65438-0995 What is the female labor participation rate in China?

Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood, which is related to the overall situation of China's reform, development and stability. At present, the biggest employment pressure facing China is not from cities and towns, but the transfer of rural labor to cities and towns. Rural women account for more than 70% of the total female population in China, and the number of rural women moving to cities and towns is on the rise, and the employment problem of rural women is becoming increasingly prominent. Therefore, adhering to and implementing the people-oriented development concept, attaching importance to the all-round development of rural women, overcoming the traditional gender prejudice and obstacles that affect the development of rural women, and improving the quality of rural women in all aspects are important manifestations of adhering to Scientific Outlook on Development. Solving the employment problem of rural women is of great theoretical significance and practical value for promoting China's economic development and building a harmonious socialist society. On the basis of analyzing the current situation of rural women's employment in China, this paper expounds its existing problems and deep-seated constraints, and combining with relevant employment theories and drawing lessons from the successful experience and lessons of rural women's employment in developed and developing countries, puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to improve the employment level of rural women, so as to provide reference for government departments to effectively solve the employment problem of rural women. Keywords: rural women; Employment; Problems; The second chapter of countermeasures introduces that employment is the foundation of people's livelihood and is related to the overall situation of China's reform, development and stability. Rural women account for more than 70% of the total female population in China. Solving the employment problem of rural women is of great theoretical significance and practical value for promoting economic development and creating a harmonious society. Rural women's employment is a special category, which has both regional characteristics and gender characteristics. Although classical writers did not specifically discuss the employment of rural women, their employment theory involved the employment of rural women. Western scholars have discussed this from the aspects of employment theory and gender difference employment theory. The first part, the basic concept category "rural women" as a group, covers two genera, namely, region and gender. No matter from which angle, it has its own particularity. To analyze rural women's employment, it is necessary to clearly define the connotation of employment, rural employment and rural women's employment. I. Rural Employment The so-called employment means that citizens who have the ability to work are engaged in paid or income-earning occupations according to law within the legal working age. According to the general standards stipulated by the international conference on labor statistics, anyone who is above the specified age and meets the following conditions is considered as an employed person: first, the person who is working refers to the laborer who is engaged in paid or labor income within the specified time; Second, people who have jobs but don't have jobs for the time being, such as workers whose units are temporarily closed due to diseases, accidents, vacations, absenteeism, labor disputes or bad weather; Third, employers and self-employed people. It can be seen that citizens are formally employed as long as they are engaged in relatively fixed occupations with remuneration or income and are legally recognized by society. From the essence of employment, it is the combination of labor and means of production, that is, workers realize the possession and use of means of production in a certain way. The definition of employment is different in different countries. In China, employment refers to economic activities in which people who have the ability to work engage in legal social labor and get corresponding labor remuneration or operating income. Employment can be divided into domestic employment and foreign employment by region, and domestic employment can be divided into urban employment and rural employment. Rural employment includes three categories: first, farmers are employed in the agricultural sector, including the primary industrial sectors such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; Second, farmers are employed in rural non-agricultural sectors, including secondary and tertiary industries such as industry, commercial wholesale and retail, storage and transportation, construction and township enterprises; Third, farmers are employed in different places, mainly in various non-agricultural industries in cities. Second, according to the classification of farmers' employment, rural women's employment also includes three categories, but because women's work is not limited to a single industry, it is difficult to define it according to the above classification. Therefore, this paper divides women's employment categories from their employment fields and the proportion of employed population, and divides rural women's employment into broad employment and narrow employment. Employment in a broad sense refers to all kinds of employment that rural women stay in rural areas, including planting and breeding in rural areas and employment in local township enterprises; In a narrow sense, employment refers to the non-agricultural employment of rural women entering cities. This paper mainly analyzes and studies the employment situation of rural women in a narrow sense. Rural women who work in cities refer to those migrant workers who are engaged in non-agricultural work in towns or cities but are still farmers. In terms of identity, they come from rural