. In high school, I served as the president of Jianping and was promoted to three vice presidents, one teaching mathematics, the other teaching physics and the other teaching biology. I am a Chinese teacher, thinking about the structure of the three vice principals. I don't like their way of thinking. I don't know. They can make up for my shortcomings and maximize the benefits of our team. Fourth, students don't know or understand when reading textbooks. Through discussion, teachers must teach and clarify. Fifth, the teacher said that he didn't know. If he wanted to practice with what he knew, the teacher's design and demonstration activities would be carried out. For example, students think that Mr. China is not blocked in class. We have a package of trains and organized more than 600 students and teachers from Shanghai. The first stop is the Terracotta Warriors in Xi 'an. After reading it, children will immediately understand what it means to emphasize Han and Tang culture. Our second stop, Jiayuguan and Yangguan, will come back. When children arrive at the pass, they immediately understand what "the spring breeze is not enough to cross Yumenguan", and the children in Chengyangguan immediately understand what "going out of Yangguan for no reason" ... Obviously, they have specific knowledge and details. This space is related to

Specific activities

2 Pay attention to Chinese teachers

There is a very obvious trend in internal relations: emphasizing student-centered, teachers talk less or even don't talk, which leads to the weakening of teachers' Chinese ability. All three countries have Chinese teachers.

The first level: think more clearly and understand, and let the students listen. When you understand that the teacher drew at least the first level. Jianping middle school, where I am a teacher, some famous candidates for master's and doctoral degrees will come. If someone applies for a math teacher, then let's ask him a few questions. After that, please don't ask him questions, let him tell the students clearly in class that we will have him. The language is the same. I found an article, and I welcome people who read the candidate three times, up to nine times. After that, he took the article to let the students make it clear. Make it clear that we have something he doesn't know. If you think about it, or even think everything clearly, then he is not suitable to be a teacher.

The second realm is extremely rich and expressive, and students can feel it by listening and speaking.

BR/>； The third realm: the words are limited and the meaning is endless. Let students fully imagine whether there is a limit to their thinking, which is the highest realm of Chinese teachers.

3。 Pay attention to the choice of teaching strategies

The so-called "heuristic" that we widely use now is the "question and answer" type of "question and answer". In fact, there is pressure, but the teacher is not aware of this problem and usually uses the following questions.

First, the problem of mechanical Q value The teachers never thought about setting the value.

Second, the single mode is mainly the teacher's question and answer to all beings. So many questions are covered up by students, and let the children agree to expose their own questions to answer them. The purpose is to expose the classroom and solve problems.

Third, the teacher QUICKQUIZ asked questions, and the students immediately stood up and answered, why can't the students think about your eyes? Don't think the answer is inefficient and low-level answer.

The fourth set of questions in the question field should be set. In Chinese teaching in primary schools, there is a text "Go Fishing with a Ruler", which says that if you catch fish below 22 cm in Denmark, you must release them, otherwise hell to pay will. The teacher wants to set questions in the question setting. He asks the students in the question setting: "What kind of severe punishment will they receive?" The student's teacher is trained to guess the answer when he hears the local accent falling on the stern of the teacher's words, and then answers, "People have thrown the fish into the sea." The teacher shook his head and found that no students came to answer the question. Students think it is definitely not enough for the teacher to shake his head. "Let him go to jail for 20 years!" "The teacher shook his head and the students continued to answer," sentence him to life imprisonment! "Shoot", the teacher continued, shaking his head, and the students should answer the purpose of this article. Citizens have a sense of legal and moral emphasis, which is in line with the law, but it is an answer to students' interest. Ignoring human life completely violates the purpose of this article. The reason is that the questions raised by the teacher are set correctly and the guiding values are wrong.

4。 Pay attention to teachers' ideas

I am particularly concerned about the way the teacher thinks when giving lectures. For example, after listening to a physics class, I know that the thinking teacher's method is deduction. He asked the children to solve problems such as definitions, theorems and formulas. Then, how to solve this problem with students by formulas, and finally, let them do their homework on the harp. The interpretation of the law is from general to individual.

Listening to the math class again, I found that the teacher used induction. He applied for a problem-solving process, and helped students distinguish between formulas and equations, summed up what is the solution of equations and what is the solution of equations, and then asked students to study their mistakes against the definitions in books. This is from a specific general program.