areas and their household registration status is farmers. They contracted land in rural areas, directly or indirectly engaged in agricultural labor to a certain extent, and obtained part of their income from agricultural production. Professionally, they live in cities and towns for most of the year and work in the secondary and tertiary industries, which is their main source of income. At present, more and more rural women go out of the countryside, out of the fields and into the cities to find their own development. Due to the mixture of traditional gender discrimination consciousness and traditional identity consciousness, coupled with the constraints of their own quality and urban-rural dual structure, the development space of rural women in cities is greatly limited. Based on the fact that there is relatively little research on rural women in China at this stage, the research on rural women's employment is of great significance. First of all, promoting rural women's employment is conducive to the development of rural economy; Secondly, promoting rural women's employment is conducive to improving rural women's economic status; Finally, promoting rural women's employment is conducive to social stability. The second section introduces the relevant theories that farmers' education and vocational training are the inevitable requirements of large industries. Education is the commodity form of industrial labor force to meet the needs of improving industrial labor productivity. For farmers, it also produces the capital form of labor force, and the knowledge and skills acquired through education can be employed in a wider range and at a higher level to obtain more income. First, the theory of agricultural labor contribution American economist Lewis put forward the theory of agricultural labor contribution. From 65438 to 0954, Lewis published a paper entitled "Economic Development under Unlimited Labor Supply", and put forward the famous dual economic structure theory, which had a far-reaching impact in the field of development economics. Lewis believes that in the early stage of industrialization in underdeveloped countries, there are two independent and interrelated economic sectors, one is the market-oriented and technologically advanced urban modern industrial sector, and the other is the huge backward and self-sufficient traditional agricultural economic sector. There is a large surplus of labor in traditional economic sectors, which generally exists in the form of hidden unemployment, which can provide a continuous supply of labor for the expansion of modern industrial sectors. Due to the intense competition of the labor force overflowing from the traditional sectors, every worker has to keep his salary at the lowest level, that is, the real wages of workers in modern industrial sectors have to be kept at a low level for a long time. In this way, labor-intensive industries that save capital will be profitable because of low cost, thus expanding rapidly. With the expansion of labor-intensive industries, more and more surplus labor resources are fully utilized and quickly converted into capital, and the serious shortage of capital in the initial stage of industrialization in underdeveloped countries is gradually alleviated, and economic growth has entered a virtuous circle. Once all the surplus labor resources in traditional economic sectors are absorbed by urban industrial sectors, the situation of unlimited labor supply will come to an end, the real wages of workers in urban industrial sectors will rise rapidly, investors will turn their attention to developing capital-intensive industries and technologies, and the industrialization process will enter a new stage from now on. Second, in the stage of employment transformation, Chinese-American development economist Jinghan Fei and American development economist Ranis are the successors of Lewis model. In their book "The Development of Surplus Labor Force" co-authored in 1960s, they thought that in order to realize the employment transformation, we must ensure that agriculture grows fast enough to meet the consumption demand of more and more non-agricultural laborers. "Jinghan Fei-Ranis" employment transition stage theory develops the realization of the transfer process of agricultural surplus labor force from a smooth process to a development process that may be blocked, which provides new and more complicated contents for the transfer theory of agricultural surplus labor force. Lewis model only describes the expansion process of modern industrial sector, but does not describe the development of agricultural sector. The main difference between Jinghan Fei-Ranis model and Lewis model is that the former clearly shows the development relationship between industrial sector and agricultural sector. Jinghan Fei and Ranis believe that the contribution of agriculture to economic development not only provides the needed labor force for the expansion of the industrial sector, but also provides agricultural surplus for the industrial sector. If the agricultural surplus can't meet the demand of the expansion of industrial sectors for the expansion of agricultural products, it will hinder the transfer of labor. Third, the theory of economic development and labor transfer American economist Joergensen built a model within the framework of Lewis's dual structure. He shifted the growth point of economic development and labor transfer from the modern industrial sector of Liu Feila model to the development of agriculture, that is, the development of agriculture itself and the resulting surplus of agricultural products are the basis for the transfer of rural surplus labor. He analyzed the growth of population and labor force as endogenous variables in agricultural production function. This analysis makes us clearly see that reducing the rural population growth rate and promoting agricultural technological progress will promote the increase of agricultural surplus products, the expansion of industrial sectors and the scale of agricultural labor transfer to industrial sectors, thus accelerating the growth and development of the overall economy. In this regard, Joergensen's conclusion is consistent with the development experience of most developing countries and is equally applicable to China. Chapter III Constraints on Rural Women's Employment With the advancement of rural urbanization, rural women's employment opportunities have greatly increased, and more and more rural women have entered cities to engage in various jobs. Although the level of employment has improved, traditional concepts, dual structure of urban and rural areas, local protection policies and women's own quality still restrict rural women's employment. The first section is the restriction of traditional old ideas. In the feudal society for thousands of years, people formed the idea that men are superior to women. After the founding of New China, although the idea of "equality between men and women" was advocated, there was still a backward idea of "patriarchal". Especially in rural areas with low civilization and relatively poor knowledge, the status of women is still lower than that of men, which makes women lose many opportunities for entrepreneurship and employment. Due to the influence of traditional rural customs and long-term planned economic system in China, most rural women are conservative and unwilling to accept new things, and their inferiority complex is serious. Rural women, especially those who go to cities, live in cities and are afraid of being laughed at for saying something wrong or doing something wrong. This nervous state of mind makes them afraid to associate with city people and lock themselves up. It is precisely because of this deep-rooted inferiority complex that some rural women are reluctant to go out to work. Even if they are willing to go out, they are often willing to choose collective labor positions where migrant workers gather instead of going to cities to engage in domestic service. Section II Constraints of the Urban-Rural Dual System The urban-rural structure of our country has formed the inevitable connection between workers and cities, farmers and land. In addition, due to the lack of farmers' social capital, migrant workers can only rely on blood relationship, kinship relationship and geographical relationship, naturally forming a dual network of urban and rural relations between citizens and farmers. It is difficult for farmers to squeeze into the citizen network, so they can only do some marginal work in the city. With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of rural urbanization, more and more rural women choose to go out to work. However, due to institutional obstacles such as household registration system, employment system, land system and urban management system, it is still difficult for rural women to truly integrate into the city. At present, although the household registration system has undergone some reforms, the access conditions of large and medium-sized cities are still very high, and a series of other systems, such as education system, housing system, social security system and social welfare system, have formed a powerful institutional obstacle to prevent rural women from integrating into cities. The public goods and services provided by the city government have not yet covered migrant workers. In some places, although the children of migrant workers are allowed to attend kindergartens, they have to pay a lot of extra fees; In terms of political rights, compared with citizens, floating women have no smooth political channels to express their wishes, let alone the right to speak; In terms of social security, rural women who work in cities are mostly engaged in informal employment, which is traditionally called "temporary workers". They generally have no social insurance, and their treatment is different from that of regular workers, and they can't enjoy all kinds of welfare benefits of urban citizens. Although a few areas have made special provisions on social security for informal employees, the current social security policy system basically excludes informal employees. Section III Restrictions on Local Protection Policies In recent years, although the strict barriers restricting farmers' mobility to non-agricultural fields have been broken, in many places, especially in some large and medium-sized cities, some policies have been formulated to restrict farmers' mobility and employment in cities. These policies are inconsistent with the central policies, mainly manifested in the total control of migrant workers' employment in cities and towns, the restrictions on occupation, gender and types of work, and the mandatory collection of management fees and employment adjustment fees. These measures objectively raise the threshold for farmers to enter cities for employment and increase their burden. In some places, farmers are restricted to work in the formal sector, and some even explicitly put forward that women workers are not needed. In many cities, only those dirty, tired and dangerous jobs that city residents don't want to do are left to migrant workers. Some cities regularly or irregularly drive away farmers who work in cities for various reasons. Because of policy discrimination, rural women who work in cities are at the bottom of the whole society. Their labor remuneration and working conditions are not guaranteed by necessary laws and social security. Its specific manifestations are: wages can't reach the legal minimum wage standard, arrears and deduction of wages are serious, working hours greatly exceed the legal working hours, and overtime pay is not paid, and men and women have different pay for equal work. The working, safety and sanitary conditions are bad, there are no necessary labor protection facilities and conditions, poisoning casualties and other incidents occur from time to time, and women's rights and interests are not guaranteed. Due