Yes, these two methods should be considered and used together.

5。 Openness of concern

In the process of being a school teacher, can't you open the window a little bit and open it a little bit? For example, for a math teacher, 99×2 can be calculated as 100×2-2 = 198, which is to increase openness. Concerned about the development of curriculum resources in curriculum reform, we often say that "the world is a student's textbook", but today we say that "the world is a student's textbook". Teachers should be good at developing various resources to serve teaching.

In the English class with the theme of Valentine's Day, the students discussed their popular "blue witch" enthusiastically. Some students lamented that the teacher was really beautiful, and wrote a word on the blackboard:! Blue. The teacher asked: What is the meaning of a word? The answer of most students is:? "Blue." The teacher then asked, "What do you mean?" Minority students replied: "Melancholy." The teacher went on to say that there is another English word that means eleven "noble". European aristocrats are often called "blue blood", so we say that people are often noble and melancholy and always unhappy. To be happy, we must make the poor, the so-called "poor people" happy. The children were amused by him and immediately remembered several words with multiple meanings. The teacher won and said, "... blue has another meaning-lascivious blue book, yellow book." "The children were shocked, stare big eyes. Then let go of the teacher, "What color is the noblest in China culture?" The student replied, "Yellow! The color of the emperor's palace is yellow. " The teacher said, "In China culture, what color represents lewdness?" Yellow? "Students are surprised and can't help thinking about the differences of foreign cultures, while the teacher says," Haha, why is this world noble and lewd? "In this class, students not only remember the meaning of words, but also start to think about culture. This is open, and open skills need teachers' attention.

6。 Next focus and negative examples

In science teaching, teachers often pay special attention to positive transfer. For a kind of topic, some teachers analyze and explain the first example in class, and then provide an example related to it. All this seems to be for students to learn, and experienced teachers not only give students a positive example, but also give them a case and counterexample. If the teacher is not a side and negative example at all in class, and only emphasizes * * * without emphasizing differences, then students can't really master knowledge. Migration is a necessary condition, accompanied by similarities and differences research.

(3) See the effect

1。 Pay attention to students' learning achievements

How teachers teach and how students learn often depends on this.

First of all, from a cognitive point of view, I don't know what my concern for students is. The church knows that students are not ten years old. They have learned something today.

Second, emotionally speaking, it's totally different to pay attention to what students didn't like.

See how students learn to look at the best expression, pay attention to whether students are fully engaged, whether their eyes are moving, and care about their emotional state and ethnic exchanges.

2。 Pay attention to the classroom

We pay attention to the effectiveness of the classroom and consider the real-time short-term effect, which is "three highs". First, the teaching goal should be high (classroom learning efficiency). Secondly, students' participation in high school (positive learning attitude and emotion). Third, happiness and higher learning (happiness, happiness and health in learning).

We not only pay attention to the effectiveness of the classroom, but also grasp the overall long-term impact, "three" first, the structure of knowledge and skills. Secondly, the system of technology and method. One third of rationality, emotional attitude and values

In class, teachers should consider the whole three-dimensional object. Cultivating students' scientific attitude in science teaching: first, seeking; The second question. If in this class, the teacher even once suspected that the department would not give students opportunities, what about the teacher's scientific attitude towards students? The book The Great Betrayal was recently published. The so-called scientists have done some pseudo-scientific things, and the wrong things have been exposed. In this sense, we should cultivate students' questioning spirit. My Chinese class is for students to say it in their own words. However, I ask them: first, tell their own stories, and second, be reasonable and evidence.

I have listened to physics class, and students have no problems before and during their study, so there is no problem, so this class is the most effective. Of course, the observation and evaluation of time, I frankly say: I didn't see anything wrong with this class, it was the teacher's problem, the biggest problem after simultaneous interpretation, so the children had no chance to make mistakes! In other words, the teacher gave the students a place and crutches, but didn't give them methods. Teachers always carry students behind their backs, so where will students go without sticks? In the future, students will find a problem independently?

3。 Pay attention to the new curriculum

Only in the classroom can we see the effect, and the new curriculum is implemented in the classroom. New Curriculum Advocacy: Classroom teaching is not a simple process of knowledge learning, but a life course in which teachers and students grow together, and it is an all-round generation process of passion and wisdom.