to discrimination in all aspects, it is difficult for rural women who work in cities to obtain necessary resources such as funds, technology, information and infrastructure, and they also lack business premises. These are common problems faced by rural women working in large and medium-sized cities. At the same time, free training and services for rural women's labor force transfer are difficult to implement because some local governments have to subsidize funds according to policies, which directly affects the enthusiasm of training institutions for rural women's labor force transfer training. The fourth section is the restriction of women's own quality. Cultural quality directly affects the ability of labor force to explore employment and choose employment. Rural labor forces with different qualities determine different employment methods and transfer directions. The low quality of rural women is an important factor affecting the scale and speed of transfer, especially the level of transfer. The low quality of rural women is mainly manifested in two aspects: First, the education level is generally low. The proportion of women with no education is 45.3%, which is 32.8% higher than that of men (12.4%). The proportion of women with junior high school education is 13.4%, which is lower than that of men 18.5%. The proportion of women with high school education is 2.2%, which is lower than that of men 1 1.7%. The proportion of male and female in primary school education is equal, and female is 2.6% lower than male. It can be seen that the educational opportunities of rural women are far lower than those of men, and the overall educational level of women is low, and the proportion of illiterate women is close to half of the total number of women. Chapter IV Countermeasures and Suggestions for Rural Women's Employment Women's status is an important symbol to measure the degree of civilization and modernization of a country. Taking effective measures to improve the economic and social status of rural women is of great significance to promoting the sustained and rapid development of China's agriculture and accelerating the process of China's agricultural modernization. To promote rural women's employment, we must give consideration to both internal and external factors, not only improve their own quality, but also coordinate external objective conditions to create a good social environment for rural women's employment and development. Part 1: Increase investment in education and improve the education level of rural women. First, increase the national financial investment in rural basic education. "Who benefits, who invests" is the principle of economics, but the opposite is true in rural areas. Because of the asymmetry of investment and income in rural education, the beneficiary of rural education is urban economy. By increasing the national financial investment in rural basic education, making the real beneficiaries of rural basic education pay the investment cost, and realizing the unity of investors and beneficiaries of rural basic education, it will certainly promote the development of rural basic education, effectively increase the accumulation of rural human capital and urban human capital, and accumulate strong stamina for rural and urban economic development. Because the national finance has shared many education expenses that originally needed to be shared by rural families, it has saved a lot of production funds for rural families and provided direct benefits for rural economic development. This realistic interest will inevitably help to increase the family's expenditure on education and further increase the investment in human capital, thus forming a virtuous circle. The second is to strengthen investment in rural vocational education. A big difference between rural formal education and vocational education is that investors and beneficiaries of rural vocational education can be organically unified, because rural vocational education mainly carries out various agricultural production skills training or other skills training related to agricultural production and rural life, which can be directly applied to agricultural production and rural life, such as various breeding techniques. Because this kind of education benefits in rural areas and can directly increase the income of rural families, farmers are willing to invest in this area. However, rural areas in many parts of our country do not provide such vocational education opportunities, or the vocational education provided is not practical. Developing vocational education can not only improve the efficiency of agricultural production, but also help to transfer the surplus agricultural labor force in another sense. Section 2 Strengthening ideological and moral construction and improving rural women's ideological quality With the development of market economy, rural women's ideological concepts have also undergone profound changes, and their own quality plays a decisive role in people's survival and development. This concept is increasingly recognized and valued by most rural women, and it has become a new fashion for rural women to learn culture, science and technology and get rich. However, as a special group, rural women can't meet the development needs of today's society to some extent due to historical and practical factors. The degree of ideological emancipation is incompatible with the situation of economic development; Moral concepts do not meet the requirements of moral construction of the whole people; The quality of science, technology and culture is incompatible with its responsibilities. All these have affected the employment level of women. Strengthen ideological and moral construction, unremittingly strengthen the construction of socialist culture in rural areas, help rural women master theory, understand the situation clearly, correctly understand and treat new problems arising in reform and development, consciously safeguard the overall situation of stability and support reform and development. Encourage women to organize mass cultural activities in the slack season, and realize self-education and self-improvement through participation. Vigorously publicize the deeds of advanced figures, especially the deeds of women's entrepreneurship, and strengthen the atmosphere of public opinion through activities of striving for Excellence. Take the form that the masses like, publicize new people, new things and new fashions. send warm enters villages and households, and advocates a healthy and upward social atmosphere in the whole society to improve women's ideological and moral quality as a whole. Section 3: To carry out skills training and improve the technical level of rural women, it is necessary to formulate education and training plans for rural women, carry out various cultural and scientific training in a step-by-step and hierarchical manner, and hold various training courses on the use of technology. In-depth development of the "double learning and double competition" competition has trained a number of scientific and technological leaders, set up a number of advanced models, played their exemplary role, and promoted the continuous deepening of the activities. Encourage qualified women to go to agricultural correspondence universities and agricultural broadcasting schools for further study. Give full play to the role of rural libraries and newspaper columns, and let the limited newspapers and periodicals enter the field of vision of rural women. News media should actively pay attention to this special group of rural women and play an important role in guiding them to change their concepts and catch up with the advanced. Focus on cultivating characteristic villages and rich households in different regions, especially a group of rich leaders in economically backward villages, and drive surrounding women to improve their quality and participate in economic development with the power of example. "Employment-oriented" training can only improve the knowledge structure of rural women and solve urgent needs. Only by improving the quality of women can we solve the fundamental problems and make women become high-quality talent resources to adapt to economic and social development. Make different training plans for different levels of groups, and organize all kinds of teachers to carry out on-site courses such as computerized accounting, nursery nutrition, property management, landscaping, animation design and enterprise management. In order to attract women to participate in training and help them overcome difficulties, we can carry out training linked to enterprises, implement on-the-spot training, find jobs on the spot, and provide whatever training enterprises need. Section IV: Establish and improve rural information network to build a platform for rural women's employment. According to the research report of the International Labour Office on the world employment problem, "to benefit from obtaining more labor market information, the premise must be information security". Information has become the "ear" of rural women's employment. The establishment of rural labor resources information files can build an information platform for labor transfer. Building a unified employment information network between urban and rural areas is the basic work of coordinating urban and rural women's employment. The government should invest corresponding manpower and material resources, develop corresponding software, log the recruitment information of the city's training centers and employment agencies and the registered information of women's labor resources on the Internet, and cover the network to every connected township, and at the same time implement free self-service of employment policies and recruitment information. Build a unified employment information network between urban and rural areas and realize the sharing of information resources. Set up intermediary agencies to provide free information services for rural women. The government should actively encourage the development of private professional intermediary organizations. Promote labor dispatch companies and other labor organizations to do a good job in the export and reception of rural women's labor force, especially in view of the characteristics of informal employment of rural women, organize these women, and these units will sign labor contracts with rural women, pay remuneration and handle relevant social security. At the same time, these units will provide users with various services such as housekeeping, cleaning and nursing, reduce the blindness of rural women in job hunting, increase their sense of belonging, facilitate users, and be more conducive to the standardized management of informal employment. Conclusion Solving the problem of rural women's employment is not only a problem of people's livelihood, but also a problem of rural women's own development, and it is also a major issue related to social stability and development in China. The state and governments at all levels provide guarantee and convenience for rural women's employment, which is not only the internal requirement of Scientific Outlook on Development, but also an important link in China's industrialization, rural urbanization and modernization. Although this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to solve rural women's employment, a lot of work needs to be done, especially to fundamentally improve rural women's own quality, especially their cultural quality and scientific and technological level, so as to improve the overall employment level of rural women. This is an important content of developing rural economy and building a harmonious socialist society. Reference [1] Luan Linyue; Xiaodong Liu; A summary of foreign theoretical research on women and employment [J]. China Labor Security 20110 [2] What; On the development of rural women's human resources [J]. 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